二连盆地稠油地球化学及其成因探讨

稠油在二连盆地内广泛分布,其成因可分为原生稠油和次生稠油两类。原生稠油来自未成熟或低成熟的白垩系烃源岩的直接排烃和原油运移过程中的分异,主要为普通稠油(粘度为100～5000mPa·s),而次生稠油则是原生稠油受生物降解、水洗和氧化等次生稠变的产物,并具有不同的稠化程度。基于大量稠油物性、饱和烃色谱和色质分析数据,探讨了不同类型稠油的特征,并根据稠化程度的差异将二连盆地稠油归纳为一个稠变序列,即低成熟—未成熟稠油(粘度100～2000 mPa·s)、轻度生物降解稠油(粘度500～5000 mPa·s)、中度生物降解稠油(粘度1000～50000 mPa·s)、重度生物降解稠油(粘度>50000 mPa·s)。随原油稠化程度的不断增加,其产物从普通稠油变化为特稠油。原油在盆地斜坡带和凹中隆起的高部位最容易发生次生稠变而形成稠油。多种稠变作用的叠加是二连地区稠油大面积分布的主要原因。     

辽河盆地西部凹陷稠油分布区地层水化学特征

地层水特征是研究盆地演化及稠油分布的重要因素.稠油在辽河盆地已探明的石油储量中占有重要比例, 地层水化学场研究是预测稠油分布的基础,利用地层水地球化学特征和同位素资料研究地层水来源,分析水介质条件对原油降解稠化的影响.研究表明:西部凹陷地层水的矿化度和离子构成受深度控制,具有“垂向流”特征;其化学组成及变化规律的差异反映了不同地区地表水注入强度及局部地下水运动特征的变化,地表水注入强度及运动特征的差异是原油生物降解程度不同的主要原因,地下水的循环特征决定了其化学条件和原油生物降解程度,地表水淋滤作用是降解型稠油发育的必要条件.      

辽河盆地西部凹陷稠油成因类型及其油源分析

根据原油的成熟度、生物降解程度及生物降解后油气的注入情况等多元因素,将辽河盆地西部凹陷的稠油划分为原生稠油、降解型稠油和降解—混合型稠油,在此基础上对该区稠油的油源进行了分析;研究表明,富伽马蜡烷的未熟原生稠油和未熟—降解型及低熟—降解型稠油可能主要来源于沙四段源岩,富4-甲基甾烷型的原油可能与沙三段具有亲缘关系。     

25—降藿烷系列的“异常”分布及其成因

２５－降藿烷系列是一类通常作为原油遭受深度生物降解作用可靠标志的生物标志物，笔者了近在研究新疆三塘湖盆地某井上二叠统生油岩和油砂样以及辽河高升油田某些曹受不同程度生物降解作用的稠油时发现了２５－降藿烷系列的“异常”分布：即２５－降藿烷系列存在于上述二叠统生油岩和未遭生物降解的油砂，而非生物降解的稠油中，为此笔者认为，２５－降藿烷系列不一定是原油遭受生物降解作物后的产物，它在生油岩中的存在表明成岩早     

查干凹陷下白垩统稠油地球化学特征及成因分析

通过对稠油进行常规物性、碳同位素和有机地球化学分析,系统阐述了查干凹陷稠油地化特征及其形成的主控因素。查干凹陷存在原生和次生两类稠油,原生稠油非烃含量高于饱和烃含量,原油族组分富集轻碳同位素,C₂₉规则甾烷系列中以ααα构型为主,αββ构型甾烷含量低,没有重排甾烷。三环萜/五环萜值低,伽马蜡烷含量高,姥植比值低,其成烃母质沉积于高盐还原环境,多种地化参数表明原生稠油是巴音戈壁组烃源岩低熟演化阶段排烃的产物。次生稠油为油气运聚成藏之后,由于后期保存条件改变并经历次生改造作用形成的高密度、高黏度和低凝固点的原油。次生稠油埋深一般小于1200 m,主要为生物降解油,其中部分属于多期混源稠油。次生稠油正构烷烃损失严重,类异戊二烯烃不同程度遭受侵蚀,甾萜烷分布完整,表征原油达到中等降解程度。研究表明,原油稠化是多种稠化因素共同作用的结果,生物降解作用是研究区稠油形成的主要机制,查干凹陷后期的构造抬升为原油稠化提供了必要条件,活跃的水介质条件为浅层喜氧微生物活动提供了良好的氧化环境和营养物质。     

东营凹陷生物降解稠油甾烷分子的选择蚀变

为分析生物降解原油中甾烷生物标志物分子发生选择性蚀变的先后顺序及生物降解作用对甾烷分子成熟度参数的影响,在渤海湾盆地东营凹陷广饶潜山油藏选择了发生不同程度生物降解作用的原油,利用色谱质谱(GC-MS)仪对其中甾烷进行了定量测试分析和对比。结果发现在生物降解过程中,不同级别的生物降解作用对甾烷具有不同程度的影响:6级以下的生物降解作用对甾烷的降解能力有限,甾烷及其相关化合物比值没有可以识别的改变;6级以上的严重生物降解作用会对甾烷生物标志物的相关参数产生显著的影响。在严重生物降解原油中(级别≥6):甾烷系列被降解和蚀耗的先后顺序为,ααα20R>αββ20R>αββ20S≥ααα20S,C27>C29>C28,规则甾烷优先于重排甾烷发生降解,C27,C28,C29甾烷优先于C20,C21甾烷发生降解;甾烷生物标志物分子参数C2920S/(20S+20R),C29ββ/(ββ+αα)会发生显著升高,不能真实反映成熟度大小。研究结果为正确评价生物降解原油的成熟度及甾烷生物标志物分子的选择性蚀变提供了新的科学依据。     

乐安油田多期充注及生物降解作用对稠油黏度的影响分析北大核心CSCD

乐安油田稠油黏度高,开采难度大。该区原油遭受严重生物降解作用以及多期次油气充注影响,原油黏度差别较大。运用有机地球化学方法,对乐安油田8口井所采的9件油样进行了生物标志物特征分析,以研究生物降解作用和后期油气充注对原油物性造成的影响。研究表明,原油组分受生物降解作用改造明显,生物降解级别至少在6级以上,但是最终的组成成分以及原油黏度主要受后期油气充注作用影响。25-降藿烷与正构烷烃系列共存、重排甾烷和规则甾烷以及藿烷与25-降藿烷系列绝对含量的变化关系均说明乐安油田的原油属于生物降解和多期充注共同作用的混合原油,其绝对含量与生物降解作用和油气多期充注作用密切相关,因此通过对该区稠油的形成及控制因素加以分析,可为以后稠油的生产开发打好基础。     

乐安油田多期充注及生物降解作用对稠油黏度的影响分析

乐安油田稠油黏度高,开采难度大。该区原油遭受严重生物降解作用以及多期次油气充注影响,原油黏度差别较大。运用有机地球化学方法,对乐安油田8口井所采的9件油样进行了生物标志物特征分析,以研究生物降解作用和后期油气充注对原油物性造成的影响。研究表明,原油组分受生物降解作用改造明显,生物降解级别至少在6级以上,但是最终的组成成分以及原油黏度主要受后期油气充注作用影响。25-降藿烷与正构烷烃系列共存、重排甾烷和规则甾烷以及藿烷与25-降藿烷系列绝对含量的变化关系均说明乐安油田的原油属于生物降解和多期充注共同作用的混合原油,其绝对含量与生物降解作用和油气多期充注作用密切相关,因此通过对该区稠油的形成及控制因素加以分析,可为以后稠油的生产开发打好基础。     

准噶尔盆地中部III 区块原油中25-降藿烷分布特征与成因意义

通过对准噶尔盆地中部Ш区块原油或油砂抽提物的饱和烃气相色谱-质谱分析,研究了原油或油砂抽提物中25-降藿烷的分布规律.结果表明,不同井区或同一口井不同深度(层位)的原油25-降藿烷的相对含量存在比较明显的差别,表明其所遭受的生物降解程度有所差异,沿构造带从南到北,同一油层中原油的生物降解程度增强,比如位于构造北部(构造部位相对较高)的永1井、永3井侏罗系原油25-降藿烷丰度较高,表明生物降解比较明显,而位于南部(构造低部位)的永6井白垩系和侏罗系油层中的原油均无明显的生物降解现象;同一口井随深度增大生物降解作用将弱,如永2井浅部白垩系油层的原油降解较严重,而深部西山窑组的原油降解作用则不明显.根据原油生物降解的特征,结合车-莫古隆起调整对研究区油气成藏的影响,讨论了原油生物降解差异分布的成因机制.     

准噶尔盆地中部Ш区块原油中25—降藿烷分布特征与成因意义

通过对准噶尔盆地中部Ш区块原油或油砂抽提物的饱和烃气相色谱-质谱分析,研究了原油或油砂抽提物中25-降藿烷的分布规律.结果表明,不同井区或同一口井不同深度(层位)的原油25-降藿烷的相对含量存在比较明显的差别,表明其所遭受的生物降解程度有所差异,沿构造带从南到北,同一油层中原油的生物降解程度增强,比如位于构造北部(构造部位相对较高)的永1井、永3井侏罗系原油25-降藿烷丰度较高,表明生物降解比较明显,而位于南部(构造低部位)的永6井白垩系和侏罗系油层中的原油均无明显的生物降解现象;同一口井随深度增大生物降解作用将弱,如永2井浅部白垩系油层的原油降解较严重,而深部西山窑组的原油降解作用则不明显.根据原油生物降解的特征,结合车-莫古隆起调整对研究区油气成藏的影响,讨论了原油生物降解差异分布的成因机制.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料,就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因,其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应,以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上,讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the