BP神经网络在海洋平台桩基轴向承载力中的应用研究

目前海洋石油导管架平台桩基础的轴向极限承载力常用的设计方法为API RP2A(美国石油协会)和静力触探(CPT)的方法.在这两种方法的基础上,提出了用BP神经网络模型对桩的轴向极限承载力进行计算的思路,能够有效地预测桩的轴向极限承载力.根据BP神经网络算法具有较强的非线性映射能力和学习功能的特点,通过对影响单桩极限承载力因素的分析,依据静力触探资料建立了基于BP神经网络的单桩轴向极限承载力预测模型.通过利用API RP2A方法分析成果对该模型进行学习训练和预测检验,证明了预测模型性能良好、具有较高的精度和收敛速度快等特点,验证了神经网络方法的可行性,预测结果能够指导桩基础设计,缩短周期.因而具有较大的工程实用价值.     

地基承载力特征值和桩端承载力特征值的比较研究

工程中常涉及到地基承载力特征值fa及桩端阻力qpa,作为同量纲的地基指标,对同一土层后者往往要比前者高得多。运用梅耶霍夫地基极限承载力理论,分析了随基础埋深的加大地基土破坏形式的变化,对浅基础及桩基础破坏形式、地基承载力特征值fa与桩端承载力特征值qpa作了对比。研究结果将有利于建立及区别地基承载力特征值及桩端端阻力特征值的物理概念,对实际工程具有指导意义。     

端承型桩承载力离心模型试验中的粒径效应研究

利用modeling of models的方法研究端承型桩承载力离心模型试验中的粒径效应。在模拟同一原型时,不同桩径的模型桩,桩身压缩性及桩长均不同,导致侧摩阻力发挥机理及程度不同,本文分别探讨了桩端阻力,侧摩阻力及承载力(桩顶荷载)的粒径效应对承载机理和承载特性的影响。结果表明,桩端阻力的粒径效应作用规律与浅基础一致,可以借用浅基础的粒径效应定量评价方法评价端承桩承载力离心模型试验中的粒径效应。侧摩阻力的粒径效应比桩端阻力的粒径效应显著。由于侧摩阻力的影响,相同条件下承载力的粒径效应比桩端阻力有所增强。对于极限桩端阻力和极限承载力,粒径效应均随长径比的增加而减弱。     

有限元法在桩靴承载力计算中的应用

自升式钻井平台插桩是地基土在桩靴荷载作用下发生连续的塑性破坏的动态过程,当地基极限承载力等于桩靴荷载时插桩完成。经典土力学极限承载力理论对土体潜在滑动面做了假设,无法有效分析土体内部的破坏过程。本研究应用有限元法（FEM ）对插桩过程进行了模拟,得到地基土的破坏机制以及中间荷载下土体的应力、应变情况,通过和各理论公式计算的极限承载力进行对比分析,分析影响地基极限承载力的因素。研究表明,基础宽度与硬土层厚度的比值 B/H越大,下卧软土层越容易发生塑性破坏,极限承载力明显下降,当B/H＜0．286时,可以忽略下卧软土层对地基承载力的影响。     

Determination of Shaft Capacity for Pile under Cyclic Axial Loading in Clay

For load-controlled and displacement-controlled test data of piles cyclically axially loaded in clay, the displacement conditions are suggested for determining the shaft capacity. According to the suggested displacement conditions, not only the results of shaft capacity from laboratory model piles are close to those from in-situ piles, but also the results of load-controlled tests are in satisfactory agreement with those of displacement-controlled tests. Moreover, based on the test data of laboratory model piles in combination with the test data published, the paper suggests the values of the normalized shaft capacity of piles under a variety of static and cyclic loading combinations.     

Shear Strength of Jumunjin Sand according to Relative Density

The properties of sands pertaining to shear strength have been studied extensively by plane strain and triaxial tests for relative densities above 40%. Unfortunately, properties of sand have not been comprehensively studied for relative density below 40%. An experimental investigation of the shear strength of Jumunjin sand was carried out using a plane strain, triaxial and direct shear apparatus according to relative density ranges from 0 to 100%. Because of the complexity of the shear tests on coarse materials, correlations were developed that would be useful for practical purposes. This article presents a comparison of strength properties' results and their correlation with relative density.     

Field and Theoretical Study of the Response of Super-Long Bored Pile Subjected to Compressive Load

In this article, two full-scale pile loading tests were conducted to observe the field performance of the super-long bored piles, and a simplified approach for nonlinear analysis of the load-displacement behavior of a single pile was presented. The field tests on piles indicates that, under the maximum test load, more than 70% of the pile top settlement is caused by the compression of pile shaft. For practical purposes, the pile top settlement can be reduced through improving the pile shaft strength. When the load reaches the maximum test load, the proportion of the load carried by the pile tip is approximately 30%. The super-long pile is functioning as an end-bearing friction pile. The skin friction at shallow depth is fully mobilized and decreases from a peak value with increasing load. However, the skin friction of deeper soil is not fully developed due to less relative displacement. Furthermore, a BoxLucas1 model is used to capture the relationship between unit skin friction and pile-soil relative displacement, whereas a hyperbolic model is used to describe the relationship between toe stress and pile base displacement. Based on the BoxLucas1 model and the hyperbolic model, a load transfer method is used to clarify the response of a single pile, and a computational flow chart is developed. The efficiency and accuracy of the present method is verified using the field tests on piles. The proposed simple analytical approach is economical and efficient, resulting in savings in time and cost.     

Comparison of Remolded Shear Strength with Intrinsic Strength Line for Dredged Deposits

Chandler proposed the intrinsic strength line to correlate the undrained shear strength of samples one-dimensionally consolidated from slurry with the void index proposed by Burland. The undrained shear strength on the intrinsic strength line is different from the remolded undrained shear strength that is an important parameter for design and construction of land reclamation. The void index is used in this study for normalizing the remolded strength behavior of dredged deposits. A quantitative relationship between remolded undrained shear strength and void index is established based on extensive data of dredged deposits available from sources of literature. Furthermore, the normalized remolded undrained shear strength is compared with intrinsic strength line. The comparison result indicates that the ratio of undrained shear strength on the intrinsic strength line over remolded undrained shear strength increases with an increase in applied consolidated stress.     

Field Evaluation of the Vertical Bearing Capacity of a Screw Pretensioned Spun High-Strength Concrete Pile

This study has evaluated the vertical bearing capacity by conducting static load tests for noise-free and vibration-free screw pretensioned spun high-strength concrete (PHC) piles installed using two different methods (end-squirting shoe and pre-boring methods). Vertical bearing capacity differences seem to occur due to the displacement of soils near the external circumference of a pile, depending on the installation method. A method by which to evaluate the bearing capacity of screw concrete piles is suggested by considering the equations that already have been used to calculate the bearing capacity of piles. Based on static load tests and analysis, the pile installed using the end-squirting shoe method was assumed to be a bored pile and it was reasonable to use the equation proposed by the Japanese Geotechnical Society. At the same time, the pile installed using the pre-boring method was deemed a low soil displacement pile and so it was reasonable to apply the equations proposed for calculating the bearing capacity of the driven pile suggested by the Architectural Institute of Japan.     

Nonparametric Estimation of Undrained Shear Strength for Normally Consolidated Clays

For decades, various well-known empirical correlations have been established and commonly used to estimate the undrained shear strength of normally consolidated clays in geotechnical practice. However, there are still many contradictory cases regarding the validity of these correlations, so their applicability and reliability are questionable. In this study, an extensive geotechnical database for normally consolidated clays has been compiled. Next, a Bayesian nonparametric method is exploited to identify the most critical soil index properties in inferring the undrained shear strength and a new predictive model is proposed. Finally, the performance of the proposed predictive model is assessed and compared with two well-known correlations using an independent testing database. It confirms that the proposed model not only possesses high predictability, but also provides superior performance over other existing empirical correlations.     

Estimation of Residual Undrained Shear Strength from Gravity Corer Penetration Data

Residual undrained shear strength, s _{u_res} , is an important parameter for analyzing the response of structures buried within potentially unstable soil mass. A framework for estimating s _{u_res} of fine grained sediments from gravity corer penetration has been developed considering viscous drag during free fall of the corer through seawater and cohesive energy loss during sediment penetration. The procedure was used to estimate s _{u_res} using data from a submarine geotechnical investigation in western Canada. Comparison of the results with alternative estimates of s _{u_res} from miniature torvane tests on the gravity core samples and CPTs performed nearby reveals a reasonable agreement.     

Estimation of Undrained Bearing Capacity for Offshore Soft Foundations with Cyclic Load

The degradation strength of soils under cyclic loading is studied and a method for deter-mining the cyclic degradation strength with cyclic triaxial tests is given in the paper.Furthermore,a dum-my static method for estimating the undrained bearing capacity for offshore soft foundation under waveloads is developed.It can consider the effect of the difference of cyclic stress for different parts of the foun-dation on both the degradation strength of the foundation soil and the bearing capacity so that the esti-mated result can better reflect the real condition of foundation under cyclic loading.The method can be ap-plied to plane and space problem.     

Estimation of Residual Undrained Shear Strength from Gravity Corer Penetration Data

Residual undrained shear strength, s_{u_res}, is an important parameter for analyzing the response of structures buried within potentially unstable soil mass. A framework for estimating s_{u_res} of fine grained sediments from gravity corer penetration has been developed considering viscous drag during free fall of the corer through seawater and cohesive energy loss during sediment penetration. The procedure was used to estimate s_{u_res} using data from a submarine geotechnical investigation in western Canada. Comparison of the results with alternative estimates of s_{u_res} from miniature torvane tests on the gravity core samples and CPTs performed nearby reveals a reasonable agreement.     

Evaluation of Undrained Shear Strength and Consolidation Characteristics of Disturbed Marine Sedimentary Clay due to SCP Installation

The behaviors of the marine sedimentary ground improved by sand compaction pile (SCP) method are analyzed. To do this, the results of upheaval characteristics of the sea floor, undrained shear strength, and horizontal consolidation coefficient (consolidation) are investigated. Due to SCP installation on ground, as thickness of a soft clay layer increases, upheaval height increases and upheaval angle decreases. Undrained shear strength of disturbed ground due to SCP construction decreases in early stage after completion of construction, but it shows a trend of recovering as months elapse. As the result of piezocone penetration dissipation tests, consolidation delay phenomenon by the disturbance due to SCP installation clearly is identified and its degree is dependent on the replacement area ratio of SCP and the location of ground.     

土层抗浮锚杆承载力关键影响因素现场试验研究

工程实践及理论研究均表明,锚土界面特性和锚杆的几何形状是影响抗浮锚杆承载力的2个关键因素。采用不同的施工工艺进行现场试验施工,得到了具有不同锚土界面特性和锚杆几何形状的抗浮锚杆。通过现场锚杆抗拔试验得到锚杆的应力应变关系及极限抗拔承载力。研究结果表明,改善锚土界面特性和采用变截面的锚固体可显著提高锚杆的抗拔承载力。同时,提出了1种经济高效的抗浮锚杆施工工法。     

海洋工程中桩基水平向承载力可靠指标的影响因素分析

桩基础水平向承载力的计算是海洋工程中桩基设计的重要组成部分。论文在搜集了大量平台建设资料的基础上,以现有的桩基水平向承载力的设计计算方法为依据,进行了水平向承载力的可靠度研究。对影响可靠指标的各个因素进行了灵敏度分析。     

Vertical Variability of the Undrained Shear Strength of Golden Horn Clay

In this study, a stochastic method was applied to investigate if there exists a statistical correlation between values of undrained shear strength at various vertical distances along Golden Horn. Therefore, the undrained shear strength values measured by field vane shear tests at different depths were used to determine the depth dependent variation of the mean value and standard deviation. Futhermore, autocorrelation functions were defined to describe the correlation between values of c_u at different depths. The study showed that the applied method might provide a statistical range to estimate the undrained shear strength value at depths where no measurements are undertaken.     

Influence of vacuum preloading on vertical bearing capacities of piles installed on coastal soft soil

Abstract

Land reclamation has increased significantly in the eastern coastal areas of China. The increased exploitation of offshore resources has made cast-in-situ piles more preferable in these regions. However, precise prediction of axial forces and shaft resistances of piles is particularly difficult because geological conditions are complex after the foundation is treated by vacuum preloading. In this study, two groups of cast-in-situ piles, each of which consisted of two piles installed in soft soil in Oufei Project, Wenzhou, China, were compared by conducting tests using the slow static loading method to evaluate the influence of applying vacuum preloading to deal with soft soil foundation on the vertical bearing capacities of the piles. Two piles were located in an untreated area, while the other two were located in a vacuum preloading treating area. All the piles had the same length and diameter. In addition, the axial forces and shaft resistances of piles were calculated based on the measured strains. The field tests revealed that the ultimate bearing capacities and shaft resistances of test piles were significantly improved compared to those of the piles in untreated area. The experimental results presented in this study are expected to be highly beneficial for practical engineering.     

Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Subsoils to Marine Pipelines

- Based on the theory of limit analysis, the Finite Difference Method (FDM) is established for evaluating the ultimate bearing capacity of subsoils to bear the unburied pipelines. The analytical results of bearing capacity of the ideal clay is given. The approach to bearing capacity evaluation of cohesionless subsoils without surcharge is suggested. The results from this method are consistent with those obtained from model tests.     

Behavior of Marine Clay Subjected to Cyclic Loading with Sustained Shear Stress

Foundations of offshore structures are designed to withstand a combination of static and cyclic loads due to ocean waves. Wave action on offshore structures can cause a significant amount of cyclic horizontal and vertical forces to be transmitted to the soil through the foundation. In all these cases, these cyclic loads are considered to be superimposed over the initial sustained static stress due to the self-weight of structures. This study considers various factors that influence the development of deformation and pore water pressure in a typical cemented marine clay. These results show that the sustained static shear stress significantly influences the strength and deformation behavior of marine clay under cyclic loading. Up to a certain range of sustained static stress, there is an improvement in strength during cyclic loading and the cyclic strains are greatly reduced.