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1.
Stephen S. Hale 《Estuaries and Coasts》2010,33(5):1039-1053
The biogeography of marine benthic macroinvertebrates of US Atlantic estuaries and inshore coastal areas from Delaware Bay
north to Passamaquoddy Bay was studied to compare recent data with historical biogeographic studies, define physical–chemical
factors affecting species’ distributions, and provide information for calibrating benthic indices of environmental condition.
Five years (2000–2004) of data from 614 non-polluted, soft-bottom stations from the National Coastal Assessment were analyzed.
Multi-dimensional scaling done on Bray-Curtis similarity matrices of species’ relative abundance (547 species) suggested seven
subregions: two based on salinity (oligohaline, mesohaline) and five based on latitude. Species’ distribution patterns for
stations with salinities ≥18 (n = 558) were strongly influenced by latitude; Cape Cod was a clear faunal transition zone (R = 0.92, p < 0.001). Conversely, for stations with salinities <18 (n = 56), salinity was the more important factor. An ordination of abiotic variables (temperature, salinity, sediment percent
silt-clay, depth) correlated well with the ordination of species’ relative abundance data (R = 0.77, p < 0.001). The first split of a multivariate regression tree was by a summer bottom temperature of 20°C at Cape Cod. Salinity
and percent silt-clay led to further splits. These results support the existence of Virginian and Transhatteran biogeographic
provinces. They constitute a baseline for addressing broad-scale and long-term issues such as global climate change, species
invasions, and conservation planning. 相似文献
2.
James Marcus Bishop Weizhong Chen Adel Hasan Alsaffar Hussain Mahmoud Al-Foudari 《Estuaries and Coasts》2011,34(6):1246-1254
Discharge of the Shatt Al-Arab is believed to be a dominating component of the northern Arabian Gulf’s ecology and largely
responsible for productivity of Kuwait’s fisheries. With major construction of dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in
Turkey, river discharge has been substantially reduced, and flooding essentially eliminated. We attempted to relate river
flow and shrimp landings indirectly by correlating 19 years of salinity and temperature data from Kuwait’s waters with corresponding
annual shrimp landings. For green tiger prawns (Penaeus semisulcatus), the combination of October salinities and January temperatures provided the best correlation (r = 0.67) with landings in the following shrimping season. For the combined landings of jinga and kiddi shrimps (Metapenaeus affinis and Parapenaeopsis stylifera, respectively), December salinity during season and May temperature prior to season resulted in the best correlation (r = 0.87). Landings of these two species also correlated well with spring and summer temperatures. Under normal conditions,
late winter or early spring temperatures prior to fishing season influence recruitment of the green tiger prawn, whereas December
salinities during harvest season influence the abundance of jinga–kiddi shrimps. With further reductions in the Shatt Al-Arab
discharge and the elimination of flood events, Kuwait’s shrimp landings will most likely decrease over time. 相似文献
3.
A DADOLAHI-SOHRAB M GARAVAND-KARIMI H RIAHI H PASHAZANOOSI 《Journal of Earth System Science》2012,121(1):241-250
This study was carried out to evaluate the seasonal variations of seaweed biomass and species composition at six different
sites along the coastal areas in Bushehr Province. Sampling depths varied among sites, from 0.3 to 2.0 m below mean sea level.
A total of 37 (i.e., 10 Chlorophyta, 12 Phaeophyta and 15 Rhodophyta) seaweed species were collected. Studies were conducted
for quantifying the seaweeds during four seasons from October 2008 until July 2009. During present research, Ulva intestinalis and Cladophora nitellopsis of green, Polycladia myrica, Sirophysalia trinodis and Sargassum angustifolium of brown and Gracilaria canaliculata and Hypnea cervicornis of red seaweeds showed highest biomass in coastal areas of Bushehr Province. The Cheney‘s ratio of 2.1 indicated a temperate
algal flora to this area. All sites exhibited more than 50% similarity of algal species, indicating a relatively homogenous
algal distribution. Total biomass showed the highest value of 3280.7 ± 537.8 g dry wt m − 2 during summer and lowest value of 856.9 ± 92.0 g dry wt m − 2 during winter. During this study, the highest and lowest seaweed biomass were recorded on the site 2 (2473.7 ± 311.0 g dry
wt m − 2) and site 5 (856.7 ± 96.8 g dry wt m − 2), respectively. 相似文献
4.
Alan T. Hitch Kevin M. Purcell Shannon B. Martin Paul L. Klerks Paul L. Leberg 《Estuaries and Coasts》2011,34(3):653-662
Increases in relative sea level are fragmenting the emergent vegetation of Louisiana’s coastal marshes. Nekton abundance is
likely impacted by salinity and whether emergent vegetation is replaced by submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) or open water.
To assess these effects, we sampled nekton densities along a salinity gradient (categorized as freshwater, intermediate, and
brackish marsh) in fragmented and non-fragmented areas. Total nekton density increased strongly with SAV in brackish marsh
but only weakly in freshwater marsh (F
2,238 = 10.03, p < 0.0001). Freshwater and intermediate marshes had higher nekton densities when fragmented than when non-fragmented; this
relationship was reversed in brackish marsh (F
2,238 = 8.89, p = 0.0002). Fragmentation, SAV, and salinity interacted to affect the densities of Gambusia affinis, Poecilia latipinna, Cyprinodon variegates, and Lucania parva. Our results suggest that the presence of both emergent vegetation and SAV was necessary for maintaining high nekton densities,
with this combination being especially important in brackish marshes. 相似文献
5.
B. Fertig T. J. B. Carruthers W. C. Dennison A. B. Jones F. Pantus B. Longstaff 《Estuaries and Coasts》2009,32(4):773-786
Nitrogen loading from anthropogenic sources, including fertilizer, manure, and sewage effluents, has been linked with declining
water quality in coastal lagoons worldwide. Freshwater inputs to mid-Atlantic coastal lagoons of the USA are from terrestrially
influenced sources: groundwater and overland flow via streams and agricultural ditches, with occasional precipitation events.
Stable nitrogen isotopes ratios (δ15N) in bioindicator species combined with conventional water quality monitoring were used to assess nitrogen sources and provide
insights into their origins. Water quality data revealed that nutrients derived from terrestrial sources increased after precipitation
events. Tissues from two bioindicator species, a macroalgae (Gracilaria sp.) and the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) were analyzed for δ15N to determine spatial and temporal patterns of nitrogen sources. A broad-scale survey assessment of deployed macroalgae (June
2004) detected regions of elevated δ15N. Macroalgal δ15N (7.33 ± 1.15‰ in May 2006 and 6.76 ± 1.15‰ in July 2006) responded quickly to sustained June 2006 nutrient pulse, but did
not detect spatial patterns at the fine scale. Oyster δ15N (8.51 ± 0.89‰) responded slowly over longer time periods and exhibited a slight gradient at the finer spatial scale. Overall,
elevated δ15N values in macroalgae and oysters were used to infer that human and animal wastes were important nitrogen sources in some
areas of Maryland’s coastal bays. Different nitrogen integration periods across multiple organisms may be used to indicate
nitrogen sources at various spatial and temporal scales, which will help focus nutrient management. 相似文献
6.
Cryptic Blooms: Are Thin Layers the Missing Connection? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Margaret A. McManus Raphael M. Kudela Mary W. Silver Grieg F. Steward Percy L. Donaghay James M. Sullivan 《Estuaries and Coasts》2008,31(2):396-401
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are common in Monterey Bay, CA, and have resulted in repeated closures of shellfish fisheries
and the poisoning and death of marine mammals. In the majority of instances, HAB events in this region are first detected
by the presence of sick or dying animals. The phrase “cryptic blooms” was adopted to denote the appearance of poisoning at
higher trophic levels with no prior evidence of a large phytoplankton bloom. We hypothesize that the onset of many HAB events
goes undetected because the bloom is initially concentrated in discrete thin subsurface layers in the water column that are
easily missed by conventional sampling and monitoring methods. In this paper, we report on the detection and monitoring of
a subsurface layer of phytoplankton in northern Monterey Bay, CA, using a high-resolution, autonomous profiler. This ‘thin
layer,’ which measured from 10 cm to 3 m in thickness (85% < 2 m; 54% < 1 m), persisted over a 7-day period near the base
of the pycnocline. The phytoplankton assemblage in the layer was primarily composed of a multi-species assemblage of Pseudo-nitzschia including the toxin-producing species Pseudo-nitzschia australis. Concentrations of toxic phytoplankton (P. australis), cyanobacteria, and bacteria in the layer were significantly higher than outside the layer (P < 0.05). Counts of total Pseudo-nitzschia spp. showed similar levels of enrichment in the layer compared to outside the layer. Our findings indicate that, when monitoring
for HABs, it is critical to sample at scales appropriate to resolve thin layers. Thin layers have been identified as a common
recurrent feature in a variety of coastal systems, suggesting that the use of autonomous high-resolution vertical profilers
coupled with targeted sampling, could allow more timely detection of HABs in many coastal environments. 相似文献
7.
Ronaldo Sousa Pedro Morais Carlos Antunes Lúcia Guilhermino 《Estuaries and Coasts》2008,31(6):1198-1207
The bivalve Pisidium amnicum (Müller 1774) is a common species in several European freshwater ecosystems. However, few Iberian watersheds are colonized
by this species, and the River Minho estuary is possibly the Iberian aquatic ecosystem with the larger population. In October
2004–2007, investigations on spatial and temporal variations in P. amnicum abundance and biomass were carried out at 16 sites along the River Minho tidal freshwater wetlands. Mean abundance and biomass
per site ranged from 0 to 750 ind m−2 and 0 to 7.42 g AFDW m−2, respectively. A clear decrease in the spatial distribution, abundance, and biomass was observed during the 4-year assessment.
Furthermore, a stepwise multiple regression model showed that organic matter and conductivity explained 50.2% of the variation
in P. amnicum abundance (R
2 = 0.502, F
[2, 15] = 7.569, p = 0.005). Ecological knowledge is essential to the implementation of future conservation plans for P. amnicum, and the results of this study are of paramount importance to identify habitats that should be protected in order to preserve
this species and provide scientific reference that may be useful in the development of management and/or restoration plans. 相似文献
8.
Florencia Botto Agustina Mendez-Casariego Macarena Valiñas Oscar Iribarne 《Estuaries and Coasts》2008,31(1):134-143
We show that, as previously described, there are conflicts between areas used by people and shorebirds. However, we propose
that burrowing organisms add complexity to the shorebird–human interaction that should be taken into account for management
and conservation. This is because SW Atlantic mudflats are dominated by high densities (up to 60 crabs m−2) of a strong bioturbator, the burrowing crab Neohelice granulata (=Chasmagnathus granulatus). These crabs affect the habitat use and foraging performance of shorebird species. The two-banded plover Charadrius falklandicus feed more in burrow areas whereas the yellowlegs Tringa spp. and the white-rumped sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis tend to avoid burrow areas. We evaluated the effect of human recreational activities on shorebirds, taking into account shorebird–crab
interaction, during shorebird migratory periods (November to April) of 2001, 2002, and 2003. This study was performed at the
Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (37° 40′ S, Argentina). Results showed that people only rarely used the extensive soft bottom
intertidals dominated by burrowing assemblages of N. granulata because the soft sediments make walking difficult. Therefore, human impact is reduced for the two-banded plover. However,
for several migratory shorebirds that also avoid burrow areas, these areas act as suboptimal alternative areas when human
impact is important in their preferred habitats. When human activity is low, shorebirds remain foraging in the area but they
decrease their feeding intakes. The extensions of burrow areas differ among estuaries and are likely to generate between-estuaries
differences as stopover sites for shorebirds. Also, other species that form large burrowing assemblages can have a similar
impact on shorebird–human interactions. 相似文献
9.
The eastern Alaska Beaufort Sea coast is characterized by numerous shallow (2–5 m) estuarine lagoons, fed by streams and small
rivers that drain northward from the Brooks Range through the arctic coastal plain, and bounded seaward by barrier islands
and shoals. Millions of birds from six continents nest and forage during the summer period in this region using the river
deltas, lagoons, and shoreline along with several species of anadromous and marine fish. We examined biogeochemical processes
linking the benthic community to the overall food web structure of these poorly studied but pristine estuaries, which are
largely covered by 1.8 m of ice for 10 months annually. In summer, these lagoons are relatively warm with brackish salinities
(5–10°C, S = 10–25) compared to more open coastal waters (0–5°C, S > 27). The stable isotopic composition of organic materials in sediments (i.e., benthic particulate organic matter) and water
column suspended particulate organic matter from both streams and lagoons are largely indistinguishable and reflect strong
terrestrial contributions, based upon δ13C and δ15N values (−25.6‰ to −27.4‰ and 1.4‰ to 3.3‰, respectively). By comparison, shifts toward more heavy isotope-enriched organic
materials reflecting marine influence are observed on the adjacent coastal shelf (−24.8‰ to −25.4‰ and 3.4‰ to 5.3‰, respectively).
The isotopic composition of lagoon fauna is consistent with a food web dominated by omnivorous detritovores strongly dependent
on microbial processing of terrestrial sources of carbon. Biomagnification of 15N in benthic organisms indicate that the benthic food web in lagoons support up to four trophic levels, with carnivorous gastropod
predators and benthic fishes (δ15N values up to 14.4‰) at the apex. 相似文献
10.
Anna Wachnicka Evelyn Gaiser Laurel Collins Thomas Frankovich Joseph Boyer 《Estuaries and Coasts》2010,33(5):1080-1098
The composition and distribution of diatom algae inhabiting estuaries and coasts of the subtropical Americas are poorly documented,
especially relative to the central role diatoms play in coastal food webs and to their potential utility as sentinels of environmental
change in these threatened ecosystems. Here, we document the distribution of diatoms among the diverse habitat types and long
environmental gradients represented by the shallow topographic relief of the South Florida, USA, coastline. A total of 592
species were encountered from 38 freshwater, mangrove, and marine locations in the Everglades wetland and Florida Bay during
two seasonal collections, with the highest diversity occurring at sites of high salinity and low water column organic carbon
concentration (WTOC). Freshwater, mangrove, and estuarine assemblages were compositionally distinct, but seasonal differences
were only detected in mangrove and estuarine sites where solute concentration differed greatly between wet and dry seasons.
Epiphytic, planktonic, and sediment assemblages were compositionally similar, implying a high degree of mixing along the shallow,
tidal, and storm-prone coast. The relationships between diatom taxa and salinity, water total phosphorus (WTP), water total
nitrogen (WTN), and WTOC concentrations were determined and incorporated into weighted averaging partial least squares regression
models. Salinity was the most influential variable, resulting in a highly predictive model (r
apparent2 = 0.97, r
jackknife2 = 0.95) that can be used in the future to infer changes in coastal freshwater delivery or sea-level rise in South Florida
and compositionally similar environments. Models predicting WTN (r
apparent2 = 0.75, r
jackknife2 = 0.46), WTP (r
apparent2 = 0.75, r
jackknife2 = 0.49), and WTOC (r
apparent2 = 0.79, r
jackknife2 = 0.57) were also strong, suggesting that diatoms can provide reliable inferences of changes in solute delivery to the coastal
ecosystem. 相似文献
11.
Planktonic larvae of estuarine species often develop in the coastal ocean and return to estuaries using favorable currents.
This study investigated spatial distributions of brachyuran crab post-larvae during ingress to the Newport River estuary,
North Carolina, USA (34°41′ N, 76°40′ W). Nearshore plankton tows were conducted across the inlet to the estuary. Settlement
on passive ‘hog’s hair’ collectors was simultaneously monitored in each of four estuarine channels. Callinectes sapidus density was highest east of the inlet, whereas relative estuarine abundance was higher in western channels. In separate sampling
with collectors at coastal and estuarine locations, spatial distributions of post-larvae were consistent through time but
differed for C. sapidus, Uca spp., and Pachygrapsus transversus. The diel timing of C. sapidus settlement on collectors was determined at the coast and compared to previous studies of settlement in the estuary. Behavioral
responses to environmental cues may alter transport pathways from those predicted by hydrodynamic models. 相似文献
12.
Diane J. Brousseau Anna E. Murphy Nicole P. Enriquez Kara Gibbons 《Estuaries and Coasts》2008,31(1):144-151
The Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus, is a recent and particularly successful introduction to the east coast of the USA. Little research has been done on the
utilization of Asian shore crabs for food by native species, a potential form of biocontrol. Over a 4-year period, we examined
the gut contents of cogeners, Fundulus heteroclitus and Fundulus majalis, collected from two embayments in western Long Island Sound for the presence of juvenile H. sanguineus. Frequency (percent) of occurrence of food items in the guts of both species varied over year and study site. Asian shore
crabs were consumed more often by F. heteroclitus than by F. majalis, but predation pressure by both species was low. Only 13% of F. heteroclitus and 7.7% of F. majalis found with food in their guts had ingested Asian shore crab remains. Of those, 1/3 had consumed whole crabs; the rest had
only autotomized appendages in their guts. The mean carapace width of juvenile Asian shore crabs ingested by F. heteroclitus was 3.59 ± 2.22 mm (N = 33). Results of our study on killifish predation support the hypothesis that H. sanguienus abundance is partly explained by reduced impact of native predators (i.e., the “enemy release hypothesis”). Predation pressure
of other potential enemies on both planktonic and benthic stages of the Asian shore crab must be investigated, however, to
understand the full impact of predation on H. sanguineus population dynamics. 相似文献
13.
Summary
Kristiansenite occurs as a late hydrothermal mineral in vugs in an amazonite pegmatite at Heftetjern, T?rdal, Telemark, Norway.
Tapering crystals, rarely up to 2 mm long, are colourless, white, or slightly yellowish. The mineral has the ideal composition
Ca2ScSn(Si2O7)(Si2O6OH) and is triclinic C1 with cell parameters a = 10.028(1), b = 8.408(1), c = 13.339(2) ?, α = 90.01(1), β = 109.10(1), γ = 90.00(1)°, V = 1062.7(3) ?3 (Z = 4). It has a monoclinic cell within ∼ 0.1 ? and is polysynthetically twinned on {010} by metric merohedry. The strongest
reflections in the X-ray powder pattern are [d in ?, (I
obs), (hkl)]: 5.18 (53) (1–11), 3.146 (100) (004), 3.089 (63) (−222), 2.901 (19) (221), 2.595 (34) (222), 2.142 (17) (−3–31). The Mohs’
hardness is 5?–6; Dcalc. = 3.64 g/cm3; only a mean refractive index of 1.74 could be measured. Scandium enrichment in the Heftetjern pegmatite and the crystal
chemistry of scandium are briefly discussed.
Received April 30, 2001; accepted July 28, 2001 相似文献
14.
Martin T. O’Connell Travis D. Shepherd Ann M. U. O’Connell Ransom A. Myers 《Estuaries and Coasts》2007,30(4):567-574
We analyzed historic and current fishery independent data to determine if the abundance of two apex predators, bull sharks
(Carcharhinus leucas) and alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula), in Lake Pontchartrain had changed significantly over the last half century. Lake Pontchartrain is an environmentally degraded
oligohaline estuary in southeastern Louisiana that has experienced considerable changes in fish assemblage composition over
this interval. Using gillnet, beach seine, and trawl data collected during three time periods (1953–1955, 1977–1978, and 1996–2005),
we analyzed trends in abundance forC. leucas andA. spatula using generalized linear models with a negative binomial error structure and a log link. Lake Pontchartrain data were divided
into four spatial locations (northwest, northeast, southwest, southeast) since each region represents a unique combination
of anthropogenic and natural influences that could affect catches. For each species and gear type, we produced log-likelihood
profiles for the instantaneous rate of change in relative abundance through time. Raw catches were generally lower for both
species in the later surveys.C. leucas were not captured in beach seines since the 1950s andA. spatula were rarely captured in trawls or seines since the 1970s. Likelihood profiles of changes in abundance forC. leucas andA. spatula showed very large declines in both species since 1953.C. leucas declined by 98.6% (95% CI: 73.4–99.9%) in gillnets and became functionally extirpated in beach seines with a decline of 99.9%
(95% CI: 23–99.9%). Among all gears,C. leucas declined by the same rate as in gillnets. The decline inA. spatula was also large with a decrease of 98.6% (95% CI: 73.4–99.9%) in beach seines and a decline of 99.2% (95% CI: 54.8–99.9%)
in trawls since 1953. Catches ofA. spatula in gillnets did not show a significant change over the study period. The continued decline of these two apex predators could
seriously affect efforts to restore this degraded estuarine ecosystem. 相似文献
15.
Jennifer A. Goleski Florian Koch Maria A. Marcoval Charles C. Wall Frank J. Jochem Bradley J. Peterson Christopher J. Gobler 《Estuaries and Coasts》2010,33(5):1202-1215
Florida Bay is Florida’s (USA) largest estuary and has experienced harmful picocyanobacteria blooms for nearly two decades.
While nutrient loading is the most commonly cited cause of algal blooms in Florida Bay, the role of zooplankton grazing pressure
in bloom occurrence has not been considered. For this study, the spatial and temporal dynamics of cyanobacteria blooms, the
microbial food web, microzooplankton and mesozooplankton grazing rates of picoplankton, and the effects of nutrients on plankton
groups in Florida Bay were quantified. During the study, cyanobacteria blooms (>3 × 105 cells mL−1) persisted in the eastern and central regions of Florida Bay for more than a year. Locations with elevated abundance of cyanobacteria
hosted microzooplankton grazing rates on cyanobacteria that were significantly lower (p < 0.001) and less frequently detectable compared to sites without blooms. Consistent with this observation, cyanobacteria
abundances were significantly correlated with ciliates and heterotrophic nanoflagellates at low cyanobacteria densities (p < 0.001) but were not correlated during bloom events. The experimental enrichment of mesozooplankton abundance during blooms
yielded a significant decrease in the net growth rate of picoplankton but had the opposite effect when blooms were absent,
suggesting that the cascading effect of mesozooplankton grazing on the microbial food web was also altered during blooms.
While inorganic nutrient enrichment significantly increased the net growth rates of eukaryotic phytoplankton and heterotrophic
bacteria, such nutrient loading had no effect on the net growth rates of cyanobacteria. Hence, this study demonstrates that
low rates of zooplankton grazing and low rates of inorganic nutrient loading contribute to the persistence of cyanobacteria
blooms in Florida Bay. 相似文献
16.
To assess the potential for habitat isolation effects on estuarine nekton, we used two species with different dispersal abilities
and life history strategies, mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) to examine: (1) distribution trends among estuarine shallow-water flat and various intertidal salt marsh habitats and (2)
the influence of salt marsh habitat size and isolation. Collections were conducted using baited minnow traps set within nonisolated
interior marshes (interior), nonisolated fringing marshes (nonisolated), isolated island marshes (isolated), and shallow-water
flat habitats (flat) that were adjacent to isolated and nonisolated marshes. Size range of individuals collected included
juvenile and adult F. heteroclitus (20–82-mm standard length) and L. rhomboides (22–151-mm standard length). During high tide, F. heteroclitus exclusively used marsh habitats, particularly high marsh, whereas L. rhomboides used marshes and flats. F. heteroclitus abundance followed an interior > nonisolated > isolated pattern. L. rhomboides abundance patterns were less consistent but followed a nonisolated > isolated > interior pattern. A size-dependent water
depth relationship was observed for both species and suggests size class partitioning of marsh and flat habitats during high
tide. Minimum water depth (~31 cm) restricted L. rhomboides populations in marshes, while maximum water depth (~69 cm) restricted F. heteroclitus population use of marshes and movement between marsh habitats. Disparities in F. heteroclitus young of year contribution between isolated compared to nonisolated and interior marsh types suggests isolated marshes acted
as population sinks and were dependent on adult emigrants. Resident and transient salt marsh nekton species utilize estuarine
habitats in different ways and these fundamental differences can translate into how estuarine landscape might affect nekton. 相似文献
17.
SURAKSHA M PEDNEKAR S G PRABHU MATONDKAR HELGA DO R GOMES JOAQUIM I GOES SUSHMA PARAB VIJAYA KERKAR 《Journal of Earth System Science》2011,120(3):545-556
In May of 2007, a study was initiated by the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Goa, India, to investigate the influence
of monsoonal rainfall on hydrographic conditions in the Mandovi River of India. The study was undertaken at a location ∼2 km
upstream of the mouth of this estuary. During the premonsoon (PreM) in May, when circulation in the estuary was dominated
by tidal activity, phytoplankton communities in the high saline (35–37 psu) waters at the study site were largely made up
of the coastal neritic species Fragilaria oceanica, Ditylum brightwellii and Trichodesmium erythraeum. During the later part of the intermonsoon (InterM) phase, an abrupt decline in salinity led to a surge in phytoplankton
biomass (Chlorophyll a ∼14 mg m − 3), of a population that was dominated by Thalassiosira eccentricus. As the southwest monsoon (SWM) progressed and the estuary freshened salinity and Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations decreased during the MoN, Skeletonema costatum established itself as the dominant form. Despite the low biomass (Chl a <2 mg m − 3), the phytoplankton community of the MoN was the most diverse of the entire study. During the postmonsoon (PostM), the increase
in salinity was marked by a surge in dinoflagellate populations comprising of Ceratium furca, Akashiwo sanguinea, and Pyrophacus horologium. 相似文献
18.
The composition of the zooplankton community in a macrotidal (8 m tidal range), tropical estuarine system (Darwin Harbour,
Australia; 12o28′ S, 130o50′ E) was studied over a 2 year period with the goal of describing biodiversity and determining the environmental factors
that have the greatest impact on community structure. Most (82–84%) of the >73 μm plankton was composed of copepod nauplii
and copepodites, and plankton samples taken with larger, coarser meshed (150 and 350 μm) nets did not contain significant
numbers of larger (non-copepod) organisms. In all, 32 copepod species were recorded, with small euryhaline marine copepod
species such as Parvocalanus crassirostris, Bestiolina similis and Oithona aruensis dominating the zooplankton. Plankton abundances ranged between 30,000 and 110,000 m−3, and there were significant year (2003 > 2004), season (wet > dry) and site differences (inner harbour sites > outer harbour
sites), but negligible diurnal differences. Multivariate analyses identified three sample groups: (1) middle and outer harbour
sites, (2) inner harbour and river sites and (3) the river site during the wet seasons. Middle and outer harbour stations
were characterised by a diverse mixture of coastal copepods, whereas inner harbour and river sites were dominated by P. crassirostris and O. aruensis. During the wet season, there was a distinct copepod community within the Blackmore River, dominated by Acartia sinjiensis, Oithona nishidai and Pseudodiaptomus spp. Environmental variables (nutrients and chlorophyll a) were correlated with salinity, which had the strongest influence on community structure. There was a significant drop in
species richness from harbour to river sites. Small copepods of the families Paracalanidae and Oithonidae dominate tide-dominated
Australian tropical estuaries, whereas copepods belonging to the family Centropagidae (such as Gladioferens spp.) appear to be characteristic of wave-dominated estuaries in southern Australia. 相似文献
19.
The diffusivity of water has been investigated for a haplogranitic melt of anhydrous composition Qz28Ab38Or34 (in wt %) at temperatures of 800–1200°C and at pressures of 0.5–5.0 kbar using the diffusion couple technique. Water contents
of the starting glass pairs varied between 0 and 9 wt %. Concentration-distance profiles for the different water species (molecular
water and hydroxyl groups) were determined by near-infrared microspectroscopy. Because the water speciation of the melt is
not quenchable (Nowak 1995; Nowak and Behrens 1995; Shen and Keppler 1995), the diffusivities of the individual species can
not be evaluated directly from these profiles. Therefore, apparent chemical diffusion coefficients of water (D
water) were determined from the total water profiles using a modified Boltzmann-Matano analysis. The diffusivity of water increases
linearly with water content <3 wt % but exponentially at higher water contents. The activation energy decreases from 64 ± 10 kJ/mole
for 0.5 wt % water to 46 ± 5 kJ/mole for 4 wt % water but remains constant at higher water contents. A small but systematic
decrease of D
water with pressure indicates an average activation volume of about 9 cm3/mole. The diffusivity (in cm2/s) can be calculated for given water content (in wt %), T (in K) and P (in kbar) by
in the ranges 1073 K ≤ T ≤ 1473 K; 0.5 kbar ≤ P≤ 5␣kbar; 0.5 wt % ≤ C
water ≤ 6 wt %. The absence of alkali concentration gradients in the glasses after the experiments shows that interdiffusion of
alkali and H+ or H3O+ gives no contribution to the transport of water in aluminosilicate melts. The H/D interdiffusion coefficients obtained at
800°C and 5 kbar using glass pieces with almost the same molar content of either water or deuterium oxide are almost identical
to the chemical diffusivities of water. This indicates that protons are transported by the neutral component H2O under these conditions.
Received: 26 March 1996 / Accepted: 23 August 1996 相似文献
20.
Silvia E. Ibarra-Obando Miriam Poumian-Tapia Hem Nalini Morzaria-Luna 《Estuaries and Coasts》2010,33(3):753-768
Disturbance is an important factor influencing plant species composition and diversity. We addressed changes in plant composition
and soil characteristics in Estero de Punta Banda, Baja California, Mexico following 22 years of disturbance by tidal exclusion.
Currently, sediments in the non-tidal site are dry, 26 ± 1% moisture, and hypersaline, 143 ± 12; while those at the tidal
marsh are wet, 36.2 ± 1% moisture, with 40.3 ± 2.6 salinity. The non-tidal site has lost seven species including annuals,
short- and long-lived perennials, ephemerals, and parasites. Current dominants are the perennials Batis maritima and Sarcocornia pacifica. Average species richness at the non-tidal site is 4.4 ± 0.32 vs.10 ± 0.18 species per square meter at the tidal site. Average
species diversity index is lower at the diked area. The general biodiversity loss that results from tidal exclusion in arid
estuaries, contrasts with the species-rich communities that develop in diked humid-climate estuaries. 相似文献