重庆强对流短临业务评分方法

结合重庆本地实际情况,以区/县为单位对强对流中出现的短历时强降水、阵性大风及雷电进行业务质量定量评估.短历时强降水、阵性大风基于加密站观测资料采用分级的方式来评定,对雷电的评定基于ADTD系统观测到地闪资料并判断所在区/县是否有地闪出现.介绍了重庆本地强对流短临业务评分方法及开发的评分软件.从2011年的评分结果看,该评分方法在重庆本地是比较合理的,在业务应用上是可行的.     

博罗气象站探测环境变化对气象要素的影响

利用历史资料对比分析了博罗站建站以来探测环境的变化情况,以及探测环境的变化对各气象要素的观测记录所造成的影响.分析表明,随着探测环境的严重破坏,各气象要素的值也发生很大的变化,观测的记录虽然反映测点的气象状况,但是并不能反映测点周围一定范围内的平均气象状况,因此观测记录也就失去了代表性.此外,探测环境的改变也影响了观测资料的准确性.     

一种基于气温日极小值的观测环境影响判别与评估方法

在人口稠密地区维持气象观测环境稳定十分困难,长序列气温数据中混杂着大量由探测环境条件变化引起的误差,影响了观测数据的应用价值,探索在数据采集和使用环节消减这类误差的方法十分必要。本文立足于观测站实际情况,研发了一种从最低气温数据中提取混杂的环境误差信息的方法,并对其适用性进行检验评估。结果表明：该方法识别出的观测环境变化与实际场景充分吻合,多数受影响的数据段可以在“季平均”尺度上得到有效识别,环境变化引起的误差量也可以被定量评估。     

国家气候观象台建设观测环境问题

城市化对全国气象台站观测环境造成了严重影响.针对国家气候观象台建设中观测环境的评估和新选址问题进行了讨论.国家气候观象台的环境选择必须较好地反映本地较大范围的气象要素特点.避免局部地形、障碍物或者人为因素的影响.观测环境下垫面与区域地表一致有利于真实反映区域的实际情况,但在部分陆面特征中,农业生产也会对部分气象要素的观测造成影响,这些在具体观测项目中要作具体考虑.对于受城市化影响的气象台站,在新建国家气候观象台的同时保留原观测站是比较好的选择.     

从文献分析看我国近10年培训评估理论研究

本文通过文献计量和文献调研描述了近10年来我国培训评估理论研究的定量和定性特征。定量特征包括年份分布、作者分布、期刊分布等;定性特征分别从研究领域、评估方法、评估信息获取方法、评估实施、影响评估的因素等方面进行了论述。     

东湖水库对济南机场气象条件的可能影响评估

根据局地气候理论、文献资料、实际对比观测数据结果及济南机场气象站统计资料等，结合实践经验，进行东湖水库工程对济南机场气象条件的可能影响评估，得出定性、定量分析结论，为工程规划设计部门提供决策参考依据。     

双线偏振多普勒雷达资料质量的定量评估

以中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室的车载C波段双线偏振多普勒雷达2011年在云南洱源的外场观测资料为例,通过雷达质量指数算法将影响雷达资料质量的主要因子——波束展宽、波束遮挡、地物杂波污染、电磁波衰减等,以距离库为单元按0-1的取值范围量化处理,以此对雷达资料质量进行定量评估。其中,质量指数越接近0就表示雷达资料受各因子影响越大,质量越差;质量指数越接近于1,表示雷达资料受各因子影响越小,质量越好。根据该定量评估结果可以直观地了解资料质量受各因子的影响程度及其整体情况,并方便根据不同的应用需要来筛选数据。     

石门烤烟产区人工防雹技术分析

通过分析历史资料,总结出石门山区冰雹发源地及移动路线,并确定了最佳防雹作业点.分析2008年以来的防雹作业资料以及部分降雹实况资料,总结出有效判别石门烤烟产区冰雹云的3个定量指标:组合反射率55dBZ、垂直累计液态含水量45 kg/m2、回波顶高11km以及现场观测定性指标.实践证明,定量指标与现场观测定性指标相结合,提早识别冰雹云是防雹作业成功的关键.     

根据遥感观测资料鉴定农作物群体状况方法的原理

当前,苏联国家水文气象委员会系统,在为农业部门进行的农业气象服务中,广泛地运用农作物的群体特征进行生长状况的鉴定。农作物状况的一般评定是以等级来表示的目测鉴定,在这种情况下观测员只能够考虑2—3个参数,同时考虑农业技术人员等提供的情报。这种观测形式所固有的最大缺点是主观性。随着获取信息的遥感方法的发展,已经可以根据遥感观测结果使作物状况的鉴定建立在定量特征的基础上。对农作物群体生长状况的鉴定来说,利用遥感方法的物理学前提是以群体的能量亮度为基础,它在很大程     

测云方法研究进展

定性及定量云基础参量的观测(检测)结果,对提供未来天气变化趋势的依据有着非常重要的意义。对国内外学者多年来使用的各种测云方法得出的云空间分布等情况进行了综合评述。根据不同观测手段的特点,按空基遥感、地基遥感等方法加以区分,分别对上述测云方法逐个分析并相互比较,讨论各种测云方法的利弊,为今后使用这些方法开展的各种科学研究工作提供参考,并展望未来观测研究云的可能方向。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.