用地球位模型和GPS/水准数据确定我国大陆似大地水准面

用地球位模型和GPS/水准数据确定了我国大陆地区的似大地水准面。采取的方法是,对于每一个GPS/水准点,用地球位模型计算其高程异常值,并与其GPS/水准实测高程异常值比较,得到计算值的改正数,以此改正附近15′×15′格网点上用地球位模型计算的高程异常。方法的实质是将地球位模型计算的似大地水准面拟合于GPS/水准实测的似大地水准面。计算共使用了遍布大陆的950多个GPS/水准点,点间距大约100km。得到的15′×15′似大地水准面的精度,就全国而言,平均好于±0.5m,105°E以东地区接近±0.3m,以西地区接近±0.6m,青藏地区接近±0.5m。     

江西省现代大地基准似大地水准面精化完善

充分利用GNSS/水准点资料,运用自适应最小二乘配置方法对重力似大地水准面进行纠正,得到了分辨率为1.5′×1.5′的江西省似大地水准面模型,总体内符合精度为±1.8cm;并对江西省现代大地基准似大地水准面精化完善的模型和2004年似大地水准面精化试点的模型做了比较和分析。     

用FFT计算川西地区的高程异常

川西地区地势复杂,进行常规测绘工作很艰难。若采用GPS作为1:5万航测图的控制,既可以减轻大地测量工作的困难,也有很好的经济效益。但在高程方面,必须将GPS测定的大地高转换为正常高。如此需有高分辨率的似大地水准面。本文用平面近似的Stokes公式,并顾及Molodensky一阶项,用FFT计算了Δφ=14°Δλ=12°川西地区5′×5′的似大地水准面,结果与该区的天文重力水准及GPS水准比较,精度约为±1米,并认为顾及剩余重力异常较单纯用位系数模型的结果精度高20％。此外,还认为用0.5′×0.5′的DTM,再顾及Molodensky一阶项,精度还可提高20％。     

关于我国似大地水准面的精化及有关问题

着重分析了我国新一代似大地水准面模型CQG2 0 0 0的实际分辨率 ,给出了该模型的精度估计 ,得出总体分辨率为 2 0km ,精度为± 0 .4m ;60 %地区分辨率达到或优于 1 0km ,精度为± 0 .3m。介绍了目前精化大地水准面的国际先进水平 ,指出了进一步精化我国大地水准面的必要性和途径及有关问题。     

基于EGM2008和SRTM模型确定的新疆地区似大地水准面及其精度评估

基于EGM2008重力场模型(2190阶)和SRTM数字高程模型,在Molodensky理论框架下,确定了新疆地区15′×15′似大地水准面,并与新疆地区15个点位的实测GPS/水准数据进行了比较,结果表明,所确定的新疆地区15′×15′似大地水准面的精度约为0.2m。     

最新中国陆地数字高程基准模型:重力似大地水准面CNGG2011

本文回顾了近20年国内外国家局部大地水准面模型研究的概况和发展背景,采用Stokes-Helmert方法,计算了一个新的2′×2′中国重力和1985国家高程基准似大地水准面数值模型（CNGG2011）,采用了1百万余陆地重力数据和SRTM 7″.5×7″.5地形高数据,以及649个B级GPS水准点数据。CNGG2011平均精度为±0.13m,东部地区±0.07m,西部地区±0.14m。各省区局部似大地水准面平均精度为±0.06m,东部为±0.05m,西部为±0.11m。西藏精度为±0.22m。本文还讨论了重力大地水准面与GPS水准的关系,提出了今后进一步精化我国高程基准大地水准面模型的构想。     

广东地区地球重力场模型的比较与选择

为了优化广东地区的似大地水准面,需要选择最适合该地区的地球重力场模型。本文对该地区6个具有代表性的地球重力场模型及简单组合模型,从高程异常、重力异常和垂线偏差3个方面的精度进行比较分析。结果表明,各模型所代表的似大地水准面与该地区的大地水准面之间均存在着一定的系统偏差,而EGM2008/EIGEN-6C简单组合模型精度则优于其他模型,此模型可作为该地区似大地水准面优化的参考重力场首选模型。     

高分辨率厘米级局部大地水准面的典型应用

介绍了香港大地水准面HKGEOID_2 0 0 0和深圳市高分辨率、高精度似大地水准面SZGEOID_2 0 0 0。利用HKGEOID_2 0 0 0和GPS椭球高求得的正常高与香港地区由三角高程测量得到的“正常高 (或本地高 )”进行比较 ,结果表明 ,其差值的均方根为 0 .1 0 2m ,标准差 (STD)为± 3 .4cm。结合HKGEOID_2 0 0 0、SZGEOID_2 0 0 0和这两个大地水准面模型重复覆盖地区的高精度GPS水准数据 ,探测这两个大地水准面模型之间的差异和香港主要高程基准面 (HKPD)与我国 1 95 6黄海高程基准面之间的系统偏差。     

青藏高原地区大地水准面与似大地水准面的转换

研究了联合重力场模型和地形系数模型直接计算大地水准面与似大地水准面差值的方法;分析了影响计算结果精度的误差源。提出利用实际地形数据SRTM3以及密度数据CRUST2.0改善计算结果的建议,并分别进行了比较。青藏高原地区的实际计算结果表明,该地区大地水准面与似大地水准面的差值均值约为0.8 m。     

CQG2000在西藏地区的模型优化与应用

针对中国2000似大地水准面模型-CQG2000在西藏地区精度约为±0．6m的实际情况,为满足1：1万比例尺测图工程需要,提出利用该地区现有GPS水准成果,对CQG2000进行模型优化,并利用拉萨和那曲地区实测数据对优化后模型精度进行了检验与验证,结果表明,优化后的似大地水准面模型能够满足1：1万地形图像控制点测量精度要求,有效提高了CQG2000使用效率与适用范围。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

使用FME与VBA提取机场方格网高程数据

因受机场工程设计软件的测量数据容量限制,基于LiDAR采集、点云分类后得到的地面点云数据LAS不能完整应用于目前设计软件进行设计计算。本文通过对拟选技术方案的筛选,提出了利用FME Workbench数据处理功能,结合VBA编程获取外部方格网平面数据的方法。该方法在FME Workbench中实现了地面点云数据构建TIN、采用逐点内插方法从TIN中提取方格网高程数据、等高线生成及相应图形处理与成果输出。最终通过实际算例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

自动车辆定位导航系统中传感器的误差分析

对国界定位导航系统中几种常见的辅助传感器所产生的误差进行了分析，导出了不同传感器的误差模型。这些误差模型是估计车辆位置的扩展卡尔曼滤波器的基础，同时也为选择适当的传感器提供了理论根据。     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.