贵州都匀七星洞石笋剖面晚更新世高分辨率的气候地层学

通过对贵州都匀七星洞4根石笋42件系统的TIMS²³⁰Th测年及694件稳定同位素分析,揭示的气候变化记录时限范围连续1～15万年,稳定同位素样品平均分辨率晚期达150～220a,早期达440～530a。研究表明,石笋^δ18O曲线,相当于海洋记录的终止点Ⅰ及终止点Ⅱ具有特别明显的突变,其年龄分别为11.3kaB.P.及129.3kaB.P.,应为晚更新世顶、底界线的准确年代。晚更新世与深海氧同位素记录MIS2～MIS5e相对应的气候地层单元,其界限年代也分别得到了明确的界定。相当于格陵兰冰芯记录、北大西洋沉积记录的YD事件、Heinrich气候突变事件,几个石笋记录取得了一致的准确定位及定年。其中YD事件为12.76～11.52kaB.P.;Heinrich事件的H1～H6分别为17～15kaB.P.,24.6kaB.P.,30.5kaB.P.,39.3kaB.P.,47.8～46.8kaB.P.以及60.4kaB.P.。对其与北大西洋沉积及格陵兰冰芯记录所揭示的短尺度气候突变事件的可比性,表明东亚季风气候变化,与高纬度地区的气候变化呈遥相关响应,对研究东亚季风气候驱动机制及其与全球气候变化的响应关系和对晚更新世的地层学研究,均具有特别重要的意义。     

青海达布逊湖50万年以来气候变化的孢粉学证据

基于青海柴达木盆地达布逊湖达 1井岩芯样品孢粉分析结果,将孢粉谱划分为Q₂ 、Q₃ 和Q₄ 三个孢粉带;并根据孢粉组合特征讨论了过去 5 0万年中研究区植被演化和古气候变化问题。达 1井沉积剖面年龄根据古地磁测定。研究结果表明,柴达木盆地中更新世中、晚期 ( 5 0 0～ 130kaBP)气候可能为暖温带半潮湿型,晚更新世 ( 130～ 10kaBP)气候为温带半干燥型,全新世 ( 10～ 0kaBP)气候为寒温带干燥型。晚更新世气候变化与青藏高原古里雅冰芯所记录的冷暖事件演变基本一致.     

贵州荔波董哥洞3号石笋的同位素年龄及古气候信息

石笋是岩溶记录中最全面、最系统的古气候环境信息库,研究表明,洞穴内、外环境变化,都不同程度地显示在石笋的组成、结构构造、沉积 (生长 )纹层及其层面构造、沉积速率和古气候环境变化等方面。利用洞穴石笋保存的信息重建古环境,是近 2 0年来的热门课题之一。当前全球气候变化预测研究中,洞穴石笋的高分辨率定年和碳、氧同位素组成的变化规律,为这个领域的突破和填补空白作出了重大贡献。本文通过对荔波董哥洞 3号石笋进行热电离质谱 (TIMS)U-系测年及碳氧同位素分析,获得了距今 16.33万年至 9.13万年的古气候信息。石笋在大于 16.33万年前开始生长,9.13万年后停止生长,平均沉积速率为 2.87mm/ 100a(未扣出间断时间 ),属中更新世的产物。其年龄与δ18O的变化可与深海岩芯V2 8～ 2 38同位素记录所揭示的第五和第六阶段以及与北方离石黄土层 (L2 )和下马兰黄土第一古土壤层 (S1)进行对比。它反映此阶段区内经历了寒冷和温暖 (间夹冷期 )等气候变化,与全球古气候变化波动基本一致,同时也存在地区性的气候变化。     

渤海湾西南部平原DC01孔晚更新世以来的地质环境变化

通过对渤海湾西南部平原DC01孔的岩石地层学、生物地层学及年代地层学和地球化学研究,重建了该地区自晚更新世以来的地质环境演化过程。全新世之前,研究区经历了由河流-盐沼-潮间带上部/低盐沼-河口湾-泻湖-淡化泻湖的环境转化过程;进入全新世之后,该区经历了由湖沼到河流的环境转化过程。埋深22.4~12.7m发育近10m厚的弱海相沉积,AMS~(14)C年龄表明,该层沉积形成时间早于4.35ka cal BP,可能属于MIS 3早期(6.0~5.5ka cal BP)或更早的MIS 5期(12~8ka cal BP)。恢复了该时期的相对古海面,最高可达-13.31m。DC01孔缺失MIS 4~2或MIS 2时期的沉积。     

滇西腾冲更新世粗面安山岩Ar-Ar年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

腾冲芒棒地区广泛发育新近纪以来的火山岩,本文首次对该区粗面安山岩进行的高精度40Ar/39Ar同位素定年,其坪年龄分别为2.1±0.1Ma和2.0±0.1Ma,代表其喷溢时代为早更新世。岩石地球化学特征研究显示,粗面安山岩属高钾钙碱性系列,富集大离子亲石元素、亏损高场强元素,具有弧火山岩与大陆板内火山岩的双重属性,推测其形成于后造山环境。综合研究表明,腾冲地块更新世火山岩的形成与印度-欧亚板块俯冲-碰撞造山隆升后的伸展垮塌、富集地幔部分熔融作用密切相关,而印支陆块向东南逃逸以及腾冲弧形走滑断裂带(龙川江断裂带、大盈江断裂带)的活化促使了该期火山岩的喷发与侵位。     

萨拉乌苏河流域地层沉积时代及其反映的气候变化

萨拉乌苏河流域位于我国北方沙漠/黄土过渡带和生态脆弱带,它对全球变化反映非常敏感,是研究全球变化的理想区域。本文根据地质测年、气候地层对比,以及地层中气候代用指标的分析,将萨拉乌苏河流域地层和气候变化划分为全新统的风成相与湖相沉积(0~11.5kaBP),早、中期气候较暖湿,晚期气候较干旱;上更新统城川组的风成相沉积(11.5~80kaBP),气候干旱寒冷;上更新统萨拉乌苏组的湖相沉积(80~140kaBP),气候温暖较湿润;中更新统上部的河流相与风成相互层(140~190kaBP),气候冷干与温凉半干旱波动;中更新统上部的冲洪积沉积(190~220kaBP),气候较暖湿等阶段。指出自中更新世晚期以来气候发生频繁波动,无论是暖湿还是冷干阶段,气候都波动频繁,气候变化不稳定性明显。     

滇中路南石林地区钙华特征与更新世气候变迁

钙华层是岩溶记录中古气候环境及地下水演变信息的载体,在重建古气候环境和恢复古水文地质条件等方面具有重要意义.通过对滇中路南石林地区的钙华沉积层进行大量地质研究,用ESR法测定其生成年代,结合钙华层的主要矿物(方解石)的生长发育特征,获得了该区距今33×104a～4.4×104a的地质活动、古气候环境的变迁信息.其年龄可与全球深海岩芯同位素记录和西南岩溶洞穴石笋所揭示的古气候记录对比,认为自从中更新世以来,路南石林地区经历了6次较大的气候变化,与全球古气候变化波动基本一致.     

Surface exposure dating reveals MIS-3 glacial maximum in the Khangai Mountains of Mongolia

This study presents results from geomorphological mapping and cosmogenic radionuclide dating (¹⁰Be) of moraine sequences at Otgon Tenger (3905 m), the highest peak in the Khangai Mountains (central Mongolia). Our findings indicate that glaciers reached their last maximum extent between 40 and 35 ka during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 3. Large ice advances also occurred during MIS-2 (at ~ 23 and 17–16 ka), but these advances did not exceed the limits reached during MIS-3. The results indicate that climatic conditions during MIS-3, characterized by a cool-wet climate with a greater-than-today input from winter precipitation, generated the most favorable setting for glaciation in the study region. Yet, glacial accumulation also responded positively to the far colder and drier conditions of MIS-2, and again during the last glacial–interglacial transition when precipitation levels increased. Viewed in context of other Pleistocene glacial records from High Asia, the pattern of glaciation in central Mongolia shares some features with records from southern Central Asia and NE-Tibet (i.e. ice maxima during interstadial wet phases), while other features of the Mongolian record (i.e. major ice expansion during the MIS-2 insolation minimum) are more in tune with glacier responses known from Siberia and western Central Asia.     

莱州湾南岸滨海平原晚更新世以来古环境演变的孢粉记录

依据莱州湾南岸A1钻孔孢粉分析，结合14C、热释光测年、沉积物粒度、岩性等资料，对A1钻孔自下而上划分为7个孢粉组合带，并概括它们的主要特征。利用孢粉组合，探讨了120 ka BP 以来莱州湾南岸咸水入侵区的植被发展以及气候的冷暖、干湿交替变化。在85～76 ka BP、50～24 ka BP和10～4 ka BP出现三次暖湿期，分别对应于“羊口海侵”、“广饶海侵”和“垦利海侵”。在三次暖湿期中发生海陆交互相滨岸沼泽或湖泊相沉积，植被类型为落叶阔叶林或针阔叶混交林滨岸草原。在76～50 ka BP和24～10 ka BP两次冷干期为陆相沉积环境，前者出现以针叶林为主的草原植被类型，后者出现干冷的针叶林干旱草原或荒漠草原植被类型，它们分别对应于早大理亚冰期和晚大理亚冰期。孢粉组合所反映的莱州湾南岸晚更新世以来的环境演化同全球性的气候事件及渤海沿岸环境变化具有很好的可比性。     

云南宣威4.6万年以来洞穴石笋古气候变化记录

石笋是高分辨地记录古气候环境变化的主要信息载体之一。本文通过对宣威下水龙洞 1号石笋进行α能谱铀系测年及碳、氧同位素分析,获得了距今 46.1ka至 2.75ka高分辨率的古气候演变信息。其年龄与δ18O值的记录在纵向上的变化具有明显的韵律性特征,可与深海岩芯V2 8～ 2 3 8同位素记录所揭示的第 3阶段、2阶段和 1阶段进行对比。反映 46.1ka以来宣威地区的气候波动与全球的气候变化具有明显的一致性。但是,区内是气候变化的敏感区,是东亚季风与印度洋季风交互作用的特殊区域,存在有明显的地区性气候变化特征,在整个末次冰期时段 (4 6.1～8.1ka)气候总体偏温暖,10.2 5ka为新仙女木冷事件的最冷终止点。在全新世大暖期时段的 7.1～ 3.7ka间显示气候温暖湿润,而在 3.7～ 2.75ka间伴随太阳辐射和印度洋西南季风强度的减弱,气候有明显的降温趋势。此外,石笋的碳、氧同位素显示的气候冷暖变化是,主沉积旋回以万年级、千年级和百年级为周期性变化;亚旋回以千年级和百年级为周期性变化。     

Climatic forcing before,during, and after the 8.2 Kyr B.P. global cooling event

This paper attempts at full characterization of the unique global 8.2 Kyr B.P. cooling event. Significant atmospheric cooling started during 9.5–8.5 Kyr B.P. when the Sun was extremely quiet during three periods of ∼ 50–100 years. The flood of melt water in the N. Atlantic from glacial lakes during the demise of the Laurentide ice sheet, starting at ∼ 8.5 Kyr B.P., adds to the atmospheric cooling. Climatic forcing events occurred at 8.5 Kyr B.P., at 8.2 Kyr B.P. and finally at 8.06 Kyr B.P., leading to concurrent increases or decreases in the atmospheric Δ¹⁴C levels, completely consistent with the climatic forcing proposed here.     

Uplift and active tectonics of southern Albania inferred from incision of alluvial terraces

In Albania, the Osum and Vjoje rivers cross the active graben system and the active frontal thrust system of the Albanides. The effects of climatic and geodynamic forcing on the development of these two rivers were investigated by the means of field mapping, topographic surveying and absolute exposure-age dating. We established the chronology of terraces abandonment from the compilation of new dating (¹⁴C and in situ produced ¹⁰Be) and previously published data. We identified nine fluvial terraces units developed since Marine Isotope Stage 6 up to historic times. From this reconstituted history, we quantified the vertical uplift on a time scale shorter than the glacial climatic cycle. Regional bulging produces an overall increase of the incision rate from the west to the east that reaches a maximum value of 2.8 m/ka in the hinterland. Local pulses of incision are generated by activation of normal faults. The most active faults have a SW–NE trend and a vertical slip rate ranging from 1.8 to 2.2 m/ka. This study outlines the geodynamic control in the development of rivers flowing through the Albanides on the scale of 10³–10⁵ka.     

河流阶地样品中石英纯化和宇宙核素~(10)Be和~(26)Al分离方法研究

经历反复埋藏暴露演化过程的河流阶地样品,难以用常规方法将原生宇宙核素10Be、26Al有效分离。本文在前人实验方法基础上,使用人工挑选、磁选仪分选及酸洗方法,分离样品中碳酸盐、含铁矿物及大气生成的10Be,进一步优化了石英提纯实验流程。结果表明:长度为9 cm、内径为1 cm的阴离子交换树脂装置匹配4 mol/L氢氟酸淋滤液,可将B、Mg、Ca、Cr、Fe、Mn、Ni、Ti和Be、Al有效分离,Be、Al回收率分别可达95.7%、85.7%。阳离子交换树脂能有效分离Be、Al,两元素回收率均达到85%。获得10Be/9Be和26Al/27Al流程空白分别为2.19×10-15和1.63×10-15。优化后的实验方法显著提高了河流阶地样品中原生宇宙核素10Be、26Al的纯化效率,且10Be/9Be和26Al/27Al流程空白数值与国内外实验室具有可比性。采用本方法获得了成都平原冲积物10Be、26Al暴露年龄分别是76.36±9.51 ka和69.44±14.13 ka,为评价龙门山前缘隐伏断裂构造特征和活动性提供了年代学依据。     

中国东部全新世火山的镭-钍同位素年代学

活火山是指1万年来有过喷发历史的全新世火山。火山的高分辨年代学对火山灾害评估和火山分类具有重要意义。对于缺乏历史记载的全新世火山,直接对火山岩进行同位素定年很困难。本文利用具有高时间分辨率的镭-钍-铀非平衡确定中国东部年轻火山的年龄。根据镭-钍-铀同位素,海南岛的马鞍岭和雷虎岭是全新世火山(马鞍岭:4.3ka;雷虎岭:4.7ka);镜泊湖火山(4.9ka)也是全新世火山;龙岗火山存在晚更新世和全新世活动(7.0ka,15.0ka);大兴安岭阿尔山和诺敏河Ra/Th非平衡消失但~(230)Th/~(238)U非平衡显著,属于晚更新世喷发(阿尔山:63ka;诺敏河:71ka)。海南岛的马鞍岭火山、雷虎岭火山和东北地区的龙岗火山、镜泊湖火山,是4座活火山。至于东北地区的阿尔山和诺敏河火山是否是活火山,有待测试更多样品的Ra/Th同位素。五大连池老黑山和火烧山有历史喷发记录,这与它们都存在显著Ra/Th非平衡一致。五大连池老黑山和火烧山的岩浆滞留年龄分别小于4.2ka和3.2ka,岩浆上升速率 18～23m/y。     

Carbon and oxygen isotope records and paleoclimate reconstruction (140–250 ka B.P.) from a stalagmite of Shuinan Cave, Guilin, China

The time sequence of paleoclimatic changes from 245.2 to 147.9 ka B.P. has been established by high precision U-series dating by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry and the analysis of the oxygen isotopes from a stalagmite of Shuinan Cave in Guilin. The oxygen isotope pattern is divided into three main intervals. The top part of the stalagmite (interval C) displays mainly relatively heavy oxygen isotopes, mostly −7 to −5‰_VPDB, but at a depth of 86.5 cm below the top, there is a sharp change to values lighter than −8 ‰. This boundary, dated at 192.6 ±3.9 ka B.P. is correlated with the boundary between marine oxygen isotope stages 6 and 7. The underlying interval B has δ¹⁸O values consistently between −7.5 and −8.5‰ until 271 cm depth when there is a sharp rise in δ¹⁸O values towards values as heavy as −5‰. The upper position of this change is dated at 242.5±6.4 ka B.P. and is correlated with the boundary between marine isotope stages 7 and 8. Carbon isotope values lie between −8.5 and −11‰ and are not uniquely high or low in the three intervals, but also show rapid changes at the boundaries between intervals in the same sense as the shifts in δ¹⁸O. The pronounced shifts in δ¹⁸O are attributed to changes in the paleo-monsoon intensity which reflect major reorganizations of the climate system, but some regional characteristics are also present. The results are also consistent with previous studies of climate proxies from loess-palaesol sequences in northern China. These characteristics show that paleo-climate evolution since the late stage of the middle Pleistocene Epoch in the Guilin area not only follows the global characteristics, but also has the strong district or regional patterns.     

Late Quaternary environmental and human events at En Gedi, reflected by the geology and archaeology of the Moringa Cave (Dead Sea area, Israel)

The Moringa Cave within Pleistocene sediments in the En Gedi area of the Dead Sea Fault Escarpment contains a sequence of various Pleistocene lacustrine deposits associated with higher-than-today lake levels at the Dead Sea basin. In addition it contains Chalcolithic remains and 5th century BC burials attributed to the Persian period, cemented and covered by Late Holocene travertine flowstone. These deposits represent a chain of Late Pleistocene and Holocene interconnected environmental and human events, echoing broader scale regional and global climate events. A major shift between depositional environments is associated with the rapid fall of Lake Lisan level during the latest Pleistocene. This exposed the sediments, providing for cave formation processes sometime between the latest Pleistocene (ca. 15 ka) and the Middle Holocene (ca. 4500 BC), eventually leading to human use of the cave. The Chalcolithic use of the cave can be related to a relatively moist desert environment, probably related to a shift in the location of the northern boundary of the Saharo-Arabian desert belt. The travertine layer was U-Th dated 2.46 ± 0.10 to 2.10 ± 0.04 ka, in agreement with the archaeological finds from the Persian period. Together with the inner consistency of the dating results, this strongly supports the reliability of the radiometric ages. The 2.46-2.10 ka travertine deposition within the presently dry cave suggests a higher recharge of the Judean Desert aquifer, correlative to a rising Dead Sea towards the end of the 1st millennium BC. This suggests a relatively moist local and regional climate facilitating human habitation of the desert.     

Formation and evolution of the Lower Terrace of the Rhine River in the area of Basel

The response of fluvial systems to tectonic activity and climate change during the Late Pleistocene influenced sedimentary processes and hence the conditions of river terraces formation. The northern Alpine foreland is well adapted for such studies due to the high sediment input and the variety of depositional environments. This study focuses on sediments of a part of the Rhine River in the area of Basel, at the Border between Switzerland, Germany and France. A detailed evolution of the Lower Terrace is inferred from sedimentological, geomorphologic and pedological observations as well as historical documents, and calibrated using different dating methods (optically stimulated luminescence, uranium series disequilibrium, radiocarbon). The Lower Terrace was deposited during two periods (30–15 ka and 13–11 ka), which correlate with two cold climatic phases, representing the Last Glaciation of the Alps and the Younger Dryas. These ages underline that main incision of the Lower Terrace braidplain in the area of Basel is restricted to post Younger Dryas times, as sediments of that age (13–11 ka) are found atop the highest levels. From then on, a flight of cut-terraces were formed with minor re-accumulation due to Holocene flood events. These findings demonstrate that the surface of a terrace does not always represent the age of sediment aggradation, and this should be remembered when using terraces to reconstruct the tectonic history of an area.     

Late Pleistocene paleoclimatic history documented by an oxygen isotope record from carbonate sediments in Qarhan Salt Lake,NE Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Late Pleistocene paleoclimatic variability on the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (NE QTP) was reconstructed using a chronology based on AMS ¹⁴C and ²³⁰Th dating results and a stable oxygen isotopic record. These are derived from lake carbonates in a 102-m-long Qarhan sediment core (ISL1A) collected from the eastern Qaidam Basin. Previous research indicates that the δ¹⁸O values of lacustrine carbonates are mainly controlled by the isotopic composition of lake water, which in turn is a function of regional P/E balance and the proportion of precipitation that is monsoon-derived on the NE QTP. Modern isotopic observations indicate that the δ¹⁸O values of lake carbonates in hyper-arid Qaidam Basin are more positive during the warm and wet period. Due to strong evaporation and continental effect in this basin, the positive δ¹⁸O values in the arid region indicate drier climatic conditions. Based on this interpretation and the δ¹⁸O record of fine-grained lake carbonates and dating results in ISL1A, the results imply that drier climatic conditions in the Qarhan region occurred in three intervals, around 90–80 ka, 52–38 ka and 10–9 ka, which could correspond to late MIS 5, middle MIS 3 and early Holocene, respectively. These three phases were almost coincided with low lake level periods of Gahai, Toson and Qinghai Lakes (to the east of Qarhan Lake) influenced by ASM on the orbital timescales. Meanwhile, there was an episode of relatively high δ¹⁸O value during late MIS 3, suggesting that relatively dry climatic condition in this period, rather than “a uniform Qarhan mega-paleolake” spanning the ∼44 to 22 ka period. These results insight into the understanding of “the Greatest Lake Period” on the QTP.     

祁连山大通河河流阶地形成时代及地质意义

祁连山是研究青藏高原隆升与构造变形的关键部位,其中大通河河流阶地是祁连山地区早更新世以来构造隆升和气候变化的载体,厘定大通河河流阶地的形成时代及地质意义对于分析祁连山地区的区域构造和气候环境改变具有重要意义。通过ESR测年技术,并对大通河流域江仓区域的剖面样品实测,获取岩层形成时代数据,分别为(42±4) ka B.P.、(71±5) ka B.P.、(121±12) ka B.P.、(210±20) ka B.P.和(602±60) ka B.P.。根据测年结果,确认剖面为河流相沉积环境,形成时代对应中晚更新世酒泉砾岩和戈壁砾岩时期,表明大通河河流阶地在542~662 ka B.P.之前就已经形成,推测其可能是受到中新世白杨河组之后的盆山运动或早更新世祁连山的褶皱变形影响而形成的。利用测年数据计算抬升速率,从中更新世晚期到晚更新世中期,抬升速率加快,反映了大通河流域的构造运动和气候变化加强,祁连山江仓地区在此期间快速隆升,为青藏高原东北缘以面积和体积扩张的观点提供了新的依据。     

宁晋泊晚更新世以来气候变化的正构烷烃分子记录

华北地区晚更新世以来气候变化研究具有重要的意义.选择宁晋泊地区开展河湖相沉积物的分子化石研究.结果表明,沉积物中正构烷烃碳数分布范围为C₁₅~C₃₃,高碳数奇碳优势明显,多以C₂₉和C₃₁为主峰的单峰分布,少量样品出现以C₁₇为次主峰的双峰分布,表明有机质以陆生植物和大型水生植物为主.结合正构烷烃参数,分析了宁晋泊地区晚更新世以来的气候演变过程,展现了"83~68 ka气候较为温和,湖泊水位较低;68~30 ka气候暖湿,湖泊扩张;30~22 ka气候冷干,湖泊萎缩;22~10 ka气候好转,湖泊水位上升;全新世气候温和适度,湖泊水位略有降低"的特征.区域对比分析表明,末次冰期以来宁晋泊地区与延庆盆地等地的气候变化基本一致,具有冰期-间冰期旋回特征,说明其主要受太阳辐射的控制.