Indoor radon concentrations in relation to geology in Slovenia

For this study 330 instantaneous indoor radon concentrations were selected from the database assembled during the Slovenian National Radon Programme. A relationship was found between indoor radon concentrations, rock type, tectonic faults and age of buildings. Indoor radon concentrations were elevated in buildings that were older than 50 years and in those with a fault under foundations. When these data were eliminated, elevated indoor radon levels were found only in buildings built on limestone. Our conclusions were confirmed by using the machine learning methods: clustering and multiple regression.     

氡气测量在工程地质中的应用--以西南某水电站右坝肩稳定性研究为例

本文分析了氡气测量的原理和氡气异常与不同地质现象的关系 ,提出了氡异常的判据与特征 ,并结合工程实例探讨了氡气测量在工程地质中的重要作用。     

Correlation between geology and radon levels in groundwater, soil and indoor air in Bhilangana Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India

 Radon concentrations were measured in soil, air and groundwater in Bhilangana Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India by using an LR-115 plastic track detector and radon emanometer. Radon concentrations were found to vary from 1 KBq/m³ to 57 KBq/m³ in soil , 5 Bq/l to 887 Bq/l in water and 95 Bq/m³ to 208 Bq/m³ in air. The recorded values are quite high due to associated uranium mineralization in the area. Radon concentration was also found to depend on the tectonic structure and geology of the area. Received: 22 July 1996 · Accepted: 8 January 1997     

地形对砂岩型铀矿氡气测量的干扰作用及其修正方法

砂岩型铀矿地面氡浓度与地形的相关性较为密切,地形改造作用破坏了氡浓度的客观形态.通过探讨地形干扰作用的起因,并结合地面氡、镭的实测数据分析,认为地表的氡异常主要是由深部纳米级的238U和226Ra经接力传递作用迁移至地表后衰变形成.同时为了抑制地形的干扰,采用子区中位数衬值滤波法对氡浓度数据进行处理,结果显示在保留高异常的基础上,能够增强弱异常信息,以及发现新的矿致异常,取得了较好的应用效果.     

Soil-to-dwelling radon isotope ratio in the Baikal region

Relations between indoor and soil gas radon were experimentally studied in villages of the Baikal region. On the basis of the obtained data, the soil-to-indoor radon ratio was calculated, which can be used for prediction of radon pollution in buildings of the same kind.     

聊城—兰考断裂及其土壤汞、氡气异常

分析了聊城—兰考断裂带形成和地质背景,将断裂带划分为3段,分述各段不同时代构造特征和地震活动等。土壤汞气、氡气测量得出,该区域存在明显的汞气、氡气异常,且异常位置接近,异常区宽度多在90～200m,表明地壳存在着汞气和氡气向上运移通道,证实了隐伏断裂存在,而且具有活动性。     

Migration from the city to the countryside in Hungary and Poland

After the changes of 1989, urban-to-rural migration in Poland and Hungary remained stable compared to rural-to-urban migration. This was connected to a growing importance of suburbanisation around major Hungarian and Polish cities. Suburban areas around these cities are attracting increasing numbers of migrants from the major cities. Pollution and higher crime rates, as well as rising living costs and increasing uncertainties make many people to decide to leave the city for the surrounding countryside. Not only upper middle-class people move to the suburbs, but also lower status people, for whom life in the big city became too difficult. Long-distance migration from the cities to the rural areas is declining. Economic problems together with low employment opportunities prevent people from making such a move. Though the overall level of urban-to-rural migration did not change too much, this article shows the rapidly increasing importance of suburbanisation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

新疆及邻区地质与矿产研究进展

1 Scientific papers about Xinjiang geologyand ore deposits in last 20 yearsScientific research projects mainly supported by the Ministryof Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(organized by the National 305 Project Office),National NaturalScience Foundation of China, and China Geological Survey     

某铀矿山环境空气中氡污染现状调查

介绍了2005～2008年期间,用REM-III型氡析出率仪和DHZM-I型氡及其子体连续监测仪对某铀矿山的工作场所和居民区分别进行土壤(岩石)氡析出率和环境空气中氡浓度的测量,并应用适当的估算模式估算氡吸入所致公众年有效剂量。结果表明,随着对辐射环境治理工作的加强和人们环保意识的提高,在所监测的工作场所中,大部分监测点的氡浓度没有超过国家规定的限值;在居民区,也没有发现任何监测点的个人剂量超过核工业辐射环境质量评价规定的限值。     

某矿山^222Rn及其子体污染的调查

介绍了2005～2007年用DHZM—Ⅰ型氡及其子体连续监测仪对某矿山的工作场所和生活区分别进行环境氡及其子体浓度的测量。监测结果表明,所监测的工作场所中,大部分监测点的氡及其子体浓度都在国家规定的限值范围内;在居民区,扣除本底后,未发现任何监测点的个人有效剂量当量超过国家规定的限值。笔者还对该矿山的平衡因子进行了分析研究,并给出了研究结果。     

土壤氡测量技术在新疆塔什库尔干县地热资源勘查中的应用

土壤氡测量技术是地热地质勘查的一种有效方法,目的是确定隐伏断层和地热流体富集部位。本次笔者在研究区进行了点状网度控制和剖面线状追索两种方法的土壤氡测量工作,野外共采集1904组数据。根据松散堆积地层物质来源的不同,对数据采用了分区和分段处理方法,发现区内不同地层土壤氡值背景有很大差异:变质岩碎屑堆积背景值为392.1 Bq/m3,花岗岩碎屑堆积为1930.2 Bq/m3,正长岩和花岗岩混杂堆积为1571.1 Bq/m3。统计了数据的离散程度,确定了异常下限判断标准,在此基础上分析了区内土壤氡分布特征。研究表明:土壤氡高值分布对隐伏断裂位置和地热异常具有较好的指示意义。     

Surveillance and state-making through EU agricultural policy in Hungary

This paper explores how the implementation of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and agri-environment measures in particular have been used to increase state oversight into rural affairs and land use in Hungary. The governmentalities of the agricultural sector through Europeanisation include stringent inspections and controls as part and parcel of accountability drives around the disbursement of subsidies. Agricultural surveillance mechanisms and processes are recounted here as holistic, perpetual and immediate, composed of the remote, administrative, as well as embodied physical encounters. Through ethnographic engagement with the Hungarian state’s interactions with its farmers during inspections, the forms and consequences of neoliberal governmentality are given life in a post-socialist context. I elucidate the numerous subjectivities involved in these encounters, and how bureaucratic and administrative requirements underlie the rise of private consultants, where social capital and informal networks are of great importance for the successful navigation of the agricultural system. On the part of farmers, subsidies’ accountability systems were lived as unjust, giving rise to speculation around the ‘real’ intended purposes of agri-environment legislation, which in turn undermines the expert authority of the state and heightens skepticism towards the European ‘project’.     

砂岩型铀矿床上氡及其子体异常分析

本文分析了砂岩型铀矿床上氡及其子体异常特征及其形成的机理，分析了砂岩型铀矿床的地质特点、U-Ra平衡、粒子反冲、团簇效应和自然电场等，对砂岩型铀矿床上氡及其子体异常的分布规律进行了探讨。     

北京平原区隐伏断裂与氡浓度响应关系

北京地区隐伏断裂发育,NW及NE向断裂相互交汇,成为未来可能发生地震的构造。为了研究活动断裂与土壤氡浓度的响应关系,本次对北京平原区NW和NE向2条剖面进行了氡浓度测量。通过测试分析,基本查明了隐伏构造与土壤氡浓度的对应关系以及影响土壤氡浓度的相关地质因素。研究表明,活动断裂存在的区域氡浓度明显高于周边区域,且在构造复杂与活动性强的断裂区域氡浓度值变化更为明显;新生界厚度对氡的散逸强度存在一定的制约,北京地区新生界厚度与氡浓度水平成正相关;不同成土母质核素比活度不同,对区域氡浓度背景值亦存在影响。本次研究成果确定了隐伏断裂与土壤氡浓度的对应关系,以及新生界厚度和不同成土母质土壤对土壤氡浓度的影响,为今后在平原区开展隐伏断裂调查及氡浓度研究工作有重要借鉴和指导意义。     

印度区域地质矿产概况

印度共和国是印度板块的主体,也是冈瓦纳大陆的重要组成部分,主要由七个古老克拉通（陆块群）、分隔克拉通的活动带与盆地等构成。自北向南依次为：①喜马拉雅活动带,主要为具有元古代基底的古近纪-新进纪活动带;②印度河-恒河平原过渡带（山前坳陷带）,主要由为第四系、古近系-新进系和第四系冲积物构成;③印度半岛克拉通,主要由西塔尔瓦尔、东塔尔瓦尔、巴斯塔、辛本,本德尔坎德、阿拉瓦利和印度南部麻粒岩地体等7个太古宙陆块（或次级克拉通）群构成;④萨德布尔活动带;⑤东高止山活动带;⑥德干高原玄武岩省（LIP）（图1）。     

Communities after markets. The long road of winemakers to self-governance in post-communist Hungary

The performance of post-communist countries in building institutions for self-governance by users of common-pool resources has been meagre. While previous studies have emphasised weak social capital and bad policies, we focus on the dynamic effect of market institutions on self-organisation. We argue that common-pool resource users who trade their products are more likely to self-organise after private enterprises and their markets are in place. Therefore, the absence of market-supporting institutions was one of the factors that hindered the self-organisation of producers after the collapse of communism. While markets often destroy communities, we detect a positive effect in this geo-historical context. Two case studies about the development of local communities of winemakers in Hungary between 1990 and 2014 illustrate the logic of institutional dynamics.     

民国时期的地质矿产类博物馆

综述民国时期各种类别的地质矿产博物馆,并对其进行简要评说。地质科研机构附设的地质馆、大学的地质标本陈列室、专类地质陈列馆、综合性博物馆中的地质馆以及临时性的地质展览会。在各类地质矿产陈列馆中,由科研机构附设的地质馆占有极其重要的地位和分量。各种类别地质馆共同构成的民国时期地质矿产类博物馆体系,为博物馆史研究者提供了较为详实的参考资料。     

构造地质与工程地质的基本关系

构造地质学是研究各种地质构造及其成生演化的基础地质学 ,工程地质学主要是应用地质学理论尤其是构造地质学理论解决人类工程建设活动中与构造现象和构造活动有密切关系的地质问题的应用地质学。二者的研究目的虽然不同 ,但所研究的主要对象是相同的 ,即都是地质构造 ,所研究的又都是地球变化过程中的构造变动及其各类效应。文中讨论了构造地质学与工程地质学之间的基本关系 ,主要包括地质构造对工程地质环境和工程地质条件的控制作用 ;深部构造、浅部构造以及表层构造动力学特征与区域地壳稳定性之间的关系 ;构造结构面、构造应力场与岩土体稳定性的关系 ;活动构造与工程建筑安全性的关系以及地质构造与崩滑流、地裂缝、地面沉降等地质灾害的关系等问题。     

Low-density geochemical mapping in Hungary

Guidelines for a low-density geochemical survey were described in 1990 by the Western European Geological Surveys. A low-density geochemical survey of Hungary was carried out in 1991–1995. The results are useful for future surveys and for the IGCP 360 project ‘Global Geochemical Baseline’. In regions with well-developed drainage systems in Hungary, 196 catchment basins of approx. 400 km² were delineated and flood-plain deposits sampled at their outlets. The samples were taken from 0 to 10 cm and from 50 to 60 cm depths. Samples were analysed by ICP-AES and AAS techniques in two laboratories. A Geochemical Atlas of Hungary is in preparation that will show the distribution of 25 elements in the two sampled layers. Maps for the lower layer represent regional geochemical baseline values and a geochemical subdivision of the country (maps showing the distribution of element associations) was made on the basis of factor variables. Maps constructed from the data of the upper sampling level show us the present state of contamination of the surface. The results of this survey have contributed to the establishment of guidance values for soils prepared by the Hungarian Ministry of the Environment in 1995. Safe levels were established for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn and regional environmental loads plotted. Differences between the median values of the two levels are generally small. However, the concentrations of certain elements like P, Pb and S are significantly greater in the upper layer reflecting contamination from agriculture. In certain regions, the rate of sedimentation was fairly fast such that the environmental effects of ore mining in Transylvania and southern Slovakia as well as those of heavy industry in northern Hungary can be observed in samples from the lower level. The main factor controlling the geochemical pattern in Hungary is the predominance of young (Pleistocene or Miocene) clastic sediments at the surface. Approx. 90% of the surface is covered by these young sediments. This kind of survey has the disadvantage of not providing enough contrast to differentiate geologically dissimilar areas but it has the advantage to provide regional surface background geochemical data and it helps to outline areas of possible surface contamination. Based on the results of this survey we conclude that it would be much better to sample smaller, but geologically homogeneous areas in mountainous terrain to obtain data characteristic of the geochemical background of lithologic units. This approach would mean a sampling density of a few tens of km²/sample for hilly areas, and a few hundred km²/sample for lowland areas.     

Rural restructuring in Hungary in the period of socio-economic transition

Rural settlements in Hungary account for 93% of all settlements and 37% of the country's population. Since 1989 they are scenes of spectacular changes. Based on some case studies of less developed villages this paper considers the most important characteristics of the post-socialist rural transformation by examining the local economy and living conditions. The main issues are how local actors (for example, economic corporations, households and individuals) have been affected by the interaction of supralocal and local factors and how they responded to them. Such responses can be considered to be manifestations of survival strategy.