Pb-Sr-Nd-Hf同位素参数计算及程序设计

Pb、Sr、Nd、Hf同位素都是放射性成因的重稳定同位素,地质过程中不发生同位素分馏,因而其同位素组成只与来源有关而与过程无关.这些同位素组成是成岩(成矿)物质来源及其构造环境判别的重要标志,特别是在研究壳幔分离与壳幔相互作用中起着不可替代的作用.由于这些参数的计算涉及相对复杂的公式推导,许多地质工作者并未系统学习过同...     

稳定锶同位素在海洋地球化学循环中的研究进展

非传统稳定锶同位素(δ~(88)/~(86)Sr)的研究近年来已取得了较大的进展,其主要研究内容集中在讨论稳定锶同位素在海洋地球化学中的应用,主要包括以下几个方面:稳定锶同位素(δ~(88)/~(86)Sr)在自然界主要储库中的组成、显生宙海水δ~(88)/~(86)Sr的变化规律和海洋中锶同位素系统平衡的评估。海水中的锶同位素组成在显生宙发生过较大的变化,通过对海洋锶同位素体系对各输入和输出通量组成动态变化的响应评估表明,现代海洋锶同位素体系处于不平衡状态,这一现象被归因于冰期后的风化顶峰尚未结束。联立放射性锶同位素87Sr/~(86)Sr和稳定同位素δ~(88)/~(86)Sr所建立的完整的锶同位素体系相较传统放射性锶同位素87Sr/~(86)Sr能够对海洋锶地球化学循环的动态过程进行更好的评估,在海洋地球化学相关领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

松嫩沙地Sr?Nd同位素组成特征

作为亚洲风尘源区的中国北方干旱—半干旱地区的Sr?Nd同位素组成已得到很好的研究,但位于欧亚黄土带最东端的松嫩沙地尚是空白,这影响了对该地区风尘系统的深入理解。为此,系统采集了松嫩沙地19个区域90个河流沙和风成沙样品,并对这些样品进行了分粒级处理（<63 μm、63~30 μm、30~10 μm、<10 μm和<30 μm）。对116个分粒级子样的酸不溶物（硅酸盐组分）进行了Sr?Nd同位素组成的测定。研究结果表明,松嫩沙地可划分出两个大区（嫩江水系和松花江水系）和七个小区,嫩江水系沉积物的Nd同位素组成显著高于松花江水系,而Sr同位素组成明显偏低。松嫩沙地8个剖面纵向上的同位素特征显示,Sr?Nd同位素组成存在“时间效应”,即随时间发生了明显变化,表明了源区地球化学组成的不稳定性。分粒级组成表明,粒度对87Sr/86Sr比值的影响很小,但对Nd同位素组成有明显影响,且存在Nd同位素比值富集在粗颗粒组分中的趋势,这与以往的研究结果不同。无论是地质历史时期还是现在,嫩江水系沉积物（大庆、杜蒙、齐齐哈尔、泰来、白城）对哈尔滨粉尘的贡献都很小。哈尔滨黄土与现代尘暴粉尘有不同的物源,哈尔滨黄土是春季尘暴天气作用的产物,有一个混合源,松花江水系沉积物（扶余、德惠、榆树等地）是哈尔滨黄土的主要粉尘源区,内蒙古中东部的沙地也为哈尔滨黄土贡献了部分的细颗粒粉尘。     

高温下非传统稳定同位素分馏

过去十几年来,非传统稳定同位素地球化学在高温地质过程的研究中取得了的重大进展。多接收诱导耦合等离子质谱(MC-ICP-MS)的应用引发了稳定同位素分析方法的重大突破,使得精确测定重元素的同位素比值成为可能。本文总结了以Li、Fe和Mg同位素为代表的非传统稳定同位素在岩石地球化学研究中的应用。Li同位素目前被广泛地用于地幔地球化学、俯冲带物质再循环和变质作用的研究中,可以用来示踪岩浆的源区性质和扩散等动力学过程。不同价态的Fe在矿物熔体相之间的分配可以产生Fe同位素分馏,可以发生在地幔交代、部分熔融、分离结晶等过程中。岩浆岩的Mg同位素则大致反映其源区的特征,地幔的Mg同位素组成比较均一,这为研究低温地球化学过程中Mg同位素的分馏提供一个均一的背景。此外,Cl,Si,Cu,Ca,U等等同位素体系也具有广阔的应用前景。对同位素分馏机制的实验研究和理论模拟为理解非传统稳定同位素数据提供了必要的指导。实验表明,高温下具有不同的迁移速度的轻、重同位素可以产生显著的动力学同位素分馏,这一分馏可以在化学扩散、蒸发和凝华等过程中发生;同位素在矿物和熔体以及流体相中化学环境的差异使得不同相之间可以发生平衡分馏。而最近的硅酸盐岩浆的热扩散和热迁移实验则揭示了一种"新"的岩浆分异和同位素分馏机制。沿着温度梯度,硅酸盐岩浆可以发生显著的元素和同位素分异,湿的安山岩可以通过这种方式演变成花岗质成分,因此这个过程可能对陆壳的产生和演化有重大影响。如果温度梯度在岩浆作用中能长期存在,热扩散就可以产生稳定同位素的分馏,这一机制有别于传统的平衡和动力学同位素分馏。 而多个稳定同位素体系的正相关关系是示踪热迁移过程的最有力证据。在热扩散过程中,流体承载的物质的浓度和它的索瑞系数有关。但是这个系数对体系的很多参数非常敏感,变化极大,因此对热扩散效应的研究产生极大的困难。对热扩散实验的镁、钙和铁同位素测量表明,同位素比值的变化与体系的化学组成以及总温度无关,只和温度变化的幅度有关,这意味着即使元素的索瑞系数变化多端,某一元素的同位素之间的索瑞系数的差别总为常数。这一发现有助于简化对热扩散和索瑞系数这一基础物理问题的研究 。     

湖南芙蓉锡矿床中萤石的Sr－Nd同位素研究

芙蓉锡矿床是一个新探明的超大型锡矿床，产于湘南的骑田岭花岗岩体中。本次研究测试了该矿床中与锡石硫化物共生的萤石的Sr和Nd同位素组成。各矿脉中萤石的87Sr/86Sr比值并不相同，变化从0.70770～0.71484，反映了成矿流体的初始87Sr/86Sr比值并不均一。萤石的Sm－Nd同位素组成并没有构成很好的等时线，计算的ENd（t）值变化在－6.6～－9.8之间。萤石的Sr－Nd同位素组成并不同于花岗岩，成矿流体中的Sr和Nd有很大一部分来自围岩的碳酸盐岩地层。     

钼同位素地球化学研究进展及其在成矿作用研究中的应用潜力

近年来,随着多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(MC-ICP-MS)的广泛应用和测试精度的不断提高,非传统稳定同位素成为同位素地球化学最前沿和最活跃的研究领域。其中钼同位素作为非传统稳定同位素发展较为成熟的方向之一,已经逐步应用到地球科学、生命科学、环境科学等各个重要领域,并取得了长足的发展。本文对近些年国内外所取得的钼同位素研究成果进行了系统整理、总结,并对钼同位素的应用潜力进行了概括性的综述,主要包括钼元素及其同位素的地球化学特征、钼同位素分析测试技术、钼同位素的分馏机制、不同地球化学储库的钼同位素组成、成矿作用过程中钼同位素组成的变化特征及其在矿床中的应用。以期让更多人了解钼同位素这一非传统稳定同位素的最新研究进展,进一步探索成矿作用过程中钼同位素的组成特征、分馏机制和影响因素等,并有效推动钼同位素地球化学在成矿作用研究方面的应用。     

萤石Sr、Nd同位素地球化学研究评述

本文通过大量实例综述了近年萤石Sr、Nd同位素在定年和示踪方面取得的进展，结果表明：萤石Sm－Nd同位素可以用于测定成矿作用的时代，但由于萤石Nd同位素初始值存在不均一性和受次生干扰的影响，所获数据最好用其它测年方法获得的数据加以验证；萤石Sr、Nd同位素组成是示踪成矿流体来源的有效方法，利用Sr、Nd同位素组成还可定量估算出形成成矿流体不同端元所占的比例。     

Ba同位素揭示上地幔中广泛存在再循环的沉积物

正Ba同位素由于具有在低温环境中分馏的特性,相比放射性同位素与微量元素,可以更好地示踪地球深部动力学过程中的再循环物质。研究表明沉积物与蚀变洋壳具有明显不同的Ba同位素组成(沉积物富集来自重晶石的Ba),使得Ba同位素成为研究表层与地幔储库间物质交换的有力工具。最近美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所报道了来自全球洋中脊的21个MORB样品的Ba、Sr、Nd同位素和微量元素组成以及两个钻井中沉积物和蚀变洋壳     

河道水体中氢氧稳定同位素组成的微分方程模型

介绍了前人提出并被广泛应用的瑞利分馏模型,指出了其优缺点。针对其不足,在作了一定的假定和简化的前提下,基于瑞利分馏原理和水力学基本定律分别推导了:①静止水体的氢氧稳定同位素组成随时间变化的微分方程模型,揭示了静止水体的同位素组成与时间、分馏系数和蒸发率之间的关系;②河道中运动水体的同位素组成随时间和空间变化的微分方程模型,导出了河道运动水体中稳定同位素组成与分馏系数、流速、流量、蒸发率之间的定量关系。最后通过数学推导论述了上述各模型之间的内在联系。上述模型的建立为定量计算和精确模拟运动水体中氢氧稳定同位素组成的变化提供了确定性的数学基础,也为更客观、更充分的解译水的稳定同位素数据提供了帮助。     

浙东白垩纪双峰式火山岩Sr、Nd同位素组成及其成因意义

浙东白垩纪火山岩以发育双峰式岩石组合为特征,其成因一直是有争议的问题。本文从其两端元岩石——玄武岩和流纹岩的Sr,Nd同位素特征出发,论证了玄武岩起源于经过俯冲来源的物质交代(或混染)的富集型地幔楔,流纹岩主要由古老变质基底重熔生成,并与玄武岩岩浆发生过低度混合。在混合过程中,玄武岩的Sr同位素组成基本未受到影响,Nd同位素组成可能发生一定的变化;流纹岩的Sr同位素组成则有明显改变。     

Sulfur Isotopic Characteristics of Coal in China and Sulfur Isotopic Fractionation during Coal—burning Process

The determined results of the sulfur contents and isotopic composition of coal samples from major coal mines in 15 provinces and regions of China show that the coal mined in the north of China is characterized by higher ^34S and lower sulfur content, but that in the south of China has lower ^34S and higher sulfur content.During the coal-burning process in both indrstrial and daily use of coal as fuel the released sulfur dioxide is always enriched in lighter sulfur isotope relative to the corresponding coal;the particles are always enriched in heavier sulfur isotope.The discussion on the environmental geochemical significance of the above-mentioned results also has been made.     

Evaporation pan isotopic behavior as an index of isotopic evaporation conditions

The stable isotope content of moisture (δ_E) removed by evaporation from a well mixed water body with no inflow is related to the isotopic content of the liquid (δ) by the equation m = (δ_E ? δ)/(δ ? δ_s). where δ_s is the isotopic 'steady state' of the liquid for given evaporation conditions, achieved as the liquid volume goes to zero, and m is a measure of the rate of approach of δ to δ_s. The parameters δ_s and m can be determined from simple isotopic and volume measurements of liquid water in an evaporation pan. If the mean daily surface water temperatures of such a pan and a nearby lake are equal, then with certain assumptions the pan-derived values of δ_s and m can be used to calculate δ_E for the lake surface from a knowledge of the isotopic content of the surface water. The method may be most useful in areas of low rainfall where evaporation pan observations can be conducted over long periods of time without interruption.     

月球同位素地质年代学与月球演化

同位素地质年代学是月球形成与演化研究的重要工具。目前对月岩和月球陨石的研究积累了大量的同位素年代学资料,其测试的主要方法包括K—Ar、Ar_Ar、Rh-sr、Sm—Nd、Lu—Hf、Re-0s、Pb—Pb和U—Pb等。根据目前获得的资料,本文对月球上不同类型岩石的形成年龄进行了总结,发现月球高地岩石主要形成于45～38亿年,而月海玄武岩相对年轻,大致形成于38～31亿年。根据这-年代资料,结合对月岩样品进行的短半衰期Hf-W与Sin-Nd同位素体系的研究结果,认为月球大致形成于45亿年,其后开始由岩浆海导致的内部核-幔-壳的分异,岩浆结晶的低密度斜长岩构成最初的月壳,而密度大的岩石构成月幔,而此月幔则成为后来月海玄武岩的主要岩浆源区。同时指出了当前月岩同位素地质年代学存在的问题,并根据技术进展的情况,对未来月岩同位素年代学的发展趋势作了全面的分析．     

Possibilities and limitations of isotopic chemostratigraphy

Postsedimentary transformations of rocks impede the use of isotopic methods for the paleoecological reconstruction and correlation of geological events. This fact was demonstrated previously based on the study of Neoproterozoic-Cambrian rocks (Vinogradov, 2008). Detailed analysis of literature material shows that the younger (Paleozoic) rocks were also subjected to alterations of composition and initial isotope ratios. As compared to Precambrian rocks, Paleozoic rocks are characterized by a much narrower scatter in isotope ratios of cyclical elements. This situation significantly complicates the interpretation of isotopic variations, and correlation of geological events is difficult or even impossible. Thus, isotopic methods can apparently be used adequately for the chemostratigraphic analysis only since Mesozoic.     

河北木吉村斑岩铜矿辉钼矿Re_Os定年、成矿斑岩锆石U_Pb定年和Hf同位素组成研究

木吉村斑岩铜矿位于华北克拉通太行山北段。对含矿闪长玢岩精细SHRIMP U_Pb定年和Hf同位素地球化学研究表明:闪长玢岩结晶于142.0±1.5 Ma,闪长玢岩锆石εHf(t)值为-21.2~-17.9,相应的tDMC为2.3~2.5Ga,与杂岩体内辉长闪长岩具有相似的Hf同位素特征:εHf(t)值为-19.6~-15.3。利用辉钼矿Re_Os同位素测年技术,对木吉村斑岩铜矿床中5件斑岩型矿石中辉钼矿进行定年,获得木吉村斑岩铜矿高精度成矿年龄。斑岩矿石中辉钼矿Re_Os模式年龄为144.5~145.5 Ma,加权平均值为144.8±1.4 Ma,5件样品辉钼矿等时线年龄为145.3±2.2 Ma,该年龄与加权平均年龄一致,可代表木吉村斑岩铜矿床的成矿时代。壳幔物质的相互作用对于木吉村成岩、成矿过程发挥着决定性控制作用。与华北克拉通内部其他地区相同,晚侏罗-早白垩世北太行地区处于软流圈上涌的岩石圈伸展构造背景。     

The isotopic composition of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates and their bearing on the isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon

New carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of carbonates from 14 carbonatite and 11 kimberlite occurrences are reported. A review of the available data on the carbon isotopic composition ranges of carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates shows that they are similar and overlap that of diamonds. The mean carbon isotopic composition of carbonates from 22 selected carbonatite complexes (?5.1%., s = ±l.4%.vsPDB) is indistinguishable from that of 13 kimberlite pipes (?4.7%. s = ±1.2%.) as well as that of 60 individual diamond analyses (?5.8%., s = 1.8%.). The oxygen isotopic compositions of kimberlite carbonates, however, are enriched in O¹⁸ by several permil with respect to those of carbonates from the subvolcanic type of carbonatite.The data suggest that not all carbonatite, kimberlite and diamond occurrences have the same average carbon isotopic composition and that significant differences exist between them. Carbon isotopic composition measurements available for the East African Rift system suggest geographic and/or tectonic groupings e.g. carbonate lavas, tuffs and intusive carbonatites associated with the Eastern Rift yield a range of δC¹³ values from ?5.8 to ?7.4%., similar to that of the carbonate rocks associated with the Western Rift volcanism (?5.8 to ?7.9%.). In contrast the interrift area encompassing Lakes Victoria, Malawi (Nyasa) and Chilwa, apparently are characterized by carbonatitic carbonates of higher C¹³ content (?2.4 to ?4.4%.).If carbonatite and kimberlite carbonates as well as diamonds represent deep seated carbon, the mean isotopic composition of this carbon is estimated as ?5.2%. and the range is ?2 to ?8%. The selection of any particular value within this range to be used as a criterion of deep-seated origin is at the moment not warranted. Indeed, the choice of any specific composition for such carbon may be meaningless, as the source of kimberlite, carbonatite and diamond carbon may not be isotopically uniform.     

Trace element and isotopic composition of baddeleyite

Summary Baddeleyite from Palabora Igneous Complex, South Africa, is among the purest natural ZrO₂ phases. This has been demonstrated by using various methods, i.e. microprobe, neutron activation, spark source and thermal ion mass spectrometry. HfO₂ with 1.87% is the only other major component. The concentrations of other HFSE are also relatively high, compared to most other elements, that reach only a few ppm.The REE display a U-shaped pattern that is interpreted to be superimposed by a strongly LREE enriched source component. The high⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr initial of 0.713085 and the negative Nd_t of –10.7 prove that this component was LILE enriched for a long time prior to the formation of the Palabora Igneous Complex. These data indicate that the baddeleyite crystallized from a magma which was derived from an enriched mantle reservoir, similar to that involved in the formation of group II kimberlites.

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Spurenelemente und Isotopenzusammensetzung von Baddeleyit

Zusammenfassung Baddeleyit vom Palabora Igneous Complex, Südafrika, gehört zu den reinsten natürlichen Vorkommen von ZrO₂. Dies wurde durch Analysen mit verschiedenen Methoden wie Mikrosonde, Neutronenaktivierung, Funken- und Thermionenmassenspektrometrie bestätigt. HfO₂ ist mit 1.87 die einzige andere Hauptkomponente, auch die Konzentrationen der anderen HFSE sind relativ hoch im Vergleich zu den anderen Elementen, die nur wenige ppm erreichen.Die REE bilden ein U-förmiges Muster, das als Ausdruck einer stark LREE angereicherten Komponente im Ausgangsgestein gedeutet wird. Das hohe⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr-Initialverhältnis von 0.713085 und das negative Nd_t von -10.7 belegen, daß diese Komponente über einen langen Zeitraum vor der Bildung des Palabora Igneous Complex angereichert gewesen war. Diese Daten deuten an, da der Baddeleyit aus einem Magma kristallisierte, das aus einem angereicherten Mantelreservoir stammte, ähnlich dem, das bei der Bildung der Gruppe 11 Kimberlite beteiligt war.

     

Titanium isotopic anomalies in meteorites

High-precision analyses of Ti are reported for samples from a variety of meteorite classes. The expanded data base for Allende inclusions still shows Ti isotopic anomalies in every inclusion. All the coarse-grained inclusions give quite similar patterns, but fine-grained inclusions show more variable, and sometimes larger, anomalies. One inclusion, 3675A, was analyzed because others identified it as a possible “FUN” inclusion due to its mass-fractionated Mg. This designation is supported by the significantly more complex Ti isotopic pattern for 3675A compared to all our other Allende inclusions. Available data fail to suggest that any particular Allende mineral phase, including a chromite-carbon fraction from an acid residue, is especially rich in anomalous Ti. We also find anomalous Ti in a bulk sample of a Cl chondrite and in matrix separates from C2 chondrites. The excesses of ⁵⁰Ti are smaller than for Allende inclusions, and subtle differences in Ti isotopic patterns tentatively suggest that parent materials for C1-C2 matrix and Allende inclusions are not directly related. Analyses of chondrules from unequilibrated ordinary chondrites did not yield clear evidence for anomalous Ti, but some “larger than usual” deficits at $\text{50}\text{46}$ give encouragement for future work in this direction. Comparing the magnitude of isotopic shifts at ⁵⁰Ti and ¹⁶O for all these meteorite samples indicates that they are not correlated, but the data do not preclude a correlation between concentrations of “exotic” ⁵⁰Ti and ¹⁶O atoms.Whether or not Allende “FUN” inclusions are considered, at least 4 distinct isotopic components of Ti are required to account for the observed isotopic variations. The Ti data cannot be plausibly explained in terms of an early solar-system particle irradiation; instead, neutron-rich hydrostatic burning within a star is probably responsible for the dominant ⁵⁰Ti anomalies, while s-process mechanisms are viable sources for some of the more subtle Ti variations. We suggest that the Ti anomalies are linked to a diversity of nucleosynthetic sources and the highly refractory behavior of Ti. Therefore, some form of “chemical memory” from the ISM, rather than “late stage supernova injection”, is most likely responsible for the preservation of observed isotopic heterogeneities.