广州地区1994年6月洪涝期间降水的物理化学特征

受9403号强热带风暴登陆和锋面暴雨的影响,致使珠江下游出现百年一遇特大洪涝灾害,本文在此期间分析了在从化气象站密集观测的雨水成分与雨滴谱资料,结果表明:（1）雨滴谱型以多峰谱为主,极少出现无峰谱;（2） 雨水的pH值均比较低;（3）在雨水离子中以SO2-4和NH+4的浓度最高,雨水中被富集的主要是NO-3;（4）气溶胶水溶性离子成分中,SO2-4和Ca2+的浓度最高。     

自然积云与催化积云地面雨水温度的差异

该文根据1989—1990年夏、秋在湖南所获的45块自然积云和催化积云地面雨水温度、环境气温、雨量以及部分雷达资料进行了统计和个例分析。结果表明:催化积云雨水温度比自然积云雨水温度低,平均低0.8℃;催化积云雨水温度大多数较环境气温低,平均低2.O℃,最大低2.3℃。     

广州春季锋面降水的物理化学特征

通过对一次典型华南春季锋面层状云降水的物理特征与化学性质的分层密集观测分析，认识到：（１）本次降水雨滴浓度不高，滴径较小，因而雨强较小；（２）雨水ｐＨ值较低，平均为４．７８；离子成分中以ＮＨ，ＳＯ，ＮＯ的含量最高，其次是Ｃｌ－与Ｎａ＋；（３）在贴地层内，雨水在下落过程中离子成分是增加的，ｐＨ值逐渐升高，增加最多的离子成份是ＮＨ；（４）在降水开始后雨水ｐＨ值起伏上升，而后持续下降，雨水中Ｃｌ－与Ｎａ＋关系密切。     

浅谈露水的观测

根据露水与雨水和露水与植物吐水它们之间的区别,提出对露水观测记录的一些浅见,为大家观测提供参考.     

贵阳市酸雨过程的天气学研究

１９９４－１９９５年在贵阳市眍５个监测站进行了雨水ＰＨ值观测，取得资料４７６份。从资料分析中得到：雨水ＰＨ值与天气背景有关，其中以静止锋天气影响最为显著，酸雨出现机率达４８．２９％；在其他天气影响下，酸雨出现机率也达３０％以上。     

上海地区云水和雨水酸度及化学组分分析

1986年6月中旬至7月上旬,中国科学院大气物理研究所与上海环保所和上海气象研究所合作对上海地区的雨水和云水进行了综合观测。结果表明:上海市区雨水酸度大于郊区雨水的酸度;该地区市区、郊区以及云水的SO_4=/NO_3~-当量浓度比分别为9.9、14.2和5.8;上海地区的酸雨形成既有云下“冲刷”过程,又有云中“雨洗”过程;酸性物质的来源既有局地源,又有长距离输送源。     

贵阳市SO2雨水清除系统的研究

提出了一种利用SO2空中和雨水采样资料和气象资料、云物理探测资料等计算云下SO2降水清除系数的方法，计算了贵阳市冬、夏季不同雨强下的SO2除水清除系数kw，并将所得结果实际用于城市SO2浓度的数值计算。结果表明，这一方法所得结果与实际情况相当一致。     

云化学模式及其若干研究进展

本文从云的微物理过程、云中化学反应、云水、雨水对污染气体和气溶胶的清除过程,云化学模式等方面,总结介绍了近几年来云化学模式的若干研究进展。     

城市雨水资源化潜力研究

我国水资源短缺,许多城市都面临着水资源短缺问题。充分利用城市降水资源,实施雨水资源化是一条既经济快捷又广泛有效的途径,并可带来一系列生态环境效应。根据城市下垫面性质的不同,将城市建成区划分为不透水区、园林绿地区和水域区3种类型,分别分析了在这3种下垫面情况下雨水资源的利用方式和利用潜力,提出了城市雨水资源化潜力模型。最后利用逐日降水资料,分析了商丘市2000-2005年城市雨水资源化现实潜力。计算结果表明,商丘市年平均雨水资源化可能潜力为22.94×106m3,现实潜力为18.58×106m3,接近常年城市供水总量的30%。     

城市雨水资源化潜力研究

我国水资源短缺,许多城市都面临着水资源短缺问题.充分利用城市降水资源,实施雨水资源化是-条既经济快捷又广泛有效的途径,并可带来一系列生态环境效应.根据城市下垫面性质的不同,将城市建成区划分为不透水区、园林绿地区和水域区3种类型,分别分析了在这3种下垫面情况下雨水资源的利用方式和利用潜力,提出了城市雨水资源化潜力模型.最后利用逐日降水资料,分析了商丘市2000-2005年城市雨水资源化现实潜力.计算结果表明,商丘市年平均雨水资源化可能潜力为22.94×106m3,现实潜力为18.58×106m3,接近常年城市供水总量的30%.     

宝鸡市气候服务系统

本文首先给出了雨水集蓄利用的概念，针对黄土高原地区十分匮乏的水资源和严重的水土流失现状，提出了在该区实施雨水集蓄的可行性。在此基础上，对雨水集蓄利用在各个方面所取得的成就和存在的问题，进行了深入细致的分析，并对亟待解决的问题和今后的发展方向进行了展望。     

Three-year Variations of Water, Energy and CO$_2$ Fluxes of Cropland and Degraded Grassland Surfaces in a Semi-arid Area of Northeastern China

Based on 3 years （2003-05） of the eddy covariance （EC） observations on degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in a semi-arid area of Tongyu （44°25′N, 122°52′E, 184 m a.s.1.）, Northeast China, seasonal and annual variations of water, energy and CO2 fluxes have been investigated. The soil moisture in the thin soil layer （at 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m） clearly indicates the pronounced annual wet-dry cycle; the annual cycle is divided into the wet （growing season） and dry seasons （non-growing season）. During the growing season （from May to September）, the sensible and latent heat fluxes showed a linear dependence on the global solar radiation. However, in the non-growing season, the latent heat flux was always less than 50 W m^-2, while the available energy was dissipated as sensible, rather than latent heat flux. During the growing season in 2003-05, the daily average sensible and latent heat fluxes were larger on the cropland surface than on the degraded grassland surface. The cropland ecosystem absorbed more CO2 than the degraded grassland ecosystem in the growing season in 2003-05. The total evapotranspiration on the cropland was more than the total precipitation, while the total evapotranspiration on the degraded grassland was almost the same as the total annual precipitation in the growing season. The soil moisture had a good correlation with the rainfall in the growing season. Precipitation in the growing season is an important factor on the water and carbon budget in the semi-arid area.     

The numerical scheme development of a simplified frozen soil model

In almost all frozen soil models used currently, three variables of temperature, ice content and moisture content are used as prognostic variables and the rate term, accounting for the contribution of the phase change between water and ice, is shown explicitly in both the energy and mass balance equations. The models must be solved by a numerical method with an iterative process, and the rate term of the phase change needs to be pre-estimated at the beginning in each iteration step. Since the rate term of the phase change in the energy equation is closely related to the release or absorption of the great amount of fusion heat, a small error in the rate term estimation will introduce greater error in the energy balance, which will amplify the error in the temperature calculation and in turn, cause problems for the numerical solution convergence. In this work, in order to first reduce the trouble, the methodology of the variable transformation is applied to a simplified frozen soil model used currently, which leads to new frozen soil scheme used in this work. In the new scheme, the enthalpy and the total water equivalent are used as predictive variables in the governing equations to replace temperature, volumetric soil moisture and ice content used in many current models. By doing so, the rate terms of the phase change are not shown explicitly in both the mass and energy equations and its pre-estimation is avoided. Secondly, in order to solve this new scheme more functionally, the development of the numerical scheme to the new scheme is described and a numerical algorithm appropriate to the numerical scheme is developed. In order to evaluate the new scheme of the frozen soil model and its relevant algorithm, a series of model evaluations are conducted by comparing numerical results from the new model scheme with three observational data sets. The comparisons show that the results from the model are in good agreement with these data sets in both the change trend of variables and their magnitude values, and the new scheme, together with the algorithm, is more efficient and saves more computer time.     

雨水利用是个宝

随着城市规模的扩大,雨水流失量也增大;在城市缺水严重,地下水过量开采的同时,大量排放的雨水不但是对自然资源的严重浪费,还会造成城市洪涝使生态环境恶化。据有关资料表明：我国的上海市年平均降雨量达1124mm，每年降雨总量约为70亿吨淡水。扣除蒸发和渗透等因素，上海市每年雨水总量在24亿吨左右，如能合理利用雨水资源，可满足全上海人耗用的淡水资源。     

贵阳市SO2雨水清除系数的研究

提出了一种利用SO2 空中和雨水采样资料和气象资料、云物理探测资料等计算云下SO2 降水清除系数的方法 ,计算了贵阳市冬、夏季不同雨强下的SO2 降水清除系数kw,并将所得结果实际用于城市SO2 浓度的数值计算。结果表明 ,这一方法所得结果与实际情况相当一致