植被生态动力学模式中萌衍方案的研究进展

萌衍模块是植被生态动力学模式中群体动力学方案的重要组成部分,主要用于描述种子的生产、萌芽以及最终发展成新个体等一系列过程,对植被群落结构和演替起着至关重要的作用。然而,目前其参数化方案较不成熟,不同模式的方案差异较大,且存在众多不确定性。因此,为了提出更加合理的萌衍方案,作者首先从观测角度总结了影响种子生产和传播、种子库以及种子萌发和幼苗存活的各种因素;然后围绕森林林窗模型和全球植被动力学模式的萌衍方案进行较为全面的介绍和评述,重点关注对幼苗个体数增量的计算方案;最后讨论其中存在的不确定性和今后的发展方向。     

植物物候研究进展

植物物候是指示自然环境变化的重要指标,在当前全球变化的大背景下,植物物候对气候变化的响应及其模拟已成为当前国际上研究的热点。本文探讨了植物物候研究的意义,分析了影响物候的温度、水分、光周期及其他因子等主要环境因子的作用,综述了植物物候近几十年来对气候变化的响应特征,重点介绍了当前动态物候模型的2种基本类型,基于温度(积温)或其它环境变量的物候模型和基于碳平衡的物候模型,尽管后者机理性更强,模拟效果更好,但是仍无法彻底避免要应用与温度、水分等环境因子以及养分含量等的经验关系式。最后根据当前物候研究中存在的问题,讨论了未来物候研究的方向。     

植被覆盖与土壤水分的动力学模型

根据生态环境中的实况,建立了一个植被覆盖与土壤水分的动力学模式,能描述它们的相互作用,通过对模式的定性分析有如下初步结论,植被及其凋落物的存在大大改善了土壤对降水的入渗与吸收的能力,土壤水分随植被覆盖的变化（上升或下降）取决于具体的立地条件。     

中亚及中国新疆干旱区植被物候时空变化

基于1982-2006年GIMMS（Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies）长序列归一化植被指数数据,采用比例阈值法反演得到中亚及新疆地区植被过去25年的物候数据集;采用M-K趋势检验和Theil Sen斜率方法,分析植物生长季开始期、停止期和生长季长度的变化趋势,并结合历史土地利用数据和DEM数据评价不同植被覆盖类型和不同高程下的植被物候变化特征。结果表明：1982-2006年,中亚及中国新疆干旱区植被生长季开始期和停止期在区域尺度上没有显著提前或者延迟,但在局部地区变化明显,且空间差异较大。各植被覆盖类型的物候动态表现不同,农用地的生长季开始期提前最明显;落叶阔叶林等木本植被类型的生长季停止期以推迟为主,但其面积比例很小,影响十分有限;除灌丛和裸地外,其他类型均表现出生长季长度延长的趋势,但整个研究区植物生长季长度变化并不明显。不同高程下植被物候变化同样存在差异,区域气候变化改变了不同高程带的环境限制因子,继而对植被物候产生影响,特别是在2000～3000 m高程带,植被生长季开始期提前、停止期推迟和生长季长度延长更加明显。     

用一个耦合的全球格点大气环流模式-植被模式模拟中全新世气候变化

用一个耦合的全球格点大气环流模式－植被模式模拟中全新世的气候变化，模拟试验中考虑了地球轨道参数的变化，而其他强迫条件均取成现今值。结果表明，耦合的模式能够模拟出较今强的大尺度夏季风，特别是亚洲－非洲季风，而其他季节和区域的变化值一般都比较小。季风环流和季风降水都大幅度地增大了。结果还显示，耦合模式模拟的大尺度季风系统的变化同单纯大气环流模式模拟的结果非常相似，但是，在非洲北部季风区耦合模式模拟的降水和温度变化较单纯大气模式模拟的值要大，而且，耦合模式模拟的冬季降温值要比单纯大气模式模拟的结果小。     

木本植物物候变化及其对气候变化的响应

选取青海省4个农气观测站的木本植物物候期及气候资料，分析物候期变化及其对气候变化的响应关系。结果表明：（1）木本植物物候现象存在着明显的地域性。（2）呈现出作物生长季延长的趋势。（3）对气温的响应：上年9月至当年4月的平均气温升高1℃，全省小叶杨平均叶芽开放期提早5d，展叶普期提早4d，开花始期提早4d；上年9月至当年6月的平均气温升高1℃，全省平均种子成熟提早3d左右；上年9月至当年8月的平均气温升高1℃，全省平均叶全变色期约推迟4—5d，叶芽开放至秋季叶全变色期平均间隔日数延长12d。（4）小叶杨对降水的响应不明显。对日照的响应：日照时数增多10h，物候气提早或推迟小于1d。     

环杭州湾地区自然植被净初级生产力的变化特征及其成因

利用1971—2006年环杭州湾地区25个气象站的降水、温度和云量资料及全球CO2年平均体积分数资料,采用LPJ全球动态植被模式（Lund-Potsdam-Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model）,通过模拟环杭州湾地区的植被年净初级生产力（Annual Net Primary Productivity,ANPP）,分析了该地区ANPP的变化特征,并探讨了植被ANPP变化的可能原因。结果表明：1）就环杭州湾地区,36a间植被ANPP均表现出不同程度的增加,尤其以嘉兴市北部、绍兴市东部较明显;全区平均增加速率为1.5243g·m-2·a-2;2）通过多元线性回归分析发现,环杭州湾地区平均云量与植被ANPP的关系最为密切,偏相关系数为-0.5175,而温度、降水与植被ANPP的关系不明显;同时,植被ANPP对气候变化的响应存在一定的地域性差异;3）在全区平均情况下,36a间由温度下降、降水增加、云量减小、CO2体积分数升高引起的植被ANPP变化趋势分别为-0.0813、-0.0171、0.7601、0.8673g·m-2·a-2,其对应的贡献率分别为-5.18%、-1.09%、48.38%、55.21%。由此可见,该地区植被ANPP变化的主要强迫因子是CO2体积分数和云量,而降水变化对植被ANNP的变化作用不大。     

气温对巴楚县乔木物候的影响

利用新疆巴楚气象站1987—2013年物候资料和气象资料,运用线性回归、t检验、相关分析等方法,分析了巴楚县气温和乔木物候期的变化特征,以及气温对植物物候期的影响。结果表明：近27a巴楚县乔木春季展叶始期表现出明显提前趋势,秋季叶变色始期表现出推迟趋势,生长季明显延长;3月份气温对展叶始期的影响最显著,巴楚县3月份气温每上升1℃,乔木展叶始期提前2.6d。     

天山新疆段植被物候特征及其气候响应

基于MODIS的MCD12Q2数据,采用趋势分析和相关性分析方法,结合遥感降水和气温数据产品,探求了天山新疆段2001—2014年植被物候的时空变化及其影响因素的相对作用。天山新疆段植被物候始期呈明显的垂直地带性分布特征,集中于3月10日至5月15日,全区14年平均值为3月20日;植被物候末期具有纬度地带性分布特征,集中于10月1日至10月25日。天山新疆段植被物候始期在山区呈不显著推迟趋势,绿洲和平原呈不显著提前趋势;植被物候末期主要呈不显著提前趋势;降水量和气温是影响天山植被物候期的重要因素。物候始期受当年春季气温的影响最为显著,也受到前一年冬季降水量的影响,其与降水量呈正相关,与气温呈负相关。夏季和秋季降水量是天山新疆段植被物候末期的主要影响因素。     

青海草木植物物候对气候变化的响应及其应用

对青海省8个农气观测站的草本植物物候期现象的变化及及其对气候变化响应的回归分析。结果表明：①草本植物自然物候现象存在着明显的地域性。②草本植物最初至最后的自然物候现象出现期呈现出作物生长季延长的趋势。③草本植物物候对气温的响应：上年10月至当年4月平均气温升高1℃，全省草本平均萌动期提早2．2d左右，平均展叶期提早3．9d；上年10月至当年9月平均气温升高1℃，平均黄枯期提早0．4d，萌动期至黄枯期平均间隔日数延长约4．5d，①草本植物物候对降水的响应：上年10月至当年4月降水量增多10mm，全省草本平均萌动期提早1．5d，平均展叶期提早0．9d；上年10月至当年9月降水量增多10mm，萌动期至黄枯期平均间隔日数缩短0．8d.（5）草本植物物候对日照的响应：各物候均不明显。     

Development of the IAP Dynamic Global Vegetation Model

ABSTRACT The lAP Dynamic Global Vegetation Model （IAP-DGVM） has been developed to simulate the distribution and structure of global vegetation within the framework of Earth System Models. It incorporates our group＇s recent developments of major model components such as the shrub sub-model, establishment and competition parameterization schemes, and a process-based fire parameterization of intermediate complexity. The model has 12 plant functional types, including seven tree, two shrub, and three grass types, plus bare soil. Different PFTs are allowed to coexist within a grid cell, and their state variables are updated by various governing equations describing vegetation processes from fine-scale biogeophysics and biogeochemistry, to individual and population dynamics, to large-scale biogeography. Environmental disturbance due to fire not only affects regional vegetation competition, but also influences atmospheric chemistry and aerosol emissions. Simulations under observed atmospheric conditions showed that the model can correctly reproduce the global distribution of trees, shrubs, grasses, and bare soil. The simulated global dominant vegetation types reproduce the transition from forest to grassland （savanna） in the tropical region, and from forest to shrubland in the boreal region, but overestimate the region of temperate forest.     

Impact of Spin-up Forcing on Vegetation States Simulated by a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model Coupled with a Land Surface Model

A dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) coupled with a land surface model (LSM) is generally initialized using a spin-up process to derive a physically-consistent initial condition. Spin-up forcing, which is the atmospheric forcing used to drive the coupled model to equilibrium solutions in the spin-up process, varies across earlier studies. In the present study, the impact of the spin-up forcing in the initialization stage on the fractional coverages (FCs) of plant functional type (PFT) in the subsequent simulation stage are assessed in seven classic climate regions by a modified Community Land Model’s Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (CLM-DGVM). Results show that the impact of spin-up forcing is considerable in all regions except the tropical rainforest climate region (TR) and the wet temperate climate region (WM). In the tropical monsoon climate region (TM), the TR and TM transition region (TR-TM), the dry temperate climate region (DM), the highland climate region (H), and the boreal forest climate region (BF), where FCs are affected by climate non-negligibly, the discrepancies in initial FCs, which represent long-term cumulative response of vegetation to different climate anomalies, are large. Moreover, the large discrepancies in initial FCs usually decay slowly because there are trees or shrubs in the five regions. The intrinsic growth timescales of FCs for tree PFTs and shrub PFTs are long, and the variation of FCs of tree PFTs or shrub PFTs can affect that of grass PFTs.     

Earth System Model FGOALS-s2: Coupling a dynamic global vegetation and terrestrial carbon model with the physical climate system model

Earth System Models （ESMs） are fundamental tools for understanding climate-carbon feedback. An ESM version of the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model （FGOALS） was recently developed within the IPCC AR5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） modeling framework, and we describe the development of this model through the coupling of a dynamic global vegetation and terrestrial carbon model with FGOALS-s2. The performance of the coupled model is evaluated as follows. The simulated global total terrestrial gross primary production （GPP） is 124.4 PgC yr-I and net pri- mary production （NPP） is 50.9 PgC yr-1. The entire terrestrial carbon pools contain about 2009.9 PgC, comprising 628.2 PgC and 1381.6 PgC in vegetation and soil pools, respectively. Spatially, in the tropics, the seasonal cycle of NPP and net ecosystem production （NEP） exhibits a dipole mode across the equator due to migration of the monsoon rainbelt, while the seasonal cycle is not so significant in Leaf Area Index （LAI）. In the subtropics, especially in the East Asian monsoon region, the seasonal cycle is obvious due to changes in temperature and precipitation from boreal winter to summer. Vegetation productivity in the northern mid-high latitudes is too low, possibly due to low soil moisture there. On the interannual timescale, the terrestrial ecosystem shows a strong response to ENSO. The model- simulated Nifio3.4 index and total terrestrial NEP are both characterized by a broad spectral peak in the range of 2-7 years. Further analysis indicates their correlation coefficient reaches -0.7 when NEP lags the Nifio3.4 index for about 1-2 months.     

全球变暖背景下中国东部气候变迁及其对物候的影响

鉴于我国东部地区对全球气候变化的高度敏感性,本文应用1960~2014年的CRU和HadISST等全球地表（地球表面的简称,包括陆地和海洋表面,下同）温度再分析资料,采用地理等温线和春、秋季（代表月地表温度）时间的变迁速度等指标,分析了全球和中国东部地区的气候变化速度以及春、秋季物候的变化。结果显示:（1）自1960年以来,全球地表温度呈现十分清晰的上升趋势,其中,北半球（陆地）比南半球（海洋）变暖更显著,地理等温线向两极方向迁移;（2）南、北半球的春（秋）季明显提前（滞后）;（3）中国东部地表温度呈快速上升趋势,陆地升温虽普遍快于海洋,但东部海域升温快于相邻的陆地,地理等温线总体向北迁移,海域的春、秋季物候变化较陆地显著;（4）中国东部生物物候受气候变化影响明显,海域地理等温线的北移受到沿岸地形的抑制,海洋生物适应气候变化的能力受到限制,海洋生态系统及生物多样性将面临气候变化带来的显著风险。     

基于卫星遥感的植被NDVI对气候变化响应的研究进展

回顾了以往植被对气候响应的有关研究,从此类研究常使用的数据、方法及获取的结论3个方面进行了分析,重点阐述了归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）对降水、温度和辐射等气候因子的响应特征,并探讨了未来的发展趋势。结果表明,植被NDVI对降水的显著响应往往出现在干旱半干旱地区和干湿季气候差异明显地区,且具有一定的滞后特征,滞后的时间尺度与局地条件关系密切;温度成为植被NDVI 控制因子的情况常出现在温带或寒温带地区,与对降水的滞后响应相比,植被对于温度的滞后响应并不是特别明显;辐射对于植被的主导影响主要出现在低纬度的部分区域、高云量区域和高纬度地区的特定时间段内。认为量化人类在植被对气候变化响应过程中的作用,全球变暖情形下植被对气候响应特征的深入分析,以及植被受气候影响的多尺度特征可能是以后此类研究的发展方向。     

Investigation of Uncertainties of Establishment Schemes in Dynamic Global Vegetation Models简

In Dynamic Global Vegetation Models （DGVMs）, the establishment of woody vegetation refers to flowering, fertiliza- tion, seed production, germination, and the growth of tree seedlings. It determines not only the population densities but also other important ecosystem structural variables. In current DGVMs, establishments of woody plant functional types （PFTs） are assumed to be either the same in the same grid cell, or largely stochastic. We investigated the uncertainties in the competition of establishment among coexisting woody PFTs from three aspects： the dependence of PFT establishments on vegetation states; background establishment; and relative establishment potentials of different PFTs. Sensitivity experi- ments showed that the dependence of establishment rate on the fractional coverage of a PFT favored the dominant PFT by increasing its share in establishment. While a small background establishment rate had little impact on equilibrium states of the ecosystem, it did change the timescale required for the establishment of alien species in pre-existing forest due to their disadvantage in seed competition during the early stage of invasion. Meanwhile, establishment purely fiom background （the scheme commonly used in current DGVMs） led to inconsistent behavior in response to the change in PFT specification （e.g., number of PFTs and their specification）. Furthermore, the results also indicated that trade-off between irtdividual growth and reproduction/colonization has significant influences on the competition of establishment. Hence, further development of es- tablishment parameterization in DGVMs is essential in reducing the uncertainties in simulations of both ecosystem structures and successions.     

21世纪初中国北方地区植被变化特征分析

利用增强型植被指数(EVI)作为植被活动的指标, 用MODIS-EVI时间序列数据定量分析了2000～2009年间中国北方地区EVI的变化规律。结果表明:1)21世纪初中国北方地区植被覆盖总体改善, 局部退化, 10年来区域年平均EVI增加5.97%;2)逐季节平均EVI均呈现上升趋势, 春季、秋季上升幅度小, 夏季、冬季上升幅度大;3)中国北方地区植被稀少的区域呈减少趋势, 同时单位面积EVI增加, 植被生长更加茂盛;4)中国北方地区EVI变化空间异质性大。东北平原、华北平原、黄土高原和新疆农业区显著增加, 东北和西部部分地区植被退化。     

利用归一化植被指数研究植被分类、面积估算和不确定性分析的进展

植被在全球生态系统中扮演着重要的角色.陆地生态系统与全球气候变化也是息息相关.利用遥感资料对植被进行分类,并估算植被覆盖面积已成为一个极具活力的研究方向,其结果的准确度及误差来源受到不同程度的重视.作者对利用遥感资料研究植被分类,进行面积估算,分析其不确定性三个方面的研究进展进行了回顾和讨论,探索进一步利用遥感资料分析植被信息的可行性.     

近30年乌鲁木齐地区自然植被净第一性生产力变化分析

利用周广胜、张新时提出的自然植被净第一性生产力模型，估算分析了乌鲁木齐地区近30年自然植被净第一性生产力（NPP）的时空变化。结果表明，除后峡地区的NPP呈递减趋势外，其它各地的NPP总体上呈递增趋势；中山带的NPP最高，亚高山、高寒、低山和山前荒漠地带依次降低；气候变暖除对高寒地带的自然植被的NPP有一定的正效应外，对其它地区的NPP均产生较明显的负效应；年降水量的增加对提高自然植被净第一性生产力具有积极作用。     

Evaluation of CMIP5 Earth System Models in Reproducing Leaf Area Index and Vegetation Cover over the Tibetan Plateau

The abilities of 12 earth system models (ESMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase5 (CMIP5) to reproduce satellite-derived vegetation biological variables over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) were examined. The results show that most of the models tend to overestimate the observed leaf area index (LAI) and vegetation carbon above the ground, with the possible reasons being overestimation of photosynthesis and precipitation. The model simulations show a consistent increasing trend with observed LAI over most of the TP during the reference period of 1986-2005, while they fail to reproduce the downward trend around the headstream of the Yellow River shown in the observation due to their coarse resolutions. Three of the models: CCSM4, CESM1-BGC, and NorESM1-ME, which share the same vegetation model, show some common strengths and weaknesses in their simulations according to our analysis. The model ensemble indicates a reasonable spatial distribution but overestimated land coverage, with a significant decreasing trend (-1.48% per decade) for tree coverage and a slight increasing trend (0.58% per decade) for bare ground during the period 1950-2005. No significant sign of variation is found for grass. To quantify the relative performance of the models in representing the observed mean state, seasonal cycle, and interannual variability, a model ranking method was performed with respect to simulated LAI. INMCM4, bcc-csm-1.1m, MPI-ESM-LR, IPSL CM5A-LR, HadGEM2-ES, and CCSM4 were ranked as the best six models in reproducing vegetation dynamics among the 12 models.