华北地区地下介质波速比值(VP/VS)研究

文中利用分别独立反演得到的华北地区 16个台的S波和P波速度结构 ,计算了各台站下方分层速度结构各层的波速比值 ,发现在强震区的波速比总体上高于弱震区 ,且地壳中的一些低速层位会出现 >1 8的波速比值 ,而在弱震区或稳定块体内部 ,各层波速比一般都低于正常波速比 1 732 ,平均值甚至 <1 7;在过渡区域 ,如位于盆地边缘或稳定块体边缘的台站 ,其波速比值有高有低 ,一般情况下 >1 732。在此基础上 ,最后我们对位于不同地质构造体的台站下方的介质性质进行了讨论     

利用长周期面波研究华北地区地壳与上地幔结构的横向非均匀性

本文以太行山为界将华北地区分为东西两部分,东部为河淮块体,西部为鄂尔多斯块体.利用最小二乘法,从混合路径基阶瑞利面波群速度频散提取两块体的纯路径频散,并反演其地壳、上地幔的层状结构.所得结表果明,两块体的面波频散和地壳、上地幔结构存在明显差异.东部的河淮块体地壳较薄,地壳内平均速度比西部的鄂尔多斯块体壳内平均速度约低0.13km/s,壳内20km深度左右出现低速层;而西部的块体壳内速度成层递增,未见低速层出现.两块体上地幔顶部速度均偏低,地幔低速层的埋藏深度基本相同.但西部块体地幔低速层厚,且比东部块体地幔低速层的速度约低0.3km/s.     

利用长周期面波研究华北地区地壳与上地幔结构的横向非均匀性

本文以太行山为界将华北地区分为东西两部分,东部为河淮块体,西部为鄂尔多斯块体.利用最小二乘法,从混合路径基阶瑞利面波群速度频散提取两块体的纯路径频散,并反演其地壳、上地幔的层状结构.所得结表果明,两块体的面波频散和地壳、上地幔结构存在明显差异.东部的河淮块体地壳较薄,地壳内平均速度比西部的鄂尔多斯块体壳内平均速度约低0.13km/s,壳内20km深度左右出现低速层;而西部的块体壳内速度成层递增,未见低速层出现.两块体上地幔顶部速度均偏低,地幔低速层的埋藏深度基本相同.但西部块体地幔低速层厚,且比东部块体地幔低速层的速度约低0.3km/s.     

2008年汶川Ms8．0级地震的深部构造环境——远震P波接收函数和布格重力异常的联合解释

对龙门山及其邻近地区20个宽频带地震台站的记录提取远震P波接收函数,并应用H-k叠加方法,求得每个台站下方的地壳厚度和波速比．以此为约束,进一步作接收函数反演,获得各个台站下方的s波速度结构．后龙门山与松潘-甘孜地块的地壳速度结构相似,而前龙门山的地壳速度结构则与四川盆地相似．由此说明,中央主断裂带是青藏高原东部与扬子地块之间主要的边界断裂．松潘甘孜地块至后龙门山中南部地区存在下地壳低速层,有利于中上地壳物质的滑脱作用．远震接收函数和布格重力异常的分析结果支持龙门山断裂带深部构造为滑脱-逆冲型的论断．在松潘-甘孜地块内可能具有双层的滑脱构造．上层滑脱发生在10—15km的深度上,该滑脱带表现为高温韧性滑脱剪切带．下层滑脱则发生在30km左右的深度上,其下方为青藏高原东部广泛存在的下地壳流．布格重力异常的分析表明,在中上地壳,四川盆地的密度较高,松潘．甘孜地块密度相对较低．龙门山断裂带位于密度较高的一侧,是松潘-甘孜地块向东南方的四川盆地逆冲的结果．在地壳下部,四川盆地为高P波速度和高密度区,表明地壳物质是坚硬的,松潘-甘孜块体是低s波速度和低密度区,表明物质比较软弱．高密度块体阻挡了青藏高原东部下地壳物质向四川盆地下方的流动．受印度板块往北运动的影响,青藏高原下地壳物质向东流动．中上地壳物质向东运动受到刚性强度较大的扬子地块的阻挡,在龙门山断裂带上产生应力集中,导致中央断裂带上应力突然释放,产生汶川Ms8．0级地震．     

山西省部分台站下方S波速度结构研究及与地震关系探讨a

收集山西省数字台网记录的深源远震S波，采用S波理论波形拟合的方法，获得了山西省境内共6个台站下方的剪切波速度结构． 结果显示， 该省区域内地壳厚度普遍较厚，其中4个台站地壳厚度均在40 km以上；同时地壳均为高低速层相间结构，且不同地区的台站呈现不同的速度结构特征，同一构造区域周围的台站显示了区域相似的特点．最后，结合多次中小地震的优势深度层位，讨论了多震层与高低速层结构的相关性．      

利用接收函数方法研究瑞丽-龙陵断裂两侧S波速度结构

利用研究区(23.9°～25.1°N,97.8°～99.0°E)内瑞丽—龙陵断裂两侧4个流动数字地震台记录到的宽频带远震P波波形数据进行接收函数反演,得到了台站下方0～100km深度范围内地壳、上地幔的S波速度细结构。结果如下:(1)在研究区内,以瑞丽—龙陵断裂为界,其西北侧Moho面深度为38～40km,东南侧Moho面深度约为38km。(2)断裂两侧地壳、上地幔S波速度结构存在显著差异,西北侧台站下方地壳和上地幔均存在大范围低速区;东南侧台站下方上地幔中无明显低速层,地壳内存在低速层,但范围和速度差都较小。(3)断裂两侧台站下方地壳和上地幔S波速度结构的较大差异,证明它们分属不同的构造单元。(4)研究区内的S波速度结构存在明显的横向非均匀性。     

利用背景噪声成像技术反演陕西及邻区地壳剪切波速度结构

利用地震背景噪声层析成像技术处理陕西及邻区所布设的257个宽频带台站的连续背景噪声数据,采用基于射线追踪的面波频散直接反演方法获得陕西及邻区地壳(6～39 km)高分辨率剪切波速度结构。成像结果显示:(1)渭河盆地顶部形成于新生代,厚的沉积层造成其浅部显著的低速异常,盆地中、上地壳为低速结构。渭河盆地与南北两侧地质构造单元交界区域的下方存在高速与低速结合带,以及在块体间相互运动的作用下,在块体内部,特别是界带深部可能存在着物质与能量的强烈交换,为渭河盆地及邻区的地震孕育发生提供深部环境。(2)南鄂尔多斯块体并不是一个均匀的整体,块体地壳浅层东薄西厚的低速异常结构,可能与鄂尔多斯自显生宙以来的整体掀斜,以及晚白垩纪以来差异性整体抬升和受强烈而不均匀的剥蚀有关。块体中地壳速度比上地壳和下地壳较高。壳内不存在显著的低速体,说明壳内低速体并没有贯穿整个鄂尔多斯地块。我们推测南鄂尔多斯块体仍保留着稳定克拉通的属性,其地壳结构可能反映了克拉通早期形成时的结构特征,至今还未遭受明显改造。(3)秦岭造山带东,西深部结构存在显著差异,具有分段分区的特征。造山带中地壳速度较高,可能因在板块碰撞和造山过程中,下地壳物质被抬升进入中地壳,从而造成中地壳速度偏高。     

青藏高原东北缘地壳P波速度结构及其对地壳变形研究的启示

青藏高原东北缘同鄂尔多斯块体及阿拉善块体过渡地区,也是南北地震带的北段;该区地震活动水平较高,是发生强震危险性较大的地区.鉴于该区特殊的构造环境和深部构造背景,本研究利用两条"十字交叉"的地震宽角反射/折射剖面进行相互约束,以更为精确地获得研究区各个块体及其耦合部位的深、浅部地壳速度结构特征,进而探讨历史强震区的深部孕震构造环境.文章对两条剖面获得的P波数据进行了资料处理和解释,采用地震射线走时正演构建了沿两条剖面的二维地壳速度结构模型.结果显示:两条剖面所穿过的不同块体速度结构、地壳内部界面形态及地壳厚度等存在较大差异.其中,沿兰州-惠安堡-榆林地震测深剖面(L1)的地壳厚度由鄂尔多斯块体西缘的43.0km向西加深至祁连块体的55.9km.同时,鄂尔多斯块体速度等值线横向变化平缓,地壳平均速度为6.30km s~(-1);而祁连块体和弧形构造区壳内结构变化较为剧烈,壳内平均速度低于鄂尔多斯块体0.10km s~(-1)左右.此外,祁连块体与弧形构造区上地壳存在不连续低速层(LVZ1和LVZ2),低于周围介质速度0.10～0.20km s~(-1);鄂尔多斯块体在L2(铜川-惠安堡-阿拉善左旗地震测深剖面)和L1剖面上平均地壳厚度基本一致,均在43.0km左右起伏变化,但沿L1剖面壳内界面、速度等值线平缓,显示稳定的克拉通式地壳结构特征,而沿L2剖面壳内速度等值线变化紊乱,显示鄂尔多斯块体壳内结构具有显著区域差异.贺兰山造山带和银川盆地地壳结构呈现"隆凹"起伏变化,表现出局部挤压变形特征,且在贺兰山中-下地壳存在高低速相间的低速层,低于周围介质速度0.15～0.25km s~(-1).阿拉善块体地壳厚度为49.0km左右,该块体上、中-下地壳层内速度等值线起伏形态差异较大.沿L1、L2地震测深剖面获得的复杂地壳速度结构特征揭示了不同地块的结构差异、相互耦合关系及历史强震区的速度结构,从而为进一步研究该区强震的孕育环境和机制提供了更为精确的地壳结构约束.     

由长周期地震面波研究华南地区地壳和上地幔三维构造

利用中国27个地震基准台和世界标准地震台网 WWSSN 西南亚3个台站记录的中国大陆及邻近地区79个地震共238条路径的长周期面波资料,应用适配滤波频时分析技术和改进的分格频散反演方法,得到该地区147个44斜方格的纯路径群速度频散值,进而反演得到华南地区深至170km 左右的三维 S 波速度构造.结果表明:华南地区各一级构造单元之间有明显差异,一级单元内的次级构造单元也有一定差异.东部地壳较薄,由东往西逐渐变厚,厚度为30-43km 左右.地壳中 S 波平均速度,东北部最低,西部最高,约为3.48-3.68km/s,在大范围内未发现明显的地壳低速层.华南大部分地区存在上地幔低速层,低速层起始深度为75-106km 左右,低速层中 S 波最小速度约为4.28-4.38km/s.尽管华南大部分地区存在上地幔低速层,但各主要层位分界明显,层面平缓,在较大尺度地下构造横向变化较小,除西部褶断区、东南沿海断裂系等边缘区域为构造活动区外,华南主体的地壳上地幔构造仍属于较稳定的大陆块体构造.      

青藏高原瑞利波相速度与深部结构的横向变化

利用中美合作在青藏高原布设的11台 PASSCAL 宽频带数字地震仪记录到的瑞利面波资料,测得青藏高原内不同块体的瑞利面波相速度(周期为10——120s),并反演了不同路径的地壳上地幔 S 波速度结构,发现青藏高原 S 波速度结构的横向变化显著.亚东——安多裂谷带的面波频散与相邻的块体差异最大,温泉至日喀则路径的相速度比其它路径的相速度明显偏高.该路径的地壳平均速度为3.79km/s,比其它路径的地壳平均速度3.40——3.50km/s高得多.青藏高原内不同块体的地壳中均有低速层存在,但低速层的厚度和速度不尽相同.位于北部的松潘甘孜块体。其地壳较薄约为65km,Sn 速度为4.48km/s,而且在约120km 深处的上地幔中存在一厚度为60km,速度为4.15km/s 的上地幔低速层.其它路径的上地幔速度相近,均没有明显的上地幔低速层出现.羌塘块体与拉萨块体的瑞利波相速度和 S 波速度结构极为相似,上地幔顶部的速度较松潘甘孜块体略高.在青藏高原广大地区中,地壳的平均速度低,普遍存在地壳低速层;上地幔顶部的横波速度为4.50——4.65km/s,上地幔中或者没有低速层或者低速层埋藏较深.      

Study on Shear Wave Velocity Structure and Velocity Ratio Beneath Ordos Block and Its Eastern and Southern Margins

Using pure S wave fitting method, we studied the shear wave velocity structures under the Ordos block and its eastern and southern marginal areas. The results show that the velocity structure beneath Yulin station in the interior of Ordos block is relatively stable, where no apparent change between high and low velocity layers exists and the shear wave velocity increases steadily with the depth. There is a 12km thick layer at the depth of 25km under this station, with an S wave velocity (Vs=3.90km/s) lower than that at the same depth in its eastern and southern areas (Vs≥4.00km/s). The crust under the eastern margin of Ordos block is thicker than that of the Yulin station, and the velocity structures alternate between the high and low velocity layers, with more low velocity layers. It has the same characteristic as having a 10km-thick low velocity layer (Vs=3.80km/s) in the lower crust but buried at a depth of aout 35km. Moreover, we studied the Vp/Vs ratio under each station in combination with the result of P wave velocity inversion. The results show that, the average velocity ratio of the Yulin station at the interior of Ordos block is only 1.68, with a very low ratio (about 1.60) in the upper crust and a stable ratio of about 1.73 in the mid and lower crust, which indicates the media under this station is homogenous and stable, being in a state of rigidity. But at the stations in the eastern and southern margins of the Ordos block, several layers of high velocity ratio (about 1.80) have been found, in which the average velocity ratio under Kelan and Lishi stations at the eastern margin is systemically higher than that of the general elastical body waves (1.732). This reflects that the crust under the marginal areas is more active relatively, and other materials may exist in these layers. Finally, we discussed the relationship among earthquakes, velocity structures beneath stations and faults.     

用尾波干涉法监测介质波速变化研究进展

Multiply scattered waves are sensitive to media changes owing to the effect of repeated sampling,superposition and amplification. Based on this characteristic,small-medium changes could be detected by using coda wave interferometry. In recent years,coda wave interferometry has been widely used in estimating velocity variation with high precision in areas such as seismology and non-destructive testing. This paper systematically presents the principle and research status of coda wave interferometry,and especial focus is placed on the research of media velocity variations by using repeating earthquakes,artificial sources,and ambient noise. Applications of coda wave interferometry can contribute to the more subtle understanding of dynamic evolution process in the medium.     

Velocity changes associated with generalized triaxial deformation of pyrophyllite

Compressional and shear-wave velocities (V _p andV _s ) were measured during the generalized triaxial deformation (i.e. _{1 2}=2 ₃) of pyrophyllite. Observed velocity changes could be ascribed to crack development during dilatancy. Velocity changes were very localized with respect to the ultimate failure plane. The orientation and development of the failure plane was continuously observed with laser holography. Velocity reverals, i.e. changes from a decreasing trend to an increasing trend, were documented in a wet sample in bothV _p andV _s . These changes in bothV _p andV _p are inconsistent with dialatancy-diffusion models. The reversals were interpreted as a reflection of local stress reorientation caused by a slowly propagating fault.     

The Effect of Velocity Inversions on H/V

We analyzed the phenomenology of microtremor H/V curves under inversions in the shear-wave velocity (V_s) profile in the subsoil. Under no V_s inversion the spectral signature of the H/V peaks is found to be ‘eye-shaped’ with the horizontal components higher than the vertical. Conversely, under negative velocity gradients, numerous of differences emerge. I) A H/V ratio below 1 is observed for a wide range of frequencies, due to the decrease of the horizontal components below the vertical one. II) In the presence of persistent H/V < 1, small bumps in the H/V ratio given by local minima in the vertical spectral component may represent the relics of the peaks indicating resonances and stratigraphic discontinuities. As a consequence, in the presence of velocity inversions the H/V > 2 SESAME (2004) criterion fails but a stratigraphic interpretation may still be possible. III) The H/V curves should always be interpreted together with the single component spectra. IV) Microtremor H/V measurements for stratigraphic/microzonation purposes on stiff artificial soils, (asphalt, concrete, cement, pavements) should always be avoided since the latter often produce velocity inversions. This may have consequences in the intermediate to high frequency domain ( > 1 Hz) also in the application of reference site methods, like H_site/H_bedrock, to microtremor. Theoretical modeling confirms these experimental findings.     

Velocity anomalies: An alternative explanation based on data from laboratory experiments

Locations and velocities were calculated for microseisms occurring in samples of rock subjected to triaxial loading and injection of pore fluid. This was accomplished by analyzing arrival times of acoustic emission using an automatic first arrival picker. Apparent velocity anomalies were observed prior to both failure of intact samples and violent slip in samples containing saw cuts. Further analysis revealed that these fluctuations in calculated velocity were not due to changes in the true seismie velocity. Instead, variations in calculated velocity are shown to be related to sampling errors in picking first arrivals. The systematic picking of late first arrivals for small magnitude events was found to be a persistent bias resulting in low calculated velocities. This has encouraged the reexamination of earthquake records to determine how important sampling biases are in contributing to reported velocity anomalies.     

北京地区主要活动断裂深部速度结构特征及强震构造分析

根据分别由人工地震测深速度结构剖面数字化和天然地震层析成像建立的北京地区三维地壳速度结构模型,本文绘制了剖面图。同时将剖面两侧5km的地震震中投影到剖面上,分析了北京地区主要活动断裂的深部速度结构特征,证实两种方法得到的地壳速度结构模型具有很大的相似性。同时,顺义凹陷、马池口凹陷下方存在近垂直的深断裂,此深断裂可能为未来的发震断裂,地壳浅部与此对应的活动断裂是顺义-前门-良乡断裂北段、黄庄-高丽营断裂北段以及清河断裂,地壳内部的深断裂与地壳浅部控制盆地发育的活动断裂之间可能处于"汇而未交"的状态,具有地震孕育的深部构造背景。     

Velocity Structure Beneath Active Faults and Seismic Tectonic Characteristics in the Beijing Area

Velocity structure beneath active faults in the Beijing area has been discussed,based on the digital crustal model of velocity from deep seismic sounding profiles and tomography imaging of P waves. We found that there exists nearly vertical deep faults beneath the Shunyi Depression and the Machiko Depression,which are very likely to be seismogenic faults in the future. In the superficial crust,the north segment of the Shunyi-QianmenLiangxiang fault,the north segment of the Huangzhuang-Gaoliying fault and th...     

2003年大姚地震震中区的速度和衰减结构

使用2003年7月21日和10月20日云南省大姚县M62、M61地震震后流动数字化地震监测台网所记录的地震走时和波形资料,反演了震中区的Vp、Vs和Qp的三维结构.前人根据余震分布推测该震区存在一条北西西走向右旋走滑断裂带.三维结果表明,Vp和Qp的低值异常可以佐证该断裂带的存在;但除此断裂带,可能还存在一条北北东向断裂带,倾向西,表现为低Vp、Vs以及低Qp异常,并且异常深度达到8～10 km.因此,大姚震中区可能存在两条相互交错的断层,这与整个南北带断层的交错特征非常相似.另外我们推断该北北东向断带在南北方向可能有较长的延伸.     

九江—瑞昌序列震源位置及震源区速度结构的联合反演

采用震源位置和速度结构的联合反演方法确定2005年九江一瑞昌5.7级地震序列的分布和震源区的速度结构.结果显示九江一瑞昌地震序列存在NW330.方向和NE550方向的两组共轭分布,其中NW330.方向的优势分布更为明显;震源深度分布在3～18km的范围.地震主体破裂发生在上地壳-中地壳过渡层的P波速度低速区内,主震发生后余震向东南与西北方向两头扩展,其中往西北方向破裂时可能遇到了障碍体,积累的能量转向西南-北东方向继续破裂,引发了4.8级强余震.     

Velocity and concentration profiles of particle movement in sheet flows

Sheet flows occur widely in natural free-surface flows including rivers in flood, tidal estuaries and coastal waters in storm conditions when bed shear stress becomes sufficiently high. Particle volumetric concentration in sheet flows normally follows a linear distribution with the Rouse [Rouse H. Modern conceptions of the mechanics of fluid turbulence. Trans ASCE, 1937;102:463–543] distribution applicable in the dilute water column above the sheet-flow layer. However, a well-verified formula for determining particle velocity distribution in sheet flows is still lacking. This paper presents formulas to describe the particle velocity profile in steady or oscillatory sheet flows. They compare well with measured data. In particular, the novel formula for determining the particle velocity at the top of bedload–sediment-dominated sublayer in sheet flows is also well verified with measured data.