贵州省六盘水水城高位远程滑坡流态化运动过程分析

高位远程滑坡是中国西南山区常见的一类灾难性地质灾害,其发生往往伴随有碰撞解体效应,导致滑体碎裂化,转化为碎屑流或泥石流,具有流化运动堆积的特征。2019年7月23日发生于中国贵州省六盘水市水城县的鸡场镇滑坡是典型的高位远程流态化滑坡,滑坡前后缘高差430 m,水平运动距离1340 m,堆积体体积200×104 m3,导致21幢房屋被掩埋,51人遇难。基于野外详细调查和滑前滑后地形对比,采用DAN-W软件对水城滑坡的整个运动堆积过程进行了模拟,结果显示:水城滑坡在滑源区残留堆积体厚度最大为27 m,堆积区最大堆积厚度为15 m,滑坡碎屑流前缘最大运动速度为27 m/s,最大动能为6.57×106 J;滑坡高位剪出,由于势能转化为动能,滑坡快速达到速度峰值,并铲刮地表松散土层;由于强降雨,滑体高速运动使基底孔隙水来不及排出,导致基底摩擦力下降,降低能量损耗,滑体解体促进颗粒流化运动,减少了摩擦,也是滑坡远程运动的重要原因。      

贵州水城“7.23”高位远程滑坡冲击铲刮效应分析

以2019年贵州水城“7.23”滑坡为例,采用现场调查、无人机航测和数值模拟技术,分析了滑坡的运动过程和冲击铲刮特征,结果表明：（1）水城“7.23”滑坡属典型的高位远程滑坡,滑体高位启动后冲击下方凸起山脊,铲刮地表残坡积土层,并解体形成碎屑流,最大铲刮深度可达11 m;（2）模拟结果显示,滑坡运动最大速度为30 m?s-1,最大动能达8 900 kJ,铲刮体积达46×104 m3,最终体积为116×104 m3,灾害放大效应明显;（3）水城滑坡的冲击铲刮过程可分为冲击嵌入→剪切推覆→裹挟混合三个阶段。     

某滑坡蓄水后的三维稳定性数值分析

通过有限差分软件FLAC3D对滑坡进行了三维稳定性计算和分析,采用强度折减法计算出蓄水边坡的安全系数.计算结果表明:该滑坡在蓄水条件下,整体仍处于稳定状态,只是在相对较陡的滑坡体前缘和库水位淹没区,蓄水后可能会产生小规模失稳.边坡采用强度折减法计算的安全系数为1.20.     

Experimental and numerical investigations of a catastrophic long-runout landslide in Zhenxiong,Yunnan, southwestern China

On 11 January 2013, a catastrophic landslide of ～0.2 million m³ due to a prolonged low-intensity rainfall occurred in Zhenxiong, Yunnan, southwestern China. This landslide destroyed the village of Zhaojiagou and killed 46 people in the distal part of its path. The displaced landslide material traveled a horizontal distance of ～800 m with a vertical drop of ～280 m and stopped at 1520 m a.s.l. To examine the possible mechanism and behavior of the landslide from initiation to runout, the shear behavior of soil samples collected from the sliding surface and runout path was examined by means of ring shear tests. The test results show that the shear strength of sample from the sliding surface is less affected by shear rate while the shear rate has a negative effect on the shear strength of runout path material. It is suggested that the source and runout path materials follow the frictional and Voellmy rheology, respectively. Post-failure behavior of the landslide was modeled by using a DAN-W model, and the numerical results show that the selected rheological relationships and parameters based on the results of ring shear tests may provide good performance in modeling the Zhenxiong landslide.     

基于滑面分区段力学模型的高速滑坡运动过程能量转化研究

高速滑坡具有运动速度快、波及范围广的灾害特征,因此对滑坡启动、加速和静止整个运动过程进行研究很有必要.基于滑面力学特性将滑面分为弹性介质区和应变弱化区,构建了高速滑坡二维力学模型,提出了滑坡启动动能计算公式和滑坡运动过程的能量计算公式;以千将坪滑坡为例,采用启动动能计算公式得出滑坡的启动速度为2.35 m/s;依据滑面...     

Pile foundation analysis and design using experimental data and 3-D numerical analysis

Capacity based design of pile foundations limits the soil-structure interaction mechanism to group bearing capacity estimation, neglecting, in most cases, the contribution of the raft. On the other hand, a straightforward, nonlinear, 3-D analysis, accounting for soil and structural nonlinearities and the effects arising from pile–soil–pile interaction, would be extremely high CPU-time demanding and will necessitate the use of exceptionally powerful numerical tools. With the aim of investigating the most efficient, precise, and economical design for a bridge foundation, a hybrid method, compatible with the notion of sub-structuring is proposed. It is based on both experimental data and nonlinear 3-D analysis. The first step to achieve these targets is a back-analysis of a static pile load test, fitting values for soil shear strength, deformation modulus, and shear strength mobilization at the soil–pile interface. Subsequently, the response of 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 pile group configurations is numerically established and the distribution of the applied load to the raft and the characteristic piles is discussed. Finally, a design strategy for an optimized design of pile raft foundations subjected to non-uniform vertical loading is proposed.     

Dynamic process analysis of the Xinmo landslide via seismic signal and numerical simulation

Landslides - On 24 June 2017, a rockslide-debris avalanche occurred in Xinmo Village, Maoxian County, Sichuan Province, China. The displaced materials traveled approximately 2.6 km and...     

滑坡体三维地质建模与可视化分析

针对滑坡地质研究的自身特点,提出了面向滑坡地质体三维建模的NURBS-BRep混合数据结构和地质结构单元实体构造技术.通过对滑坡基础地质数据的预处理、滑坡数字地形和滑动面的三维建模、地质结构面的系统构造、地质结构体的生成和显示,形成了一套完整的滑坡三维地质模型的构建方法.将该方法应用于某水库滑坡,建立了相应的三维滑坡地质模型,并基于此模型进行了三维剖切分析、数字钻孔、等值线生成、滑块自动剖分、滑坡失稳可视化动态模拟和滑坡体方量精确计算等一系列实用的可视化分析,为滑坡稳定性的准确计算和客观评价提供了有力的支持.     

呷爬滑坡稳定性的FLAC-3D数值模拟分析

先介绍了呷爬滑坡的概况,然后,分析其成因机制。在此基础之上,利用FLAC-3D软件对在天然状态和蓄水条件下滑坡的稳定性进行了数值模拟研究。通过建立数值计算模型和选取合理的计算参数,模拟出系统不平衡力演化过程曲线图。对其成果图进行了综合分析,为在天然状态和蓄水条件下滑坡的稳定性做出评价,为治理滑坡提供了必要的理论依据。     

复杂边界及实际地形上溃坝洪水流动过程模拟

建立了基于无结构三角网格下采用有限体积法求解的二维水动力学模型,用于模拟溃坝洪水在复杂边界及实际地形上的流动过程。该模型采用Roe格式的近似Riemann解计算界面水流通量,结合空间方向的TVD-MUSCL格式及时间方向的预测-校正格式,可使模型在时空方向具有二阶计算精度。模型中引入最小水深概念,提出了有效的干湿界面处理方法。模拟了理想条件下溃坝水流过程,研究不同最小水深取值对干河床上洪水演进的影响,并用两组简单溃坝水流的水槽试验资料对模型进行验证。采用该模型模拟了实际溃坝洪水的流动过程,所得计算结果与实测资料及已有模型计算结果较为符合。     

四川王山-抓口寺滑坡成因机制及滑动过程分析

以王山-抓口寺大型岩质滑坡为例,在对滑坡变形破坏特征及周边工程地质条件现场调查和研究的基础上,通过地质分析手段获取区内滑坡体从缓慢变形到失稳破坏全过程的基本信息,提出滑坡演变概化地质模型,并结合非连续变形分析方法模拟真实时间和便于分析非连续大变形的特点,建立非连续变性分析(DDA)数值模型,对滑坡体稳定性和滑动全过程进行数值模拟,并对降雨弱化结构面强度参数影响滑坡滑距和速度进行分析。结果表明:王山-抓口寺滑坡主要诱发原因是汛期持续降雨使雨水沿裂隙大量渗入滑体导致滑坡体结构面强度参数降低;同时,滑坡前缘由于前期堰塞湖人工清理和河水自然侧蚀,临空面高达十数米,为滑坡的发生提供了有利条件,最终形成"强降雨-入渗-岩体软化-推拉"破坏模式,属典型的滑移-拉裂型岩质滑坡;参数影响性表明结构面内摩擦角φ对滑坡滑距和滑速影响显著,黏聚力c对滑坡位移和速度影响有限;模拟得到的滑坡最大滑移速度和后缘最大滑动距离与野外调查相符。     

长江口斜压诊断模式三维流场数值模拟

建立了σ坐标系下长江口斜压诊断模式三维流场数学模型,采用k-kl二方程紊流闭合模型求解垂向涡粘系数,计算域内恒定、非均匀盐度场反映了计算域密度斜压效应。验证结果表明,斜压诊断模式的模拟成果较切合实际。模型成功复演了长江口水域由往复流向旋转流过渡的流场特性;潮波从四条汊道传入后在分汊口附近相遇形成多个会潮点,其位置随着径流的大小、潮汐的强弱、汊道的形态等因素而变化。     

北京市平谷盆地地下水三维数值模拟及管理应用

为缓解北京城区的用水紧张问题,平谷区建立了王都庄和中桥两个应急水源地。持续过量的开采导致盆地内水位急剧下降。为研究大规模开采对平谷盆地地下水系统的影响,并分析不同地区的开采潜力,本文建立了合理刻画三维地下水流动特征的数值模型,对五种不同的开采方案进行模拟。模拟结果表明,丰水条件下地下水位回升明显,王都庄水源地补给条件优越,尤其是盆地上游地区,具有更大的开采潜力;而盆地中下部应适当限制开采,避免水位下降过快。高仿真的数值模型可作为强有力的管理辅助工具,为地下水资源分析及合理利用提供科学的技术支持。     

Mechanism of a long-runout landslide triggered by the August 1998 heavy rainfall in Fukushima Prefecture,Japan

Heavy rainfall from 26 to 31 August 1998 triggered many landslides in Nishigo Village of southern Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The Hiegaesi landslide, a long-runout landslide with travel angle of 11°, which occurred in loamy volcanic-ash/pumice layer and was deposited in a nearby rice paddy, was investigated. In an observation pit dug in the middle part of the landslide deposit, the sliding zone just above the deflected rice plants was observed, and it was confirmed that grain crushing occurred in the sliding zone. The triggering and sliding mechanisms of this landslide then were investigated by ring-shear tests in laboratory. For the triggering mechanism, one saturated naturally drained test (test A: torque-controlled test) and one saturated undrained test (test B: speed-controlled test) were conducted on the samples taken from the source area of the landslide. Even in the naturally drained test opening the upper drain valve of the shear box, a temporary liquefaction occurred. In the undrained test, excess pore-pressure was generated along with shearing, and “sliding-surface liquefaction” phenomenon was observed. The effective stress and shear resistance finally decreased to near zero. These results can explain the observed phenomenon of small friction resistance like a flow of liquid when the sliding mass slid out of the source area. For the sliding mechanism of the landslide in the rice paddy, saturated undrained test (test C: speed-controlled test) was performed on soil sample above the deflected rice plants. The apparent friction angle obtained in this test was 8°. In addition, the residual friction angle measured after test B and test C was the same value of 41°. Combining with the observation on the shear zone in the ring-shear box after test C, it is concluded that, during the sliding in rice paddy, the undrained shear strength of the soil layer itself mainly influenced the high mobility of the landslide, probably because the friction between rice plants and soils is greater than the undrained shear strength inside the soil mass.     

某大型水电站水文站滑坡稳定性三维数值模拟分析

水文站滑坡位于某拟建的水电站坝址下游约300m的左岸。由于它距该坝址较近，若发生较大范围的变形或失稳，极有可能产生巨大的涌浪，并有可能导致大坝的损坏或完全破坏。所以，它的稳定性状况一直是各相关部门十分关心的重要问题。野外现场调研是判断滑坡体稳定性的行之有效的方法之一。在此基础上，对滑坡体模型做一较接近实际的概化，这是研究问题的关键之所在。采用三维有限元(FLAC-3D)对其进行数值模拟分析。当然，只有数值模拟手段这一种方法来判断滑坡体的稳定性还远不够的，必须与其它手段方法相结合，这样才使结论更可靠，更具有说服力。数值模拟结果表明：(1)水文站滑坡的潜在主滑动面为滑体与基岩的接触面。但其贯通性较差。因此，滑坡体的整体稳定性较好，不可能发生较大范围内的变形或失稳；(2)水文站滑坡的位移方向总体表现为向河谷方向运动。滑坡体前后缘的位移量较小，中间位移量相对较大(22．8cm)。总之，在天然情况下，水文站滑坡的整体稳定性较好，不可能发生较大范围的变形或破坏。这与野外现场调研的结果相一致。     

Description of a complex,rainfall-induced landslide within a multi-stage three-dimensional model

Natural Hazards - The mechanical processes involved in movements of earth or rock masses under the effect of gravity—a landslide—may include several phases where the failure of one...     

三维界面元的数值计算方法及应用

结合界面元方法的特点,在交界面上考虑相邻块体的材料和变形特征,不需增加任何形式的夹层单元,即可有效模拟块体的不连续变形。并导出了各向同性材料的界面应力公式以及非线性本构关系,根据摩尔-库仑屈服准则建立了弹塑性迭代的数值计算方法,并以此为基础,编制相应的计算程序。利用数值算例与理论值结果的对比分析,验证了界面元方法具有原理简单、可模拟不连续面及应力精度高等优势。     

三维锚杆数值模拟方法研究

在现有几种锚杆数值分析方法的基础上,对考虑了浆体切向受力性态的三维锚杆单元理论及其应用进行了研究,编制了三维锚杆有限元计算程序,并结合例子对浆体锚杆的变形、应力规律进行了分析。计算结果显示了模型的可靠性和实用性。     

Reliability analysis of a large-scale landslide using SOED-based RSM

A design matrix in response surface method (RSM) that satisfies the orthogonality is very useful because the mean square error can be minimized, so that the response surface is more precise. But the orthogonality of a second-order design matrix in conventional RSM cannot be satisfied. In this paper, a second-order orthogonal experimental design (SOED)-based RSM is proposed by considering the orthogonality of high-order design matrix. The SOED is constructed by changing the length of star points, and the main characteristic of SOED is that the design matrix is diagonal. When the high-order terms are considered in the SOED-based RSM, a globe optimal solution can be found. As the regression equation is determined, the reliability index can be analyzed by the normalized distance between the mean value of the performance function and the critical limit state of the safety factor. A practical large-scale landslide with two slip surfaces is taken to verify the applicability and precision of the proposed method in detail. It is found that the SOED-based response surface is more rigorous than the conventional RSM.     

Improving the accuracy of landslide susceptibility model using a novel region-partitioning approach

Landslide is a natural disaster that threatens human lives and properties worldwide. Numerous have been conducted on landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM), in which each has attempted to improve the accuracy of final outputs. This study presents a novel region-partitioning approach for LSM to understand the effects of partitioning a focused region into smaller areas on the prediction accuracy of common regression models. Results showed that the partitioning of the study area into two regions using the proposed method improved the prediction rate from 0.77 to 0.85 when support vector machine was used, and from 0.87 to 0.88 when logistic regression model was utilized. The spatial agreements of the models were also improved after partitioning the area into two regions based on Shannon entropy equations. Our comparative study indicated that the proposed method outperformed the geographically weighted regression model that considered the spatial variations in landslide samples. Overall, the main advantages of the proposed method are improved accuracy and the reduction of the effects of spatial variations exhibited in landslide-conditioning factors.