沙子口湾海岸侵蚀原因及防治对策研究

通过实测水文资料,岸滩冲变化规律和泥沙动态研究沙子口湾近３０ａ来的变化,分析海滩侵蚀的原因,对现有的海岸工程进行调查。研究海岸防护对策,分析海岸防护工程的可行性。     

静态平衡岬湾海岸理论及其在黄、渤海海岸的应用

岬湾海岸是一种稳定的海岸存在形式,在天然海岸中岬湾地貌占51%。岬湾海岸研究是研究砂质海岸稳定性及演变的重要内容。岬湾海岸理论在海岸稳定性、海岸工程预测以及海岸综合治理方面有其重要的工程价值。文中详细讨论了岬湾理论中最具工程意义的抛物线型岬湾海岸线及基于静态平衡岬湾海岸理论开发的可视化应用软件MEPBay在海岸工程中的应用,并验证了该理论对黄、渤海海岸的适用性。MEPBay软件不仅有助于理解海岸形态过程,也是海岸工程师在岸线保护及海岸管理实践中的有力辅助工具。     

应对气候变化的侵蚀海岸管理与防护技术探讨

全球气候变化导致了海平面上升与登陆台风强度增加,加之我国河流流域实施环保措施引发河流入海泥沙量的减少,使得我国海岸侵蚀灾害加剧。因此,按照以往防护标准营造的海堤等海岸防护工程已经面临严峻的考验,导致沿海地区自然环境、社会、经济面临重灾的风险加大。本文分析了全球气候变暖背景下引发我国海岸侵蚀的主要原因和发展态势,提出了应对海岸侵蚀管理措施的建议;基于海岸防护现状,结合未来面临海平面变化与海岸水动力环境、泥沙的变化趋势,探讨了值得关注研发的永久性与应急性新型海岸工程防护技术,为我国海岸管理部门及海岸工程研究机构提供参考。     

我国海岸工程技术展望

从海岸动力监测体系、河口海岸侵蚀及防护、海岸工程深水和离岸趋势、极端条件下海岸工程结构安全、岛礁工程开发技术、海岸管理与数字海岸、亲水工程、海洋能技术利用开发和海岸工程研究等九个方面对我国海岸工程中面临的问题,以及国外相关工程技术进展情况进行了分析,并指出我国未来海岸工程领域需要加以关注的重点问题和发展趋势。     

废黄河口海岸防护工程规划研究

本文回顾了废黄河口岸段海岸演变及海岸防护的历史过程,分析了本段海岸的侵蚀特征及动力条件,进行了海岸工程防护的效果计算及主海堤和离岸潜堤设计。综合以上各项研究结果,对本海区的海岸防护工程规划具有指导性意义。     

广东台山岬湾砂质海岸侵蚀影响因素

在海平面上升的背景下,海岸侵蚀灾害日趋加剧,砂质海岸普遍遭受海洋侵蚀.基于广东台山浪琴湾海滩和望头湾海滩2个岬湾砂质海岸的调查资料,对其海岸侵蚀现状、影响因素等进行研究分析,认为风暴潮与人为因素是目前岬湾砂质海岸侵蚀最大的影响因素.为防止砂质海岸侵蚀、保护砂质海岸提供科学参考.     

粤东靖海湾海岸地貌动力演变及其工程影响

受人为工程的影响,相对稳定的岬湾海岸地貌常经历显著的动态调整。本文以粤东靖海湾典型岬湾海岸为例,运用Mc Laren模型、波浪动力场数值模拟、等深线对比、冲淤计算等多种方法,从海岸地貌动力学角度,对人为岬角工程前后岬湾海岸地貌动力过程和冲淤演变进行综合分析。结果表明:1)海岸地貌动力系统内常存在负反馈机制以维持系统的稳定。岬角工程后上岬角防波堤沿SSW延伸,ESE和E向浪经过防波堤时发生绕射,波能削减,湾顶动力减弱,海滩沉积物从下岬角向湾顶反向运移;2)海滩的蚀积状态在工程前后发生了转换,工程前遮蔽段侵蚀、开敞段堆积;工程后遮蔽段堆积、开敞段侵蚀;3)海湾水下地形对岬角工程的响应敏感,工程后海湾水下地形冲淤剧烈。     

我国海岸侵蚀的成因和防护措施研究

为解决当前我国海岸侵蚀现象严重以及海岸防护手段较为单一的问题,文章分析我国海岸侵蚀的成因,并从结构性措施和非结构性措施2个角度分析海岸防护手段,从而应对海岸侵蚀灾害。研究结果表明:导致海岸侵蚀的因素分为人为因素和自然因素,目前我国应对海岸侵蚀主要采取结构性措施,即从工程视角加强海岸防护,主要包括硬防护结构和软防护结构2种;未来将采取非结构性措施,即从社会科学的视角规范人类行为,从而对海岸进行防护,主要包括规划管理、法律政策和教育普及3个类型。     

基于与环境相协调的韧性海岸工程建设策略

对于海岸工程所遇到的自然灾害,仅以加大结构尺度与结构强度的传统方法应对是不可取的。改变传统理念,通过改善工程与环境的关系,提高工程韧性是较合理的选择。韧性海岸工程以工程系统与环境相协调,具有吸收和适应自然力、灾害情况下维持其功能以及灾后可快速恢复的能力为特征。针对港口工程、海岸及港口防护工程建设提出了韧性工程实施策略及方法。以韧性工程理念对港口规划与平面布置、复杂环境下的码头结构及航道工程设计提出优化原则与方案。海岸及港口防护工程可采用多重防护、吸收性防护、变形型防护及生态型防护等类型,以改善工程与环境的适应性,增强工程韧性。     

厦门岛会展中心海滩养护及其对我国海岸防护的启示

硬式护岸是传统的海岸防护手段.近几十年来,以养护海滩为主的软式护岸已成为欧美发达国家海岸防护的主要措施,而我国尚处于起步阶段.本文以厦门岛会展中心海岸养滩实践为例,通过分析其海岸地貌演变历史、数值模拟养滩工程方案及定期观测海滩养护后剖面的变化,论述了该工程的必要性和可行性,以及养护后海滩的稳定性.同时,结合发达国家护岸的发展趋势,对我国的护岸转型作了思考.研究表明厦门岛会展中心海滩养护工程的施工使该海岸防护方式由硬式转变为软式,工程完成后为期半年的剖面监测数据显示单位宽度留存的沙量平均为381.4 m3/m,为施工初期平均值440 m3/m的86.7％,表明该海滩基本稳定.海滩养护可以修复受损的海滩或者营造新的滨海沙滩,改善滨海城市环境,提高城市品位,促进城市滨海旅游的发展,进而带动社会经济的发展,具有社会、经济、环境、生态等多方面的效应.我国海岸防护观念正在由传统的硬结构护岸转向软式的沙滩护岸,海滩养护将是我国未来海岸防护的一种更好的措施.     

山东省的海岸侵蚀灾害

论述了山东省海岸侵蚀灾害的基本特征，详细叙述了９２１６号强热带气旋暴潮的海岸侵蚀灾害情况。分析了海岸侵蚀灾害的基本特征，即侵蚀灾害的普遍性，侵蚀原因的多样性，人为因素的突出性，侵蚀灾害的连续性和突发性灾害的严重性，最后提出了海岸侵蚀灾害的防治与对策。     

Quantifying the storm erosion hazard for coastal planning

The quantity of coastline retreat resulting from storm erosion is one of the most important phenomena that needs to be accurately quantified to facilitate effective coastal management strategies. Historically, the volume of storm erosion (and coastline retreat) accommodated for coastal planning decisions has been directly linked to the storm (usually defined by considering wave height and duration only) with a certain pre-defined return period, known as a Synthetic Design Storm (SDS) (e.g. 1 in 100 year storm). The SDS method of estimating storm erosion volumes for coastal planning thus assumes that, for example, the 1 in 100 year storm event also results in a 1 in 100 year erosion event. This communication discusses the physical reality of this assumption and demonstrates the improved performance of a new method, based on Joint Probability Distributions (JPD) for estimating storm erosion volumes proposed by Callaghan et al. [Callaghan, D.P., Nielsen, P., Short, A.D. and Ranasinghe, R., 2008. Statistical simulation of wave climate and extreme beach erosion. Coastal Engineering, 55(5): 375–390] using one of the world's longest beach profile surveys from Sydney, Australia.     

江苏省海岸侵蚀现状遥感监测与防治对策

文章利用卫星遥感解译、潮汐数值模拟、GIS空间拓扑分析等技术手段,对水边线进行水位订正,推算出2019年度江苏沿海的遥感海岸线,对江苏省海岸侵蚀现状进行了遥感监测与评估。研究结果表明:2019年江苏省共有侵蚀岸线长58.55 km,占全省大陆海岸线的7.39%。废黄河三角洲侵蚀型海岸的侵蚀岸段平均年侵蚀后退 59.24 m,主要表现为盐养围堤的冲刷水毁;辐射沙洲北翼淤长型海岸的侵蚀岸段年平均侵蚀后退152.28 m,表现为潮间带上部坡度变缓,海岸线持续内移。全省海岸带侵蚀总面积为 7.244 8 hm2,强侵蚀岸段主要分布在南八滩闸北侧,新洋河口两侧以及斗龙港南侧区域。文章同时结合江苏海域动态监管工作经验,提出了5点海岸侵蚀灾害防治对策:①加强天-空-地一体化多手段联合监测,精确监控海岸侵蚀灾害发生范围与程度,了解海岸侵蚀强度与等级;②联合多平台海洋观测,深入开展致灾因素分析,了解海岸侵蚀灾害的发展与变化趋势,逐步完善灾害预警机制;③根据不同的海岸类型与海岸侵蚀特征,有效开展多策略的海岸防护整治,减少海岸侵蚀灾害损失;④加快海岸带保护修复,明确海岸带开发活动的适宜空间与适宜程度,优化海岸带空间布局;⑤强化海岸责任管理,明确监管职责。     

滨海生态廊道构建指标体系研究——以杭州湾北岸上海段为例

由于受自然侵蚀和人类活动的影响,海岸带生态环境遭到破坏,正面临海岸线受损、湿地面积减少和植被退化等问题,如何实施生态修复保护海岸带已经成为沿海城市面临的重大机遇与挑战。构建滨海生态廊道正是保护海岸带的有效措施之一。生态廊道具有保护生物多样性、过滤污染物、调控洪水和连接景观斑块等多种生态功能,滨海生态廊道的构建可以缓冲海洋资源保护与城市发展之间的矛盾。文章以杭州湾北岸上海段为例,在上海市海洋保护修复和生态廊道建设的实践基础上,从廊道内部与外部空间、景观绿化和海洋生态基底等方面提出了一系列滨海生态廊道的具体指标和建议值,并结合杭州湾北段的生境现状,从廊道的生态功能与社会功能两方面提出构建滨海廊道的建议。     

Practice versus policy-led coastal defence management

Throughout northwest European coastal countries risks associated with coastal erosion are significant but spatially and temporally variable. The level of this risk is largely dependent on the extent of development within the coastal zones and a variety of approaches have been adopted for its management. The decision-making process for responding to erosion risk depends to a large extent on national policy. Coastal protection policy in northwest European countries varies in terms of the level of centralisation and formality of arrangements. In this paper the practical outworking of the informal practice-based system of Ireland, where there is no national policy framework, is compared with the policy-led system of England and Wales where formal national guidelines exist. Using case studies, the strengths and weaknesses of both the bottom-up and top-down approaches are assessed. The findings reveal strengths and weaknesses in both existing types of approach.     

Characteristics of coastal erosion geometry under regular and irregular waves

An experimental investigation of coastal erosion generated by the action of regular and irregular waves was carried out in laboratory channels. Natural beach sand, with medium diameter of 0.35 mm and specific gravity of 2.63, was used in this study. A 1:5 initial beach slope was selected for the model tests. Different wave groups were generated over the initially flat beach, and the characteristics of coastal erosion geometry such as erosion lengths, erosion depths, location of maximum erosion point, and total erosion areas were measured. The most important parameters governing coastal erosion were evaluated by using earlier investigations and experimental results. These parameters were expressed as a dimensionless group by using π theory. The empirical relationships between the geometric characteristics of coastal erosion and the dimensionless group are proposed through regression analysis for pure regular waves, pure irregular waves, and regular-irregular waves. The parameters, which were used to define geometric characteristics of coastal erosion, were evaluated and some ratios of these parameters gave a constant value.     

海南临高海岸带典型生态环境问题与对策研究

为改善临高县海岸带生态环境、提升海岸带生态价值及保障海岸带生态安全,文章在实地考察、文献查阅和资料梳理的基础上,概述了当前临高县海岸带面临的典型生态环境问题,分析生态环境退化的主要原因,提出了海岸带保护修复的对策建议。研究结果表明：临高海岸带地区砂质海岸、红树林、珊瑚礁和白蝶贝等面临较严重的海岸侵蚀、生态环境退化和生物资源枯竭等问题;砂质海岸侵蚀主要受海平面上升、风暴潮等自然因素影响,红树林生态系统主要受围海养殖、环境污染影响,珊瑚礁、白蝶贝等海洋生态系统则主要受渔业捕捞、水体污染等人为活动影响;基于海岸生态退化现状及原因分析,提出文澜河口、抱吴港等岸段开展沙滩喂养及生态堤建设,新盈湾、黄龙湾、金牌湾等重点区实施红树林修复,珊瑚礁、白蝶贝保育区加强自然封育、严防人工干扰等建议措施。     

Application of a Biological Tool for Estimating Current Annual Rates of Erosion and Deposition in Modern Coastal Environments: A Case Study in the Bay of Bengal Coast

The marine polychaete Diopatra cuprea (Bosc) produces tubes that protrude above the sediment surface. To the part above the sediment surface the worm attaches foreign particles. A sharp boundary separates the parts above and below the sediment surface. With subsequent erosion, part of the tube without attached particles becomes exposed and this exposed part indicates the amount of erosion. With subsequent sedimentation, the tubes are enlarged upward and the sharp boundary is found below the sediment surface indicating the amount of subsequent sedimentation. This mode of construction of tubes during an average life span of two years renders tubes as simple but excellent natural tools for precise and easy measurement of the latest annual rates of erosion and deposition in coastal areas, data that are essential for the solving of coastal engineering and geoenvironmental problems. Comparison of this tool with expensive long-term coastal profiling data in four areas in the Bay of Bengal coast indicates its correctness and high applicational value.

This revised model can be applied to modern coastal environments only for calculating latest annual rates of both erosion and deposition as correctly as latest physical techniques. Being based on the similar organosedimentary principle, it distinctively contrasts with the earlier model of Myers which provides information on the amount of sediment accumulation only without any time connotation and, it may generate erroneous results if applied to the geologic past unless some limitations evolved in the processes of dewatering, compaction, lithification and diagenesis are removed.     

Application of a Biological Tool for Estimating Current Annual Rates of Erosion and Deposition in Modern Coastal Environments: A Case Study in the Bay of Bengal Coast

The marine polychaete Diopatra cuprea (Bosc) produces tubes that protrude above the sediment surface. To the part above the sediment surface the worm attaches foreign particles. A sharp boundary separates the parts above and below the sediment surface. With subsequent erosion, part of the tube without attached particles becomes exposed and this exposed part indicates the amount of erosion. With subsequent sedimentation, the tubes are enlarged upward and the sharp boundary is found below the sediment surface indicating the amount of subsequent sedimentation. This mode of construction of tubes during an average life span of two years renders tubes as simple but excellent natural tools for precise and easy measurement of the latest annual rates of erosion and deposition in coastal areas, data that are essential for the solving of coastal engineering and geoenvironmental problems. Comparison of this tool with expensive long-term coastal profiling data in four areas in the Bay of Bengal coast indicates its correctness and high applicational value. This revised model can be applied to modern coastal environments only for calculating latest annual rates of both erosion and deposition as correctly as latest physical techniques. Being based on the similar organosedimentary principle, it distinctively contrasts with the earlier model of Myers which provides information on the amount of sediment accumulation only without any time connotation and, it may generate erroneous results if applied to the geologic past unless some limitations evolved in the processes of dewatering, compaction, lithification and diagenesis are removed.     

Spatial Modeling and Analysis for Shoreline Change Detection and Coastal Erosion Monitoring

Coastal erosion presents a serious problem throughout U.S. coastal areas. The Ohio Geological Survey estimates that more than 3,200 acres of Ohio's Lake Erie shore have been lost to erosion since the 1870s, resulting in economic losses exceeding tens of millions of dollars per year. This article presents research results of a project that monitors shoreline erosion using high-resolution imagery and examines erosion causes. Spatial modeling and analysis methods are applied to the project area along the south shore of Lake Erie. The shoreline is represented as a dynamically-segmented linear model that is linked to a large amount of data describing shoreline changes. A new method computes an instantaneous shoreline using a digital water level model, a coastal terrain model, and bathymetric data. This method provides an algorithm for deriving the Mean-Lower Low Water (MLLW) and the Mean High Water (MHW) shorelines that are essential to navigation charts. The results describe a part of our effort towards a coastal spatial information infrastructure to support management and decision-making in the dynamic coastal environment.