A novel synthetic aperture radar scattering model for sea surface with breaking waves

In this study a novel synthetic aperture radar(SAR) scattering model for sea surface with breaking waves is proposed. Compared with existing models, the proposed model considers an empirical relationship between wind speed and wave breaking scattering to present the contribution of wave breaking. Moreover, the scattering weight factor p, and wave breaking rate q, are performed to present the contribution of the quasi-specular scattering term, Bragg scattering term, and wave breaking scattering t...     

Bifurcation structure of a wind-driven shallow water model with layer-outcropping

The steady state bifurcation structure of the double-gyre wind-driven ocean circulation is examined in a shallow water model where the upper layer is allowed to outcrop at the sea surface. In addition to the classical jet-up and jet-down multiple equilibria, we find a new regime in which one of the equilibrium solutions has a large outcropping region in the subpolar gyre. Time dependent simulations show that the outcropping solution equilibrates to a stable periodic orbit with a period of 8 months. Co-existing with the periodic solution is a stable steady state solution without outcropping.A numerical scheme that has the unique advantage of being differentiable while still allowing layers to outcrop at the sea surface is used for the analysis. In contrast, standard schemes for solving layered models with outcropping are non-differentiable and have an ill-defined Jacobian making them unsuitable for solution using Newton’s method. As such, our new scheme expands the applicability of numerical bifurcation techniques to an important class of ocean models whose bifurcation structure had hitherto remained unexplored.     

A swell model of the German Bight

A numerical model is presented, which investigates the contribution of wave-induced currents to the tidal residual circulation in the German Bight. The momentum transfer, by swell decaying to the mean circulation, is calculated including wave-current interaction without refraction. The model couples deep-water and shallow-water energy dissipation mechanisms such as wave attenuation and wave breaking. The model computes wave set-up, wave set-down and a longshore current as well. The pure wave-induced circulation is calculated, and also the residual circulation due to the interaction between waves and tide. The results suggest that the wave-induced currents can be neglected for the calculation of transport of near-surface pollutants.     

A spectral barotropic model of the wind-driven world ocean

A global spectral barotropic ocean model is introduced to describe the depth-averaged flow. The equations are based on vorticity and divergence (instead of horizontal momentum); continents exert a nearly infinite drag on the fluid. The coding follows that of spectral atmospheric general circulation models using triangular truncation and implicit time integration to provide a first step for seamless coupling to spectral atmospheric global circulation models and an efficient method for filtering of ocean wave dynamics. Five experiments demonstrate the model performance: (i) Bounded by an idealized basin geometry and driven by a zonally uniform wind stress, the ocean circulation shows close similarity with Munk’s analytical solution. (ii) With a real land–sea mask the model is capable of reproducing the spin-up, location and magnitudes of depth-averaged barotropic ocean currents. (iii) The ocean wave-dynamics of equatorial waves, excited by a height perturbation at the equator, shows wave dispersion and reflection at eastern and western coastal boundaries. (iv) The model reproduces propagation times of observed surface gravity waves in the Pacific with real bathymetry. (v) Advection of tracers can be simulated reasonably by the spectral method or a semi-Langrangian transport scheme. This spectral barotropic model may serve as a first step towards an intermediate complexity spectral atmosphere–ocean model for studying atmosphere–ocean interactions in idealized setups and long term climate variability beyond millennia.     

A spectral barotropic model of the wind-driven world ocean

A global spectral barotropic ocean model is introduced to describe the depth-averaged flow. The equations are based on vorticity and divergence (instead of horizontal momentum); continents exert a nearly infinite drag on the fluid. The coding follows that of spectral atmospheric general circulation models using triangular truncation and implicit time integration to provide a first step for seamless coupling to spectral atmospheric global circulation models and an efficient method for filtering of ocean wave dynamics. Five experiments demonstrate the model performance: (i) Bounded by an idealized basin geometry and driven by a zonally uniform wind stress, the ocean circulation shows close similarity with Munk’s analytical solution. (ii) With a real land–sea mask the model is capable of reproducing the spin-up, location and magnitudes of depth-averaged barotropic ocean currents. (iii) The ocean wave-dynamics of equatorial waves, excited by a height perturbation at the equator, shows wave dispersion and reflection at eastern and western coastal boundaries. (iv) The model reproduces propagation times of observed surface gravity waves in the Pacific with real bathymetry. (v) Advection of tracers can be simulated reasonably by the spectral method or a semi-Langrangian transport scheme. This spectral barotropic model may serve as a first step towards an intermediate complexity spectral atmosphere–ocean model for studying atmosphere–ocean interactions in idealized setups and long term climate variability beyond millennia.     

Measurement of the parameters of internal and swell waves by a side-looking radar

A procedure for computing the parameters of internal and swell waves based on the radiopanorama of the sea surface obtained from on board a ship in the side-looking regime using the dispersion equation is suggested. Compared with the procedure of ref. 1, it simplifies the methods of measurements. Specific examples of computing the swell and internal wave parameters using radiopanoramas of the sea surface are considered which support the efficiency of the procedure suggested.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

复合雷达后向散射模型与合成孔径雷达、散射计和高度计海面雷达后向散射观测的比较分析

海洋微波散射模型相比于以经验统计建立的地球物理模式函数具有不受特定微波频率限制的优势。组合布拉格散射模型和几何光学模型形成了复合雷达后向散射模型。利用南海北部气象浮标2014年海面风速风向实测值作为散射模型输入,分别比较了复合雷达后向散射模型与RADARSAT-2卫星C波段SAR、HY-2A卫星Ku波段微波散射计的海面后向散射系数,偏差分别为(?0.22±1.88) dB (SAR)、(0.33±2.71) dB (散射计VV极化）和(?1.35±2.88) dB (散射计HH极化);以美国浮标数据中心(NDBC)浮标2011年10月1日至2014年9月30日共3年的海面风速、风向实测值作为散射模型输入,分别比较了复合雷达后向散射模型与Jason-2、HY-2A卫星Ku波段高度计海面后向散射系数,偏差分别为(1.01±1.15) dB和(1.12±1.29) dB。中等入射角和垂直入射下的卫星传感器后向散射系数观测值与复合雷达后向散射模型模拟值比较,具有不同的偏差,但具有相同的海面风速检验精度,均方根误差小于1.71 m/s。结果表明,复合雷达后向散射模型可模拟计算星载SAR、散射计和高度计观测条件下的海面雷达后向散射系数,且与CMOD5、NSCAT-2、高度计业务化海面风速反演的地球物理模式函数的计算结果具有一致性;复合雷达后向散射模型可用于微波遥感器的定标与检验、海面雷达后向散射的模拟。     

雷达高度计海况偏差估计神经网络模型研究

本文基于Jason-2高度计数据,在12个不同季节的cycle数据中组合1~6个cycle的有效波高、风速和海况偏差为训练集,选取Jason-2的另外3个不同季节的cycle数据集为测试集。经检验分析,确定3个cycle对应的BP神经网络模型。将该模型应用于HY-2高度计海况偏差的估计,通过海况偏差与有效波高及风速的拟合优度、解释方差和残差对比分析,结果表明:神经网络BP模型可以有效应用于HY-2的海况偏差估计并明显优于传统海况偏差参数模型。     

雷达高度计海况偏差估计非参数模型研究

本文基于Jason-2高度计,采用核函数估计（NW）和局部线性回归估计(LLR)两种非参数估计方法,选用高斯(Gaussian)核函数和球谐(Epanechnikov)核函数及固定带宽和局部可调带宽。对不同组合形式的模型进行优选,确定LLR估计方法的Epanechnikov核函数、局部可调带宽为最优非参数模型。通过对最优非参数模型和参数模型结果进行对比分析表明,非参数模型在北高纬度区域表现更优,而在中低纬度及南纬区域参数模型不失优势。将非参数模型应用于我国HY-2A高度计,得到与以上同样的结论。     

A wavelet-based test for swell stationarity

The temporal behaviour of swell is examined using the wavelet transform, and a test of stationarity using the wavelet transform is described. The method is demonstrated on time series data from a Directional Waverider buoy deployed at Duck, North Carolina, and it is shown that non-stationary sea states are usually associated with local wind-sea growth rather than significant changes in the swell component, which can be considered stationary for at least as long as the 160-min records. This is close to the 3-h duration that is typically assumed for a stationary sea state. The stationary character of swell is an important result for offloading from an LNG barge to carrier.     

基于核函数NPSSB模型的HY-2A卫星雷达高度计海况偏差研究

利用机器学习的方法,对14个周期HY-2A卫星高度计数据:风速、有效波高和海面高度差值进行训练,探究海况偏差和风速、有效波高之间的关系,创建海况偏差核函数非参数模型(NPSSB),并与参数模型中具有代表性的BM3、BM4模型进行对比。研究表明:(1)核函数NPSSB模型能够很好的反映SSB与U、SWH之间的关系,SSB与U呈二次函数关系,SSB与SWH呈反比例函数关系;(2)核函数NPSSB模型对SSB的模拟能力与训练数据集相关,数据量越多,模拟能力越好;(3)核函数NPSSB模型与BM3、BM4模型都存在0～-0.03 m的差值,随着风速和有效波高的增加,差值的绝对值越大。     

高分辨率全极化SAR水上桥梁参数反演

高分辨率SAR中,桥梁的各次反射回波表现为条带状,这给桥梁参数的反演带来了困难。本文提出了一种适用于高分辨率全极化SAR的水上桥梁参数反演方法。首先,通过极化散射特征区分出桥梁的单次、二次和三次反射回波目标。然后,结合微波反射和折射的原理,分析了高分辨SAR图像中桥梁的各次反射回波成条带状的原因,在此基础上提出了各次回波目标的提取方法和桥梁参数反演方法。最后,利用获取的AIRSAR数据反演了桥梁的上下桥高、桥厚、桥宽、桥长及桥塔高度等参数,通过与实测数据对比,结果表明,本文的方法能较准确地反演桥梁的各项参数,其中桥高误差仅为1.3%,结果也表明了在高分辨率条件下,C和L波段的桥梁参数反演能力相当。     

Impact of swell on simulations using a regional atmospheric climate model

When long, fast swell waves travel in approximately the same direction as the wind, the surface stress is reduced compared with under wind-sea conditions. Using measurements from the Östergarnsholm site in the Baltic Sea, new expressions of the roughness length were developed for wind sea and swell. These new expressions were implemented in the RCA3 regional climate model covering Europe. A 3-year simulation and two case studies using the wavefield from the ECMWF reanalysis (ERA-40) were analysed using the improved formulations. Wind-following swell led to a significant reduction of mean wind stress and heat fluxes. The mean surface layer wind speed was redistributed horizontally and the marine boundary layer cooled and dried slightly. This cooling was most pronounced over North Sea and the Norwegian Sea (almost 0.2 °C annually on average) whereas the drying was most pronounced over the Mediterranean Sea (almost 0.4 g kg⁻¹). Somewhat less convective precipitation and low-level cloudiness over the sea areas were also indicated, in particular over the Mediterranean Sea. The impact on the atmosphere, however, is significantly locally greater in time and space.     

A viscoelastic-plastic constitutive model with Mohr-Coulomb yielding criterion for sea ice dynamics

A new viscoelastic-plastic （VEP） constitutive model for sea ice dynamics was developed based on continuum mechanics. This model consists of four components： Kelvin-Vogit viscoelastic model, Mohr-Coulomb yielding criterion, associated normality flow rule for plastic rehololgy, and hydrostatic pressure. The numerical simulations for ice motion in an idealized rectangular basin were made using smoothed particle hydrodynamics （SPH） method, and compared with the analytical solution as well as those based on the modified viscous plastic（VP） model and static ice jam theory. These simulations show that the new VEP model can simulate ice dynamics accurately. The new constitutive model was further applied to simulate ice dynamics of the Bohai Sea and compared with the traditional VP, and modified VP models. The results of the VEP model are compared better with the satellite remote images, and the simulated ice conditions in the JZ20-2 oil platform area were more reasonable.     

基于Mohr-Coulomb准则的黏弹-塑性海冰动力学本构模型

针对中小尺度下海冰动力作用过程中的漂移、重叠和堆积特征,在连续介质力学基础上建立了一个黏弹塑性海冰动力学本构模型.该模型主要包括四部分,即海冰在屈服前的Kelvin Vogit黏弹模型、海冰塑性屈服的Mohr Coulomb准则、屈服后相关联的正交流动法则和影响海冰强度的静水压力.采用黏弹塑性本构模型对规则海域内的海冰堆积过程进行了数值试验,其结果与传统黏塑性模型、改进的黏塑性模型和经典冰坝理论的解析解相符,可合理地模拟海冰堆积的动力过程.为进一步检验该黏弹塑性本构模型的适用性,对渤海海冰的动力过程进行了48h的数值模拟,计算结果与海冰卫星遥感现场观测资料一致.通过与传统的黏塑性和改进的黏塑性模型结果的对比分析,进一步验证了黏弹塑性模型在中小尺度海冰动力学模拟中的可靠性.在以上海冰堆积的数值试验和渤海海冰动力学模拟中均采用了光滑质点流体动力学(SPH)方法.     

Travel-time curves for a simple sea floor model

This paper reviews a simple technique for interpreting the velocity structure of upper oceanic crust from travel-time data of sonobuoy and ocean bottom receiver refraction experiments. The technique does not involve sophisticated digital processing or synthetic seismogram analysis. Interpretations can be carried out with a pencil, paper and slide rule.Travel-time inversion procedures based on the -p transformation require the assumption of the shallowmost velocity. In some cases, however, such as oceanic crustal studies, the shallowmost velocity is one tf the critical parameters for which one wishes to invert. An inversion method for the shallowmost velocity is discussed which assumes a constant velocity gradient. The time, range and ray parameter of a point on the travel-time curve are sufficient to obtain the velocity at the top of the gradient zone and the gradient. The method can be used to interpolate the velocity-depth function into regions from which no seismic energy is returned as a first arrival. Once an estimate of the upper crustal velocity is obtained the traditional -p procedures can be applied.The model considered consists of a homogeneous layer over a layer in which velocity increases linearly with depth. For such a geometry there are three classes of behaviour of the travel-time curve based on the number of cusps: zero, one or two. The number of cusps depends on the uppermost velocity in the crust, the velocity gradient of the upper crust and the depth of the sources and receivers. It has not been previously recognized that two cusps in the travel time curve may be observed for this simple model. Since estimating the ray parameter from first arrival times is less ambiguous when there are no cusps, understanding the relations involved with the three classes aids in the design of experiments. It is reasonable to apply the model to shallow sea floor structure because of the high quality of marine refraction data which has recently been obtained.     

A sea surface height estimator using synthetic aperture radar complex imagery

The reflectivity density approximately describing electromagnetic scattering from a "two-scale" rough surface has a phase linearly dependent on surface height. The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image is a complicated partially understood transformation of this reflectivity density, but in demonstrable situations the complex image's phase also contains sea height information: reported here is an initial study of an algorithm that exploits this. Envelope and phase demodulation, regression, and filtering algorithms are verified and applied to simulated and actual satellite radar SEASAT-SAR data. The simulation of a simplified stationary scene established tentative sufficient conditions on large-scale SAR and sampling parameters for accurate estimation of the large-scale structure's height and imply feasible system design. The algorithm accurately estimated a long wavelength low-amplitude large-scale sea height structure present in a SEASAT-SAR data record, consistent with available sea truth.     

A hybrid coordinate ocean model for shelf sea simulation

The general circulation in the North Sea and Skagerrak is simulated using the hybrid coordinate ocean model (HYCOM). Although HYCOM was originally developed for simulations of the open ocean, it has a design which should make it applicable also for coastal and shallow shelf seas. Thus, the objective of this study has been to examine the skills of the present version of HYCOM in a coastal shelf application, and to identify the areas where HYCOM needs to be further developed. To demonstrate the capability of the vertical coordinate in HYCOM, three experiments with different configurations of the vertical coordinate were carried out. In general, the results from these experiments compares quite well with in situ and satellite data, and the water masses and the general circulation in the North Sea and Skagerrak is reproduced in the simulations. Differences between the three experiments are small compared to other errors, which are related to a combined effect of model setup and properties of the vertical mixing scheme. Hence, it is difficult to quantify which vertical coordinate configuration works best for the coastal region. It is concluded that HYCOM can be used for simulations of coastal and shelf seas, and further suggestions for improving the model results are given. Since HYCOM also works well in open ocean and basin scale simulations, it may allow for a realistic modelling of the transition region between the open ocean and coastal shelf seas.     

海冰动力学的混合拉格朗日-欧拉数值方法

综合考虑欧拉坐标下有限差分法(FDM)在海冰动力学计算中的效率,以及拉格朗日坐标下光滑质点流体动力学方法(SPH)对海冰流变行为的精确模拟,本文发展了一种海冰动力学的混合拉格朗日-欧拉(HLE)数值方法。该方法首先在拉格朗日坐标下将海冰离散为若干个具有厚度、密集度的海冰质点,并由这些海冰质点通过Gauss函数对欧拉网格上的海冰参量进行积分插值;然后,在欧拉坐标下对海冰动量方程进行差分计算以确定各网格节点的海冰速度,并由此采用Gauss函数积分插值出拉格朗日坐标下各海冰质点的速度分布;最后,通过对海冰质点运动和分布的计算,确定出各海冰质点的位置、厚度和密集度等参量。采用该HLE方法对规则区域内的海冰堆积过程和涡动风场作用下的海冰动力演化趋势进行了数值试验;最后,采用该HLE方法对渤海海冰的动力过程进行了72h数值模拟,其计算结果与卫星遥感图像和现场观测资料吻合较好。以上计算结果均表明该HLE方法在海冰动力学数值模拟中具有较高的计算效率和模拟精度,可用于海冰动力过程的数值模拟。