The origin of cleavage in the light of magnetic anisotropy investigations

The cleavage origin in rocks ranging from unmetamorphosed sediments, through slates to phyllites of the Nízký Jeseník Mts. (northern Moravia, Czechoslovakia), which show a range of deformation styles, from undeformed through fracture and slaty cleavage to the development of metamorphic foliation, was studied by means of magnetic anisotropy. These studies have shown that the fracture cleavage probably originated during a post-plastic rock deformation. Therefore the orientation of the fracture cleavage with respect to the strain-tensor components cannot be studied by means of magnetic anisotropy. The magnetic fabric of rocks with slaty cleavage was generated through componental movements during the ductile rock deformation. The slaty cleavage developed perpendicularly to the maximum shortening direction. In the rocks exhibiting macroscopically observable marks of slippage along the slaty cleavage, the slippage probably took place after the slaty cleavage developed, when the rock ductility was lower. The metamorphic foliation developed from the slaty cleavage in the course of continuous strain.     

西秦岭温泉岩体的磁组构特征及其侵位机制意义

结合岩石磁学、磁化率各向异性度与区域构造分析了西秦岭温泉岩体的侵位机制及意义.温泉岩体的样品的平均磁化率k_m值总体很大,岩石磁学表明对于磁化率较低的样品,顺磁性矿物（如黑云母等）对磁化率的贡献较大,而少量铁磁性矿物（如磁铁矿等）可能作为剩磁载体.对于磁化率较高的样品,其主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿;花岗岩样品的校正磁化率各向异性度P_J总体小于1.2,显示了岩体为流动磁组构的特征,磁化率椭球体形态参数T总体大于0,扁率E总体大于1,以压扁椭球体为主;岩体的磁面理同磁线理相比更为发育,样品的磁面理普遍表现出围绕岩体边界分布的特点,且倾角较陡;而在岩体内部磁线理与磁面理分布相对散乱,定向性差,这一特征说明温泉岩体的磁组构主要由侵位时的侧向挤压作用形成的;虽然岩体的磁组构特征总体显示了N-NEE和SW向的挤压作用,但岩体侵位时由商丹缝合带闭合所产生的垂直于缝合带方向的挤压作用已相对较弱.本文认为,温泉岩体侵位时是一种弱挤压环境,或者是一种相对稳定的环境甚至可能是一种相对引张的背景,这与温泉岩体形成于后碰撞环境,秦岭造山带已演化至后碰撞拆沉作用发生的伸展阶段所反映的区域构造背景是一致的.     

Differential exhumation of tectonic units and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks in the Dabie Mountains, China

A model involving buoyancy, wedging and thermal doming is postulated to explain the differential exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks in the Dabie Mountains, China, with an emphasis on the exhumation of the UHP rocks from the base of the crust to the upper crust by opposite wedging of the North China Block (NCB). The Yangtze Block was subducted northward under the NCB and Northern Dabie microblock, forming UHP metamorphic rocks in the Triassic (240–220 Ma). After delamination of the subduction wedge, the UHP rocks were exhumed rapidly to the base of the crust by buoyancy (220–200 Ma). Subsequently, when the left-lateral Tan–Lu transform fault began to be activated, continuous north–south compression and uplifting of the orogen forced the NCB to be subducted southward under the Dabie Orogen (`opposite subduction'). Opposite subduction and wedging of the North China continental crust is responsible for the rapid exhumation of the UHP and South Dabie Block units during the Early Jurassic, at ca 200–180 Ma at a rate of ∼ 3.0 mm/year. The UHP eclogite suffered retrograde metamorphism to greenschist facies. Rapid exhumation of the North Dabie Block (NDB) occurred during 135–120 Ma because of thermal doming and granitoid formation during extension of continental margin of the Eurasia. Amphibolite facies rocks from NDB suffered retrograde metamorphism to greenschist facies. Different unit(s) and terrane(s) were welded together by granites and the wedging ceased. Since 120–110 Ma, slow uplift of the entire Dabie terrane is caused by gravitational equilibrium.     

Oxygen and carbon isotope composition from the UHP Shuanghe marbles, Dabie Mountains, China

Investigations on the oxygen and carbon isotope compositions from the ultrahigh-pressure (UHP)-metamorphosed Shuanghe marbles, that occur as a member of a UHP slab, show that the δ¹⁸ O values range from +11.1% to+20.5% SMOW, and δ¹³ C from+1.0% to+5.7% PDB, respectively. The variations in isotope compositions show a centimeter scale of homogeneity and a heterogeneity of regional scale larger than 1 meter. In contrast to the eclogite marbles from Norway, the Shuanghe marbles have inherited the carbon isotope compositions from their sedimentary precursor. The δ¹³C shows positive correlation to the content of dolomite. The depletion in¹⁸O, compared with the pmtolithic carbonate strata, might result from three possible geological processes: 1) exchanging oxygen isotope with meteoric water before the UHP metamorphism, 2) decarbonation during the UHP metamorphism, and 3) exchanging oxygen isotope with country gneiss at local scale during retrograde metamorphism. It seems that the advection of fluid in the orogenic belt was very limited during subduction and exhumation of UHP rocks. Project supported by a U. S. -China cooperative project led by Prof. Cong Bolin of the Institute of Geology. Chinese Acade-my of Sciences, and Prof. J. G. Liou of the Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University and by the National Natural Science Foundation of china (Grant No. 49794042). Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZ951-A1-401r, and National Science Foundation (Grant No. EAR-95-26700).     

组构对花岗片麻岩高温流变影响的实验研究

深部岩石先存的变形组构对流变特性影响的实验研究是新的研究热点之一,然而目前相关的实验研究非常有限.本文利用3 GPa固体介质熔融盐三轴高温高压容器,选择华北克拉通北部辽东拆离断层带中具有变形组构的花岗片麻岩样品,在温度600~840℃、围压800~1200 MPa、应变速率1×10^-4~2.5×10^-6/S条件下,对不同组构方向的样品(实验压缩方向分别垂直和平行花岗片麻岩的面理)开展高温高压流变实验.实验结果表明,在相同的应变速率和温度条件下,垂直面理的岩石强度比平行面理的岩石强度要高.两组实验样品在600~700℃时,应力指数平均值为6.5,为半脆性流变;在800~840℃时,应力指数平均值为2,垂直面理样品的激活能为Q=380 kJ/mol,平行面理样品的激活能为Q=246.4 kJ/mol,以塑性变形为主,局部存在黑云母和角闪石的脱水熔融.微观结构研究表明,垂直面理的样品,在变形过程中形成了新的变形条带,把原有的面理破坏改造;而平行面理的样品,在实验变形过程中新的变形带主体继承了原有组构.EBSD分析显示花岗片麻岩原岩中石英轴极密区位于Z轴附近,为底面滑移;压缩方向垂直面理的样品,石英组构轴极密区位于X轴附近,为柱面滑移;压缩方向平行面理的样品,石英组构轴极密区位于Z轴附近,伴有少量的Y轴极密,底面滑移和柱面滑移.这表明垂直面理的样品中石英变形改造比平行面理的样品更彻底,这与微观结构分析结果一致.显然实验样品的非均匀组构对样品强度和石英轴定向等具有显著影响,但对样品的脆塑性转化和塑性变形机制没有实质影响,这对理解地壳深部普遍存在的形态各向异性岩石流变具有重要参考价值.     

Deformation features of garnet-bearing granites from Huwan,western Dabie Mountains

Foliated garnet-bearing granite, usually associated with high pressure and ultrahigh -pressure (UHP) metamophic rocks, is a particular rock-type extensively exposed in the Mesozoic Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt of China. This study focuses on deformation features and SHRIMP zircon dating of foliated garnet granite in a high-pressure metamorphic unit from Huwan, western Dabie Mountains in order to resolve discrepancies in current versions of its petrogenesis and structural evolution. SHRIMP dating reveals a zircon age of 762 ± 15 Ma (MSWD=1.7) for Huwan granites, representing the Middle to Late Neoproterozoic age of intrusion and crystallization. Field and microstructural studies show that the Huwan granite body underwent multiple-stage deformation. The deformation was manifested by an early stage of rootless folding and imposition of relict foliation (S₁); an Indosinian main stage marked by imposition of north-dipping penetrative gneissosity (S₂) and development of ductile shear zones under NNE-SSW directed compression; and a final Indosinian stage of southward thrusting of the Huwan high-pressure unit. Shallow level extension prevailed after the Late Triassic, giving rise to south-dipping thrust faults and north-dipping normal faults. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40802046 and 40334037) and the Project of Science & Technology Research and Development from Sinopec (Grant No. P02009)     

北京房山岩体的磁组构特征及其 对岩体侵位的约束

岩浆岩的磁组构与岩浆流动、侵位时应力和冷凝后遭受后期构造改造作用有关.本文分析了北京房山岩体东山口-凤凰亭剖面岩石磁化率各向异性(AMS)变化.热磁曲线和磁滞回线分析显示,岩石的主要载磁矿物为多畴磁铁矿颗粒.AMS磁化率椭球体呈压扁状,磁面理发育且产状陡倾,磁化率各向异性度P值平均值高达1.189.自边缘相(东山口)到中心相(凤凰亭),岩石磁化率椭球的扁率E值和形状因子T值逐渐减小,说明磁组构主要反映岩浆流动和岩体侵位时近NNE-SSW方向的挤压作用,在侵位冷凝后并没有遭受到明显的构造改造.     

Two contrasting petrotectonic domains in the Kokchetav megamélange (north Kazakhstan): Difference in exhumation mechanisms of ultrahigh‐pressure crustal rocks,or a result of subsequent deformation?

Abstract In northern Kazakhstan the WNW striking Kokchetav megamélange includes different crustal sequences with high‐pressure/ultrahigh‐pressure (HP/UHP) remnants of their 540–520 Ma subduction metamorphism. Two domains separated by the north‐east trending Chaglinka fault are distinguished. The western domain exhibits NE–SW structures within a single Kumdy–Kol megaunit of diamond‐bearing UHP metasediments and high‐temperature (HT) eclogites. The eastern domain consists of the composite Kulet megaunit with the Kulet UHP unit (coesite‐bearing metasediments, whiteschists and eclogites), the Enbek–Berlyk medium‐pressure (MP) unit (kyanite‐bearing, high‐alumina rocks with interleaved coronitic metagabbro), and ortho‐ and paragneisses with eclogites and amphibolites included. All eclogites in the eastern domain are of the relatively low temperature (LT) type. Sillimanite is common and appears after kyanite in the sheared MP unit. A regional and moderately ESE plunging linear fabric coincides with the fold‐axis of the foliation poles from the eastern domain. Whether this also reflects a regional top to the WNW transport, as inferred from the dextral strike‐slip on steeply to SSW dipping foliation, needs further study. Top to the WNW shear is shown by weakly inclined low pressure (LP) cordierite rocks that flank the eastern domain in the south. Some new ³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar mica cooling ages (519, 521 Ma) from the Kulet UHP micaschists reflect the same early stage evolutionary event as was previously shown for the Kumdy–Kol UHP rocks (515, 517 Ma) in the west. Similar ³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar ages (500, 517 Ma) are recorded by micas and amphibole that outline a top to NNW shear fabric in the non‐subducted Proterozoic basement, north of the megamélange. A 447 Ma overprint of the MP sequences is considered to reflect the strike‐slip deformation with sillimanite and the reworking of an early kyanite‐bearing tectonite. Biotites from the LP cordierite rocks yielded approximately 400 Ma ³⁹Ar/⁴⁰Ar ages. In case they reflect the WNW shear deformation, the latter is considered to be associated with a regional granite magmatism (420–460 Ma) extending south of the eastern domain. In their present different structural domains the Kulet and Kumdy–Kol UHP units display a similar early stage event. Subsequent LP deformation, which is likely to be associated with regional granite magmatism (420–460 Ma), is assumed to have obliterated any common or uniform early exhumation structure for the whole megamélange. The north‐east structured Kumdy–Kol domain is assumed to have preserved the most information about the early stage exhumation. This domain is at an angle to the regional WNW strike of the megamélange.     

Ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks in the Dabie-Su-Lu region, China: Their formation and exhumation

Abstract Based on petrological, structural, geological and geochronological research, the authors summarize the progress of ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphic rock study since 1989 by Chinese geoscientists and foreign geoscientists in the Dabie-Su-Lu region. The authors introduce and discuss a two-stage exhumation process for the UHP metamorphic rocks that have various lithologies; eclogite, ultramafics, jadeitic quartzite, gneiss, schist and marble. The metamorphic history of UHP metamorphic rocks is divided into three stages, that is, the pre-eclogite stage, coesite eclogite stage, and retrograde stage. Prior to UHP metamorphism, the ultramafics had a high temperature environment assemblage of mantle and others had blueschist facies assemblages. The granulite facies assemblages, which have recorded a temperature increase event with decompression, have developed locally in the Weihai basaltic rocks. Isotopic ages show a long range from > 700 Ma to 200 Ma. The diversity in protoliths of UHP metamorphic rocks may be related to the variation of isotopic ages older than 400 Ma. The Sm-Nd dating of ~ 220 Ma could reflect the initial exhumation stage after the peak UHP metamorphism in relation to the collision between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze blocks and subsequent events. Petrological and structural evidence imply a two-stage exhumation process. During the initial exhumation, the UHP metamorphic rocks were sheared and squeezed up in a high P/T regime. In the second exhumation stage the UHP metamorphic rocks were uplifted and eventually exposed with middle crustal rocks.     

不同温压条件下蛇纹岩和角闪岩中波速与衰减的各向异性

在实验室中研究了蛇纹岩和角闪岩样品在不同温压条件下的纵、横波速度和Q值．这两种岩样对应的主要组成矿物叶蛇纹石和普通角闪石都具有很强的晶格优选方位（LPO）．随着围压的增加,波速和Q值均增大,但是在相互正交的三个方向上（垂直或平行于层理面及线理方向）增大的速度并不相同,这与微裂隙的逐渐闭合密切相关．在600MPa的围压下升高温度直到600℃以上,由于微裂隙的热扩张受到约束,波速和Q值下降幅度很小．观测到的波速和Q值的各向异性具有不同的机理,波速各向异性主要与定向分布的微裂隙和主要矿物的LPO等构造因素有关;高围压下纵波Q值各向异性与速度各向异性正好相反,可能是由于形成层理面的定向排列的平板状矿物晶体沿不同方向边界之间接触程度不同造成的．     

Subhorizontal boundary between ultrahigh-pressure and low-pressure metamorphic units in the Sulu–Tjube area of the Kokchetav Massif, Kazakhstan

Abstract The Kokchetav Massif of Kazakhstan includes high to ultrahigh-pressure (HP–UHP) metamorphic rocks (some of which were recrystallized at depths in excess of 150 km), juxtaposed against much lower pressure metamorphic components. We investigated the relationship between the HP–UHP metamorphic unit and the low pressure (LP) unit (Daulet Suite) in the Sulu–Tjube area, where the metamorphic rocks have previously been interpreted as constituting a megamelange with subvertical structural attitudes. Analyses of fold structures suggest that the HP–UHP metamorphic unit overlies the LP unit across a west-dipping subhorizontal boundary. In addition, kinematic indicators display top-to-the-north senses of shear along the tectonic contact between the two units, indicating that the HP–UHP unit has been extruded northward onto the LP unit. Following the juxtaposition of the two units, upright folds developed in both units, and these are associated with the previously reported steeply dipping metamorphic foliations. These data have important implications for the mode of exhumation of the UHP rocks from upper mantle to shallow crustal depths.     

秦祁接合带造山缝合带磁组构特征及其构造意义

结合构造及磁化率各向异性研究详细解剖了秦祁接合带唐藏—关子镇—武山和新阳—元龙造山缝合带的应变及岩组特征.41个采点168个构造岩样品的平均磁化率全部较低,磁化率椭球形态分析表明其以平面和压扁应变为主,磁化率各向异性度普遍较高,属强变形岩石组构类型,结合野外观察认为其与变形强度明显正相关.此外,磁化率各向异性参数T、P′可能受岩石类型一定程度的影响.磁化率椭球主轴方位与变形密切相关,提供了丰富的岩组信息.两构造带具有类似的岩组特征,磁面理大致分为呈共轭形态的两组,暗示高应变剪切带在平面上可能以网格状形态出露;高倾伏角磁面理与占优势的低倾伏角、近水平磁线理表明了构造带明显的走滑特征,部分高角度磁线理可能与构造带的挤压和（或）转换挤压相关;磁组方法不能简单用于判别复杂强变形带的运动指向,糜棱面理的复杂变化及K_min与构造带夹角过高使其判别结果意义不明,而野外及显微构造观察都表明了构造带的右行走滑特征.上述结果表明,沿缝合带大规模的右行转换挤压形成了秦祁接合带反“S”型的平面构造形态,暗示在南北板块拼合过程中,西秦岭诸中、小块体一定程度的向西挤逸.     

南大巴山前陆褶皱带荆竹坝—石窝剖面磁组构特征及其对构造演化的制约

通过野外构造观测、岩石磁学与磁组构综合分析,本文研究了南大巴山前陆褶皱带荆竹坝—石窝剖面的叠加构造特征及其形成演化.从北东向南西,剖面构造变形总体呈减弱趋势,褶皱轴面总体倾向北东,大尺度褶皱枢纽均以小角度向北西倾伏.古应力分析显示最大主压应力为北东—南西向,反映以南大巴山的推覆为主.剖面J₃之前的采样层位主要表现为变形组构,而J₃-K₁的采样层位则表现为初始弱变形组构.磁线理呈NW-SE向的优势方位,与剖面主构造线基本平行,主要反映来自南大巴山的推覆挤压.剖面发育特殊磁组构：①磁面理与地层面斜交,主要与褶皱作用中的平行层简单剪切相关;②磁线理均不同程度斜交于地层走向,指示构造叠加背景.沿剖面北东向南西区段K_min的倾伏角随构造变形强度减弱而增大,据此相关性可将K_min的倾伏角作为判别弱变形沉积岩变形强度的标志.本文认为,在晚侏罗世以南大巴山的推覆为主而米仓山短轴背斜与川东褶皱带挤压次之的联合作用使南大巴山前陆褶皱带具有构造叠加特征,之后的早白垩世仍主要表现为南大巴山的推覆,而其他两个方向的挤压较之前相对较弱.该结果也反映了秦岭J₃-K₁陆内造山作用及燕山期雪峰陆内构造变形的影响,为探索陆内构造与陆内造山的大陆动力学提供了佐证.     

围压作用下岩石样品中微裂纹的闭合

岩石中普遍存在的微裂纹对其物理性质有十分显著的影响.为了得到不同围压条件下岩样内部微裂纹形态的变化,选取几种具有明显层理的岩石圈岩石样品,在不同围压下沿相互正交的三个方向对纵横波速度和线应变等进行了测量,根据O’Connell模型通过计算得出有效泊松比、裂纹密度、裂纹孔隙度和裂纹的c/a比值（a为硬币形裂纹半长轴的长度,c为其半宽度）.结果表明,随着围压的增加,在垂直于层理面的方向上裂纹闭合最快但c/a比值不减反增.结合显微组构分析可知,岩石中的裂纹表面实际上是凸凹不平的,在围压增加引起裂纹闭合过程中一条裂纹可以变成几个,长度成倍减小但宽度变化不大,所以在垂直于层理面的方向上c/a比值随围压增加而增大.但另两个方向上的变化明显不同,应该与模型本身的适用范围有关.通过同时测量纵、横波速度,计算c/a比值,可以对样品中微裂纹的几何形态及空间分布方式有定性或半定量的了解.     

Magnetic anisotropy and fabric of some foliated rocks from S.E. Australia

Summary The magnetic anisotropy of foliated rocks of several types has been measured by the torque-meter method, and shows that the alignment of long axes of magnetic grains in rocks normally follows the pattern of foliation evident in field observations. In a sharp fold in a lit-par-lit formation the magnetic anisotropy indicated an otherwise undetected lineation independent of the bedding and superimposed upon the foliation determined by the layering. In two adamellites, each with two alignment patterns separated by an angle of 30° the magnetic data are shown to be consistent with two foliations but not with one foliation plus a lineation. Magnetic anisotropy data can be ambiguous for rocks in which two or more grain alignment processes have operated, but combined with other observations magnetic measurements can provide a valuable new tool in the study of rock fabrics.     

秦岭造山带晚三叠世糜署岭岩体的岩石磁学及磁组构可靠性约束

近年来,针对秦岭造山带晚三叠世花岗岩体侵位机制的巨大争议,一些研究采用磁组构方法分析了岩体的内部组构特征及其与区域构造的关系,提出了具有重要意义的新认识.然而,目前这些研究均缺乏对岩体磁组构本质意义的分析,利用该方法约束岩体内部组构的可靠性并不十分清晰.针对这一问题,本文以秦岭造山带内具典型代表性意义的晚三叠世糜署岭花岗岩体为例,开展了该岩体的磁组构、岩石磁学、矿物形态组构和显微构造的综合研究.结果表明,糜署岭岩体的磁化率总体较低,属钛铁矿系列花岗岩.绝大部分样品的磁化率受控于顺磁性的黑云母等铁镁硅酸盐矿物,部分高磁化率样品包含了少量多畴磁铁矿等铁磁性组分的贡献,且随磁化率增大,铁磁性组分的贡献更为明显.样品的磁组构也主要是黑云母组构或由黑云母与磁铁矿的亚组构复合而成.由于样品中磁铁矿含量较低且与黑云母密切共生,磁组构与黑云母形态组构基本一致,因此,黑云母与磁铁矿的亚组构基本共轴.糜署岭岩体的磁组构本质上等同于黑云母组构,反映了黑云母等页硅酸盐矿物在岩体中的分布,可以有效的指示岩体的内部构造特征.宏观和显微构造观察还显示,糜署岭岩体的内部组构形成于岩浆侵位的晚期阶段,叠加了同岩浆期区域构造的关键信息,是从岩体构造角度开展区域构造演化的良好载体.     

湘西南兰蓉岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造背景

湘西南兰蓉岩体为一加里东期小侵入体,由黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩组成.（443.5±8.1）Ma的锆石SHRIMP U Pb年龄表明花岗岩形成于早志留世早期.主量元素组成表明岩体总体属钙碱性高钾钙碱性系列强过铝质花岗岩类.该侵入体Ba、（Ta＋Nb）、Sr、P、Ti强烈亏损,Rb、（Th＋U＋K）、（La＋Ce）、Nd、（Zr＋Hf＋Sm）、（Y＋Yb＋Lu）等相对富集;稀土元素含量较高、轻稀土富集明显、Eu显著亏损;Isr值为0.71299,εSr（t）值为120,εNd （t）值为 8.11和-8.89,t2DM为1.82和1.84Ga.C/MF-A/MF图解显示其源岩为泥质岩和砂屑岩.上述地球化学特征表明兰蓉岩体为陆壳碎屑岩石部分熔融形成的S型花岗岩.基于岩石成因、构造环境判别以及区域构造演化过程,推断兰蓉岩体的具体形成机制为：奥陶纪末志留纪初的北流运动（板内造山运动）导致地壳增厚、升温,尔后在挤压减弱、应力松弛的后碰撞减压构造环境下,中、上地壳酸性岩石发生部分熔融并向上侵位而形成兰蓉岩体.     

油气田典型岩石三轴压缩变形破坏与声发射活动特征——四川盆地震旦系白云岩及页岩的破坏过程

随着二氧化碳地质封存、深部地热开采、地下储气库建设、页岩气开发、二次驱油/驱气等工业应用的快速发展,与地下流体注入有关的诱发地震活动呈现一定的增加趋势.利用声发射实验观测油气田典型岩石在三轴压缩条件下变形破坏过程与声发射活动特征,对研究注水诱发地震过程有着重要意义.本文利用四川盆地现场采集的震旦系白云岩及页岩,采用实验室声发射技术观测研究岩石三轴压缩变形破坏过程中地震波速度等物性参数及声发射事件时空分布特征.实验结果表明:震旦系白云岩及页岩在变形破坏过程中均有一定的声发射活动.根据声发射定位结果,声发射主要集中在破坏前后的较短时间内,页岩的层理面为结构弱面,控制最终破坏面的形态及声发射特征.根据应力-应变结果,白云岩在压缩的后期阶段有一定的扩容现象,但页岩在整个压缩阶段均没有明显扩容现象.研究结果表明四川盆地较古老的白云岩及页岩具有脆性破坏特征,地下流体注入容易诱发微震活动,形成裂缝,有利于页岩气压裂开采.微震活动有利于监测裂缝的发生发展,但同时在页岩气开发及二氧化碳地质封存时应采取相应的预防控制措施进行安全合理的储盖层管理,避免灾害性诱发地震的发生.     

Magma flow revealed by magnetic fabric in the Okavango giant dyke swarm, Karoo igneous province, northern Botswana

To determine the magma flow direction of the giant, 179 Ma Okavango dyke swarm of northern Botswana, we measured the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of 23 dykes. Dykes are located in two sections (Shashe and Thune Rivers), which are about 300 km and 400 km from the presumed magma source respectively; the Nuanetsi triple point. We collected samples from the margins of the dykes in order to use the imbrication of magnetic foliation to determine magma flow direction. About half of the magnetic fabric in the dykes is inverse, i.e. with the magnetic foliation perpendicular to the dyke plane. Lateral flow to the west and vertical flow is in evidence in the Shashe section. However, the overall analysis of normal and inverse magnetic fabric data supports that lateral flow to the west was dominant in the Shashe section. Across the Thune section, a poorly defined imbricated magnetic foliation also suggests lateral flow to the west.     

Gas contents and CO2 isotope studies on fluid inclusion in ultra-high pressure metamorphic rock from Shuanghe area, Dabie Mountain

Step heating experiments on ultra-high pressure (UHP) mcks from the Dabie Mountain shows a majority of CO₂ in fluid inclusion (excluding H₂O); CO is also a significant component, with a small content of N₂ and CH₄. Carbon isotopic composition of CO₂ in fluid of metamorphic climax stage (-25%0- -30%0) is different from that of mantle carbon, indicating that UHP rocks did not experience obvious transformation by mantle fluids despite their subduction depth. CO₂ was derived from carbon matter in the pmtoliths of UHP rocks in a relatively confined system, showing that the UHP rocks subsided quickly and uplifted quickly from the mantle. Current organization: Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China.