简化线热源对ATRT计算土体导热系数的影响——数值模拟研究

不同深度土体的导热系数是精细评价浅层地热能的关键参数,基于内加热光缆的热响应测试(ATRT)是获取原位土体分布式导热系数的有效方式之一.利用有限元数值模拟软件ComsolMultiphysics,建立了二维有限元多孔介质传热模型,探究了U型布设内加热光缆条件下内加热光缆间距对实施ATRT计算导热系数的影响.结果 表明:...     

基于未冻水含量的冻土热参数计算分析

为提升冻土温度场预测精度和减少热参数测试工作量,根据饱和冻土的土、水、冰三相组成,对基于导热系数的冻土未冻水含量反演公式进行了推导。根依据干土和饱和土体的二相构成,推导了适用于土体矿物导热系数预估的计算公式。实测了粉质黏土在不同负温下的比热和导热系数值,分别结合比热确定未冻水含量的递推方法和基于导热系数建立的冻土未冻水含量反演公式,计算得到了粉质黏土在不同负温下的未冻水含量。基于实测和反演获取的未冻水含量,确定了随不同负温变化的冻土导热系数、比热和潜热。将基于冻土未冻水含量确定的热参数代入数值计算软件ABAQUS,获取不同计算热参数下的冻土瞬态温度场计算值。分别将各温度场计算值与模型试验实测值进行了比较,结果表明,从未冻水含量角度出发对冻土温度场计算用热参数的测试工作量进行缩减是可行的;基于Johansen法反演获取未冻水含量,进而确定的热参数能够较好地预测冻土温度场。     

土体电阻率与导热系数的相关性实验研究

将南京下蜀土与中砂以不同比例混合,配制了四种土样,利用室内四极法分别测试了每种土样在不同含水率条件下 的电阻率,发现随含水率和黏土颗粒含量的增加,土体电阻率减小;同时,采用DRE导热系数测试仪测试了每个试样的导 热系数,发现随含水率和砂含量的增高,导热系数增大。已有研究表明,土的电阻率与导热系数均与土体饱和度及孔隙率 等物理性质有关。通过将土的电阻率与导热系数进行拟合,发现两者符合指数关系,并建立了表征电阻率与导热系数相关 性的数学模型。该文研究结果为利用现场实测的电阻率指标间接求取土体的导热系数提供了依据。     

关于岩石导热性野外测定方法的研究

导热系数是岩石重要的物理参数之一，其在地热能开发及岩土热工程应用中有着重要意义.目前的测试方法需要将岩样采回实验室进行表面加工，运输和加工过程会破坏岩石结构和影响含水率等，不仅测试工艺复杂，而且导致测试结果不准确.本研究提出一种现场获取岩石导热系数的新方法.利用导热耦合剂填充岩石表面与探头之间的接触面，减小测试过程中的接触热阻，辅助热物性测试仪器来开展野外导热系数测试工作.通过配制不同导热硅脂与不同铜粉掺量充分混合的导热耦合剂进行对比实验，确定导热耦合剂的最优配比.实验表明，导热耦合剂的涂抹能有效地减小探头与岩石表面的接触热阻，提高测试精度，且导热耦合剂本身对岩石的导热系数影响甚微.研究成果可为野外准确便捷地获得岩石导热系数提供参考.     

冻结过程土体导热系数影响因素及预测模型研究

为探究土体导热系数的基本规律,采用瞬态平面热源法测试了冻结过程土体导热系数。研究了土体在不同温度、含水率和干密度物理指标下导热系数变化规律,分析了这三个物理指标动态变化对土体导热系数的影响机制。基于试验数据,建立了DT、RF、GBDT、AdaBoost、SVR、BPNN共六种机器学习模型以预测土体导热系数,通过四个性能指标评估了六种机器学习模型的预测能力,并与三种经验模型进行了对比。此外,基于RF和GBDT进行了特征重要性分析。结果表明:未冻结阶段土体导热系数无显著变化。剧烈相变阶段,因含水率和干密度的不同,土体导热系数随温度的降低分别呈现出减小和增大的趋势,其中增大的趋势随着含水率的增加而增加。冻结阶段,因测试过程中土样的水分蒸发和迁移,土体导热系数随着温度的降低而减小。土体导热系数均随干密度和含水率的增加而增加。根据评估结果,六种机器学习模型中RF的表现较好(RMSE=0.036,MAE=0.028,R²=0.993,AD=0.004),明显优于三种经验模型,RF相较于经验模型也能更准确地预测出其他地区的土体导热系数,建议使用RF预测冻结过程土体导热系数。特征...     

多年冻土区铁路路基导热系数监测与分析

为分析冻融过程、 道砟覆盖及降雨对多年冻土区铁路路基土体导热系数的影响, 对青藏高原多年冻土区铁路路基试验段和天然地表土体开展导热系数、 温度、 水分原位监测。结果表明： 融化期导热系数波动均明显大于冻结期, 天然场地导热系数在冻结期大于融化期, 而无道砟覆盖路基土体和道砟覆盖路基土体的导热系数在冻结期小于融化期, 与通常的认知和温度场模拟取值相反; 道砟层的保温和阻水效应导致道砟覆盖路基土体含水量和导热系数均小于无道砟覆盖路基土体, 冻结期路基土体导热系数有减小趋势, 道砟覆盖路基土体尤为显著; 降雨入渗增大土体导热系数, 低含水量的道砟覆盖路基土体导热系数对降雨的响应最强烈。寒区路基工程数值模拟时, 应考虑水热变化对导热系数的影响, 不宜采用固定相变区间的分段函数或阶跃函数预估导热系数。     

面接触条件下胶结颗粒物导热系数模型优化

为了更好地探究岩土类胶结颗粒材料的导热系数变化规律,减少造成的热害问题,根据胶结颗粒物的结构特征,考虑颗粒物和胶结基质为混合物时的状态,并结合有效介质导热系数模型和面接触导热系数模型,构建了适用于岩土类胶结颗粒材料的有效导热系数计算模型。采用瞬态热线法测试了实验试块的导热系数,将预测值与实测结果和Maxwell-Eucken模型的计算结果对比后发现,两模型的导热系数计算值都随着孔隙率的增加而逐渐减小。4组测试数据结果显示,Maxwell-Eucken模型的导热系数计算结果平均值为0.171 72 W/（m·K）,优化的导热系数计算模型结果平均值为0.171 39 W/（m·K）,说明优化的导热系数计算模型得出的结论与实际测试结果平均值（0.169 22 W/（m·K））更接近,能够更好预测胶结颗粒物质的导热系数。      

楚玛尔河黏性土与砂土导热系数试验研究

为探究青藏工程走廊带楚玛尔河地区冻融土导热系数的基本规律,采用瞬态平面热源法测试了148个冻土试样和88个融土试样导热系数。对楚玛尔河地区黏性土和砂土导热系数的总体特征及影响因素进行分析;对黏性土、砂土导热系数与干密度和含水率之间进行二元回归方程拟合,并分别建立黏性土、砂土RBF神经网络预测模型。结果表明:楚玛尔河黏性土导热系数分布较为集中,砂土导热系数离散度高,分布范围较广;二元回归方程对黏性土、砂土导热系数平均拟合优度较低;与二元回归方程相比,以干密度和含水率作为输入因子所建立的楚玛尔河黏性土、砂土导热系数RBF神经网络预测模型具有更高的精确度。研究成果可有效预测青藏工程走廊带土体导热系数,对冻土温度场计算具有重要指导意义。     

黄土导热系数和比热容的实验研究

首先探讨了黄土导热系数和比热容的测试方法,组装形成黄土土样试验装置。然后取扰动黄土配制不同密度、不同含水量试样进行试验,测得黄土导热系数和比热容。实验结果揭示出,在含水量一定的情况下,导热系数和比热容随密度增大而增大;在密度相同的情况下,导热系数和比热容亦随含水量的增大而增大。进一步分析得到根据土体含水量、密度确定导热系数和比热容的关系式。相对于随密度的变化,黄土导热系数和比热容随含水量的变化尤为显著,含水量变化可以引起热参数较大的变化。     

基于微观结构重塑的非饱和冻土导热系数预测

为预测非饱和冻土的导热性能,基于土体微观结构,提出了非饱和冻土特征结构识别算法和多元素生成算法,并将该算法与传统有限单元法组合,建立非饱和冻土导热系数蒙特卡洛预测模型。通过土体SEM电镜图像,采用逆向四参数增长识别法识别土体中各组分含量、大小以及各方向分布概率;改进传统的四参数随机增长法,提出了考虑土、水、冰和气的多元素生成算法;基于生成的非饱和冻土模型,通过蒙特卡洛方法获得非饱和冻土导热系数,并与规范中冻土导热系数进行对比,验证了蒙特卡洛法预测模型的合理性（平均误差<4%）;通过多因素分析研究孔隙率、颗粒大小、土体导热性、饱和度以及结冰率对非饱和冻土导热性影响,各因素与导热系数的相关系数依次为：-0.352、-0.098、0.641、0.520和0.060,影响大小为：土颗粒导热性>饱和度>孔隙率>土颗粒大小>结冰率。各影响因素对非饱和冻土导热系数影响可以归纳为对热通量形成“热链”密度、宽度、连通性、热流承载力以及对“热桥”通量的影响。     

非饱和（冻）土导热系数预估模型研究

岩土材料的导热系数是岩土工程温度场分析及建筑热工计算中的重要参数。研究旨在建立一个基于归一化导热系数概念和以土的干燥和饱和状态导热系数为基准的非饱和土导热系数的通用预估模型。通过对文献中328组实测数据的分析发现,将同类土在不同密实度条件下的各种导热系数-含水率曲线簇进行归一化处理后,可以得到惟一的归一化导热系数kr与饱和度Sr（归一化含水率）关系,1/kr与1/Sr呈相关性较好的线性关系,而每支1/kr-1/Sr直线均通过坐标（1,1）点的斜率由土质类型决定。据此提出了一个集成土质类型、密实度（孔隙率）和含水率（饱和度）等因素综合影响的融土和冻土导热系数通用预估模型,并给出了导热系数预估模型中土质参数的取值范围,以及融土和冻土处于完全干燥状态和饱和状态的确定方法。对预估模型进行验证结果表明,所提出的非饱和土导热系数预估模型具有较好准确性。     

Investigating soil thermodynamic parameters of the active layer on the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The soil thermodynamic parameters, including thermal conductivity, diffusivity and volumetric capacity within the active layer on the northern Tibetan Plateau, were calculated using the measured data of soil temperature gradient, heat flux, and moisture at four stations from October 2003 to September 2004. The results showed that the soil thermodynamic parameters exhibited clear seasonal fluctuation. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity in summer and autumn at Beiluhe, Kexinling, and Tongtianhe were larger than those in winter. The volumetric thermal capacity causes an opposite change; it was larger in autumn and winter than in summer. In spring, the soil thermal conductivity at the Kekexili station was larger than that in summer. Generally, fine-grained soils and lower saturation degrees in the topsoil might be a reason for the lower soil thermal conductivity in winter. For a given soil, soil moisture was the main factor influencing the thermodynamic parameters. The unfrozen water content that existed in frozen soils greatly affected the soil thermal conductivity, whose contribution rate was estimated to be 55 %. The thermodynamic parameters of frozen soils could be expressed as a function of soil temperature, volumetric ice content and soil salinity, while for the unfrozen ground the soil moisture content is the dominant factor for those thermal parameters. As for the soil thermal diffusivity, there exists a critical value of soil moisture content. When the soil moisture content becomes less than a critical value, the soil thermal diffusivity increases as the soil moisture content rises.     

青藏高原含砂砾石土壤导热率实验研究

土壤导热率是土壤的基本物理参数之一,也是陆面模式的重要输入量,对研究土壤热传输、水热耦合运移有重要意义。青藏高原由于独特的地理环境备受学者关注,但目前常用的土壤水、热属性参数化方案仅仅考虑了沙土、粉土和黏土,就砂砾石重要性的认识还不足,很少有模式模拟砾石对青藏高原多年冻土和高寒草地的影响。采用便携式热导仪（KD2 Pro,DECAGON,美国）测量了青藏高原玛多和北麓河两地典型土壤在冻结和未冻结状态下不同水分条件时的土壤导热率,分析了砂砾石含量对土壤孔隙度的影响及冻结和未冻结状态下,不同水分条件下砂砾石含量对土壤导热率的影响。结果表明：当含水量高于某一阈值时,含水土壤冻结状态下的导热率高于未冻结状态下的导热率;土壤含水量对土壤导热率影响显著,导热率随着含水量的增加而增大,在含水量较小时变化更明显;砂砾石含量比重多的土壤孔隙度较小,且砂砾石含量越大的土壤在冻结状态下导热率高。以上结果表明,砂砾石对土壤导热率有显著影响,在将来的模式模拟研究中必须考虑砂砾石对土壤热属性的影响,进而提高土壤水热过程模拟的精度。     

青藏工程走廊冻融土热扩散系数特性与预测模型研究北大核心CSCD

热扩散系数是多年冻土对外界热扰动敏感程度的重要影响参数之一,也是寒区工程设计与建设的关键基础数据。基于瞬态平面热源法导热系数测试结果和质量加权法计算获取的比热容理论值,计算获得青藏工程走廊西大滩—唐古拉山沿线典型类别土样热扩散系数,分析对比了走廊带内冻融土热扩散系数的分布特征和参数影响规律,提出了基于经验拟合公式法和RBF神经网络方法的冻融土热扩散系数预测模型,并比较了不同预测模型的预测效果。研究结果表明:青藏工程走廊带内土的热扩散系数与粒径整体呈正相关性,融土热扩散系数按黏性土、粉土、全风化岩类、砂土及碎石土依次增大,冻土热扩散系数按黏性土、全风化岩类、粉土、碎石土及砂土依次增大;热扩散系数与容重及天然含水率相关性随土类及冻融状态差异明显,冻、融土热扩散系数呈显著正线性关系;以融土热扩散系数为拟合参数的冻土热扩散系数三元预测模型的预测精度明显高于二元经验公式;RBF神经网络模型在冻、融土热扩散系数预测中均具有最优的预测精度,为最佳预测模型。     

冻土融沉系数的评价方法

融沉系数是估算冻土融化后沉降量的重要参数指标。融沉系数与冻土中的含冰量和干容重有关，含冰量大则冻土融化后的沉降量大，因此融沉系数大，在饱和状态，干容重较大的冻土，融沉系数较小，基于冻土融沉试验结果分析，建议引入界限孔隙率以此界定过大的冰含量完全用于沉降。将融沉分为3个状态来分析：非饱和、饱和以及过饱和(超过界限孔隙率状态)，给出的3个状态下的融沉系数计算方法与实验测试结果对比，具有较好的预报结果，从而使得融沉系数更容易评价。     

A new generalized soil thermal conductivity model for sand–kaolin clay mixtures using thermo-time domain reflectometry probe test

As the demand of exploitation and utilization of geothermal energy increases, more geothermal-related earth structures occur recently. The design of the structures depends upon an accurate prediction of soil thermal conductivity. The existing soil thermal conductivity models were mostly developed by empirical fits to datasets of soil thermal conductivity measurements. Due to the gaps in measured thermal conductivities between any two tested natural soils, the models may not provide accurate prediction for other soils, and the predicted thermal conductivity might not be continuous over the entire range of soil type. In this research, a generalized soil thermal conductivity model was proposed based on a series of laboratory experiments on sand, kaolin clay and sand–kaolin clay mixtures using a newly designed thermo-time domain reflectometry probe. The model was then validated with respect to k _dry–n (thermal conductivity of dry soils and porosity) and k _r–S _r (normalized thermal conductivity and degree of saturation) relationships by comparing with previous experimental studies. The predicted thermal conductivities were found to be in a good agreement with the experimental data collected from both this study and the other literatures with at least 85% confidence interval. It is concluded that the proposed model accounts for the effects of both environmental factors (i.e., moisture content and dry density) and compositional factors (i.e., quartz content and soil type) on soil thermal conductivity, and it has a great potential in predicting soil thermal conductivity more accurately for geothermal applications.     

冻融试验对土中含水量分布的影响

The silty clay and silty loam are two typical soil types obtained from two test sites along the Qinghai-Tibet railway. The two types of soil have been designed various initial dry densities, water eontents, temperature conditions in repeated freezing and thawing tests with free access to water at the bottom. Afterfreeze-thaw cycles, the moisture content in the freeze-thaw zone increases more than that in the unfrozen zone to the peak approximately at the top of the samples. With comparison of the water contents in the frozen and thawed states, the moisture content in the upper freeze-thaw zone in the frozen state is greater than that in the thawed state, while that in unfrozen zone in the frozen state is smaller than that in the thawed state. Within the region of the frost front, the water content in frozen state is smaller than that in thawed state. These findings help to study the freeze-thaw mechanisms deeply and perfect the forecasting module of moisture transferring in freeze-thaw cycles.     

不同遗址土的热物理参数研究

为了研究干密度、含水率和NaCl含量对遗址土热劣化的影响,采用Hot Disk热常数分析仪对良渚遗址、交河故城遗址和通古斯巴西古城遗址的遗址土重塑样进行了热物理参数的测试,分别确定了遗址土的导热系数、热扩散系数和体积比热随干密度和含水率的变化关系。对通古斯巴西古城遗址重塑样掺入了不同含量的NaCl,研究了含盐量对遗址土重塑样导热系数的影响。结果表明,当含水率与干密度增加时,3种遗址土的导热系数均呈线性增长,热扩散系数和体积比热也随着含水率与干密度的增加而增大;相同条件下3种遗址土的热物理参数存在差异,良渚遗址的较大,交河遗址的较小,通古斯巴西古城的居中总体上与土中SiO2含量成正相关关系。当干密度与含水率一定时, 掺入NaCl增加了遗址土的导热系数。     

Effect of dry density,soil texture and time-spatial variable water content on the soil thermal conductivity

Study of the heat transfer process in saturated and unsaturated soils requires, basically, a relationship between thermal conductivity and the characteristics of the soil, such as water content, dry density and texture of the soil. This study intends to produce a generic model that can predict soil thermal conductivity with the help of easily measurable parameters. The proposed model is first calibrated using measured thermal conductivities from literature data. In order to validate the proposed model the predicted thermal conductivity of this proposed model as well as existing ones are compared with the measured thermal conductivity in literature for different soils. Validation of the proposed model was also performed on our experimental results obtained for a compacted Misillac sand and in-situ clay loam soils. The results show an average of 15% improvement in prediction accuracy for the proposed model compared to the existing models, considering all soil textures. Moreover, we perform a model to estimate thermal conductivity over time throughout the profile of soil in the context of seasonal variation of temperature. The proposed model shows an important effect of heterogeneity on the thermal conductivity variations of a double layered soil.