The Effect of Moisture on the Kinetic Energy Budget of a Mediterranean Cyclone

Summary  A diagnostic energetics analysis is used to study the effects of moisture-related processes on a developing cyclone over the Mediterranean. This is done by using the moist wind component to calculate the energy budget and then the effect due to wind field changes on the kinetic energy budget is illustrated. The horizontal flux convergence serves as a major energy budget source in both cases (actual and moist wind), although the magnitude values of this term are small in the case of the moist wind. Generation of kinetic energy, is generally (in the case of moist wind), a prominent sink during the life cycle of the cyclone, and its values are greater than the corresponding ones for the actual wind field except at the decay period. Subgrid-scale sources of kinetic energy provide a substantial energy gain throughout the life cycle of the cyclone. The values of the dissipation term differ from using the actual or moist components where its values are influenced by the values of the other terms in the budget. The baroclinic generation due to the divergent moist wind component offsets by 80.8% and 12.1% for the barotropic destruction of kinetic energy by the rotational moist wind component. The divergent moist wind component was found to be very important in the synoptic-scale environments of the cyclogenesis. Both demonstrate that the divergent moist wind component is as important as the rotational moist wind component in producing generation and horizontal flux divergence of kinetic energy. Generation of kinetic energy by the divergent moist wind component seems to be a major factor leading to the creation of upper-level wind maxima north of the storm areas. Thus, these diagnostic findings suggest possible modifications to the wind field by investigating the role of the divergent moist wind component and may also be fruitful in exploring the effects of cyclogensis on the large-scale environment. Received April 27, 1998/Revised April 23, 1999     

一个孟加拉湾低压动能收支的研究

本文用1979年夏季风试验时期(MONEX)得到的专门观测资料计算了孟加拉湾地区一个季风低压的能量收支,得到(1)无辐散风动能制造项是低压的主要动能制造项。在整个低压生命期,平均无辐散风动能制造为7.40瓦/米2,辐散风动能制造为0.67瓦/米2。这表明正压能量制造过程的重要性;(2)对于扰动动能收支,斜压能量转换和正压能量转换都有重要作用。另外通过边界通量,低压总是从环境得到扰动动能的。      

Kinetic energy budget and moisture flux convergence analysis during interaction between two cyclonic systems: Case study

An analysis of the kinetic energy budget during a case of interaction between middle latitude and extratropical cyclones has been made in this work. Horizontal flux convergence constitutes a major energy sink. Generation of kinetic energy via cross-contour flow is a persistent source throughout the growth and decay periods. Dissipation of kinetic energy from subgrid to grid scales is an important source during the pre-storm period; it acts as a sink during the growth and decay periods. The major contribution to kinetic energy comes from a persistent upper tropospheric jet stream activity throughout the period of the cyclone development. The characteristics of moisture-flux components (divergent and rotational) along with precipitable water content for different tropospheric layers throughout the life cycle of our cyclone are also studied in this work. It is found that most of required humidity for our cyclone are initiated from Arabian Sea and then to some extent are reinforced over Gulf of Aden and east of central Africa and then by passing over Red sea enter to the south and south east of Mediterranean Sea. The rotational component of the moisture transport brings moisture from two regions; the first which is considered the main region is the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden and north east of Sudan. The second source region is the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. In the middle troposphere, the primary moisture source is found over central Africa, which in turn is traced to the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Sea. The upper-level moisture fluxes are weak and play a minor role over the area of interaction between two cyclones.     

麦莎台风登陆后能量过程与水汽供应的诊断研究

对0509号台风"麦莎(Matsa)"登陆后长时间维持并轻度加强的过程进行了诊断研究,此过程涉及到多种因素.位涡分析表明,当中纬度西风槽东移,该槽底部分裂出的一个较小的正位涡中心与"麦莎"合并使"麦莎"的涡旋动能增强,而在9日之后"麦莎"与槽主体合并的阶段,槽区主要的正位涡中心与"麦莎"融合.动能收支分析发现,"麦莎"登陆北移过程中,高层的无辐散风穿越等高线将位能转换为动能这一过程较"麦莎"的整体加强为早,而辐散风是低层动能的主要来源.中低层天气尺度系统为积云对流的发展提供动能,而积云对流释放潜热又为高层动能的维持提供了帮助.将"麦莎"与北美"Agnes"飓风比较后发现,"麦莎"加强程度比"Agnes"较弱的原因之一,是高层的无辐散风把台风环流内的动能向环境输出,而"Agnes"飓风则是环境区有大量动能向台风环流区输送.分析水汽来源可知,在"麦莎"登陆期间及其后副热带和热带的两条水汽通道同时或分别为"麦莎"的积云对流提供了足够的水汽供应.     

Kinetic energy budget of Typhoon Yagi (2006) during its extratropical transition

A diagnostic energetic analysis is conducted to study the kinetic energy budget during the extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclone (TC) Yagi (2006), using high-resolution numerical model output. The results show that the upper-level jet stream makes great contribution to the redevelopment of Yagi. When the Yagi approached to the upper-level jet stream, the horizontal flux of kinetic energy associated with the jet was the major cause of the ET. During the transition of Yagi, the horizontal flux of kinetic energy caused by the change of environmental field related to the TC movement only accounted for about 25?% of the total flux, while the horizontal convergence to Yagi under the action of the jet was the major portion of the total horizontal flux. Moreover, the work of pressure gradient force changed from a source of kinetic energy to a sink in the upper troposphere before and after the ET, however, it acted as a source of kinetic energy in the lower and middle troposphere all the time, and both the vertical and horizontal fluxes of kinetic energy caused by the upper-level jet increased the kinetic energy in the upper troposphere. The sub-grid scale friction and dissipation, which shows their maximum effects in the lower troposphere especially in the atmospheric boundary layer, played major consumption roles against the pressure gradient force. Furthermore, the consumption was almost entirely out-of-phase for the convective transport of kinetic energy in vertical, and inhibited the vertical flux of kinetic energy. In addition, there were significant high-frequency disturbances before and after the ET characterized by out-of-phase kinetic energy changes between upper and lower levels, thus, the vertically integrated kinetic energy budget in the air column could not give a reasonable physical image for TC kinetic energy variation.     

两次夏季江淮气旋的动能平衡过程及其与大尺度环流的关系

本文用准拉格朗日方法计算了两例夏季江淮气旋各个阶段的动能收支及旋转风、辐散风对动能制造项的贡献，并讨论了它们与大尺度环流的关系。主要结论有:（1）气旋区域动能平衡的特点随大尺度环流改变；（2）动能的水平输送取决于气旋和高空急流中心的相对位置；（3）稳定少动的高空急流入（出）口区有较强的旋转风动能制造（消耗），与水平输送项反号，移动快的急流附近，此项数值较小；（4）发展的气旋波，高层和低层有较强的辐散风动能制造；（5）夏季江淮气旋波转化为温带气旋时，高层表现为动能输入，高空急流转为气旋式弯曲。     

北上台风暴雨过程涡散场的能量收支和转换特征

利用辐散风和旋转风的动能收支方程,对北方一次北上台风倒槽暴雨过程暴雨区内的涡散场能量收支和转换进行了计算.结果表明:暴雨区内动能的增加是暴雨增幅的一个主要原因.暴雨发展时,就旋转风动能(K_R)而言,旋转风动能通量(HFR)辐合是主要能源,而旋转风的动能产生项(GR)是主要能汇;就辐散风动能(K_D)而言,辐散风的动能产生项(GD)是主要能源,辐散风动能通量(HFD)辐散是主要能汇;总动能水平通量(HF)提供的辐合主要表现于对流层中、低层,这就使得低层辐合加强,上升运动加强,有利于暴雨的增幅.在暴雨过程中次网格尺度效应由能源转变为能汇,在暴雨发展之时能汇减小;能量的转换项C(K_D,K_R)总为正值,在转换项中,地转效应项的贡献很大.说明暴雨过程能量均由K_D向K_R转换,也就是说有效位能经K_D向K_R转换,充分说明了在整个暴雨过程中,尽管辐散风动能变化(∂K_D/∂t)很小,但是它在其中充当“桥梁”作用,C(K_D,K_R)在暴雨发展时达到最大,此时能量转换最为旺盛;对流层低层辐散风动能向旋转风动能的转换是暴雨产生和发展的重要条件.此次暴雨过程,在暴雨区内表现为斜压不稳定和正压稳定共存的特征,其发展过程是系统斜压不稳定增长,正压稳定性减弱的过程,暴雨增幅的另一个重要原因就是暴雨区内低层斜压的发展.     

Eddy kinetic energy study of the snowstorm over Southern China in January 2008

The energetics of the third stage of a snowstorm over China was analyzed using ECWMF data.The analysis of the energy budget for the Middle East trough and the western Pacific trough that developed toward China on 25-28 January 2008 showed the advection of the geopotential by the ageostrophic wind to be both a crucial source and the primary sink of the eddy kinetic energy centers associated with the troughs.The magnitudes of the energy conversion terms,interaction kinetic energy conversion and baroclinic conversion,were too small to explain the development of the energy centers and the jet streaks.The energy centers gained energy at their entrance regions via the convergence of the ageostrophic geopotential fluxes,and then lost energy at their exit regions by the same fluxes.At the entrance regions,the fluxes converged,increasing the geopotential gradient,which generated a stronger geostrophic wind and higher kinetic energy,resulting in an ascending motion in this area.When the troughs moved to China,the ascending motion caused by the convergence of the fluxes at entrance region intensified the snowstorms over central and southern China.     

On the Structure and Adjustment of Inversion-Capped Neutral Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Flows: Large-Eddy Simulation Study

A range of large-eddy simulations, with differing free atmosphere stratification and zero or slightly positive surface heat flux, is investigated to improve understanding of the neutral and near-neutral, inversion-capped, horizontally homogeneous, barotropic atmospheric boundary layer with emphasis on the upper region. We find that an adjustment time of at least 16 h is needed for the simulated flow to reach a quasi-steady state. The boundary layer continues to grow, but at a slow rate that changes little after 8 h of simulation time. A common feature of the neutral simulations is the development of a super-geostrophic jet near the top of the boundary layer. The analytical wind-shear models included do not account for such a jet, and the best agreement with simulated wind shear is seen in cases with weak stratification above the boundary layer. Increasing the surface heat flux decreases the magnitude and vertical extent of the jet and leads to better agreement between analytical and simulated wind-speed profiles. Over a range of different inversion strengths and surface heat fluxes, we also find good agreement between the performed simulations and models of the equilibrium boundary-layer height, and of the budget of turbulent kinetic energy integrated across the boundary layer.     

雷暴大风过程中对流层中低层动量通量和动能通量输送特征研究

2014年5月31日北京发生一次雷暴大风过程。以雷达资料同化结果为初始场,对此次过程进行高分辨率数值模拟。采用非静力平衡和非地转平衡的经向动量方程和质量权重动能方程,利用模拟资料,对雷暴大风过程中经向动量和质量权重动能进行收支分析,以此来研究雷暴过程中对流层中低层动量通量和动能通量输送特征,讨论地面大风的可能成因。分析结果表明,在对流层中低层,经向动量通量散度是影响经向动量局地变化的主要强迫项。雷暴系统后部的入流把中低层的经向动量倾斜向下输送,系统前部对流云区中低层的下沉气流也向下输送经向动量。这两支下传动量通量先后与近地面经向动量的水平通量汇合,向系统前沿输送经向动量。在北京西北部地形阻挡作用下,经向动量通量在系统前端近地面辐合,促进那里的经向动量局地增长,有利于增强那里的南风。质量动能收支的特征与经向动量收支类似,在近地面层质量动能的局地变化主要是由质量动能通量散度引起的。系统后部入流把中层质量动能向下传输到近地面层,然后与近地面质量动能的水平通量汇合,向系统前沿输送质量动能。相对来说,近地面层经向动量和质量动能的水平通量比下传通量更重要,这主要与低层较强的东南急流有关。     

华南春季强对流天气过程的动能收支 (一)总动能收支

本文利用常规探测资料计算和分析了1983年3月1日影响珠江三角洲的一次强对流天气过程的总动能收支。结果表明:就时间区域平均而言,动能制造项是总动能源,动能水平通量散度和次网格尺度过程则消耗区域的动能;几乎所有的主要收支项数值,都在高空急流所在的对流层上层最大;网格尺度的垂直输送使动能由对流层中、低层向高层输送,但次网格尺度过程使动能下传。在风暴影响前后,各能量的收支项都有明显的改变。      

The dynamical effects of divergent wind on the intraseasonal variability of the East Asian circulation

In this paper, the dynamical effects of divergent wind on the intraseasonal variability of atmospheric circulation over East Asia are analyzed by using the function of Rossby-wave source and the energy exchanging function be-tween divergent component and rotational component of the flow.The results analyzed from the observed data show that the advection of vorticity by divergent wind caused by the heating due to the monsoon rainfall in the south to the Yangtze River and the strong convective activities around the Philippines may play an important role in the northward jump of westerly jet stream during the seasonal transition from spring circulation to summer circulation over East Asia. Due to the northward movement of the advection of vorticity by the divergent wind, the energy transformation from divergent component into rotational component can be caused over the Yellow River basin and Northwest China and will cause the intensification of the zonal flow there. Thus, the jet stream abruptly shifts northward to North China.Moreover, the analysed results also show that the advection of vorticity by divergent wind caused by the heating due to the strong convective activities around the Philippines also plays an important role in the intraseasonal varia-bility of the circulation over East Asia during the seasonal transition from summer to winter. With the southward movement of the advection of vorticity by the divergent wind, the energy transformation from divergent component into rotational component can be caused over East Asia, especially over the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin. Therefore, the jet stream gradually moves southward from North China to the Yangtze River basin.     

The Dynamical Effects of Divergent Wind on the Intraseasonal variabinty of the East Asian Circulation

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Large-Eddy Simulation of Katabatic Flows

A large-eddy simulation model with rotated coordinates and an open boundary is used to simulate the characteristics of katabatic flows over simple terrain. Experiments examine the effects of cross winds on the development of the slope-flow boundary layer for a steep (20°) slope and the role of drainage winds in preventing turbulence collapse on a gentle slope (1°). For the steep flow cases, comparisons between model average boundary-layer velocity, temperature deficit, and turbulence kinetic energy budget terms and tower observations show reasonable agreement. Results for different cross slope winds show that as the cross slope winds increase, the slope flow deepens faster and behaves more like a weakly stratified, sheared boundary layer. Analysis of the momentum budget shows that near the surface the flow is maintained by a balance between downslope buoyancy forcing and vertical turbulence flux from surface drag. Above the downslope jet, the turbulence vertical momentum flux reverses sign and acceleration of the flow by buoyancy is controlled by horizontal advection of slower moving ambient air. The turbulence budget is dominated by a balance between shear production and eddy dissipation, however, buoyancy and pressure transport both are significant in reducing the strength of turbulence above the jet. Results from the gentle slope case show that even a slight terrain variation can lead to significant drainage winds. Comparison of the gentle slope case with a flat terrain simulation indicates that drainage winds can effectively prevent the formation of very stable boundary layers, at least near the top of sloping terrain.     

1998年7月21日武汉暴雨小尺度动力特征的数值模拟研究

利用三维完全弹性积云数值模式,模拟了1998年7月21日武汉暴雨期间强降水积云的发生、发展过程.着重分析了积云动力学特征以及近地层散度场、水汽通量等对积云降水的发展、维持的贡献.结果表明,特殊的温、湿层结配置是这次强降水对流云发生的主要原因,而近地层高温、高湿气体源源不断地向云体输送,是强降水积云长时间维持的能量来源.合适的上下层风切变,特别是近地层逆向云体风速的存在,使得云体移动前方下层高温、高湿气体向云内输送,云后部伴随降雨而出现的干冷出流迅速流出,上层高空急流的存在,为积云顶部出流在更大范围扩散提供了条件.散度场、水汽通量场的分布及演变,也进一步证明了上述结论.     

Downstream development of baroclinic waves in the midlatitude jet induced by extratropical transition: A case study

This study uses eddy kinetic energy analysis and a targeting method to investigate how an extratropical transition(ET)event induced downstream development(the modification of the midlatitude flow downstream of the ET system) in the midlatitude jet environment. The downstream development showed distinct characteristics of "coupling development" and being "boundary-trapped". Eddies(potential disturbances) first developed at the upper levels, and these triggered lower-level eddy development, with all eddies decaying away from the tropopause and the surface. Thereafter, a lower-level eddy caught up with the upper-level eddy ahead of it, and they coupled to form a cyclone extending through the whole troposphere. Vertical ageostrophic geopotential flux may be a crucial dynamic factor throughout the eddy's lower-level growth, boundary-trapping,and coupling development.Together with barotropic conversion, the ageostrophic geopotential fluxes that were transported from Hurricane Fabian(2003) to the midlatitudes by the outflow led to downstream ridge development in the upper-level jet. The strong downstream advection of eddy kinetic energy in the exit region of the jet streak triggered downstream trough development. The well-known ridge–trough couplet thus formed. The vertical ageostrophic fluxes that were transported downward from the developed upper-level systems converged near the surface and resulted in lower-level eddy growth. Baroclinic conversion was negligible near the boundaries, while it was the main source of eddy kinetic energy at mid-levels. In the upper-level jet, potential energy was converted to the mean kinetic energy of the jet, which in turn was converted to eddy kinetic energy through barotropic conversion.     

Nonlinear kinetic energy interactions and their contributions to the growth and decay of atmospheric waves in the lower troposphere during summer monsoon, 1979

Summary Lower tropospheric (1000–500) hPa kinetic energy (KE), temporal variations of KE and nonlinear KE transfer of rotational and divergent flows and energy conversion between them, partitioning further into stationary and transient components in the Fourier spectral domain and the mechanism for the evolution of significant transient waves for the month July 1979 in the latitudinal belt 10° S–30° N are studied.Divergent zonal and eddy KE show their maxima at the lowest level 1000 hPa. Lower tropospheric monsoon motion provides a non-divergent level close to 850 hPa. The daily flow patterns bear little resemblence to the climatology over tropics at 500 hPa. Although the transient mode of synoptic scale waves is stronger than that of planetary scale waves they are comparable. Analysis of energetics over global tropics can get signature of transient activities embedded in the large scale system. Summer momentum flux in the lower troposphere is essentially associated with stationary planetary and transient synoptic scale waves. Waves 1, 3 and 6 are the most preferred transient waves. Divergent to rotational KE conversion is the most dominating mechanism for the maintenance of planetary and synoptic scale waves. All categories of waves contribute towards the maintenance of zonal flows. The primary source of energy for transient synoptic scale waves is the transient divergent rotational KE transfer whereas the interaction between zonal stationary and transient wave is likely to be secondary source. Transient KE and all transient interactions, stationary KE and all stationary interactions are found to be strongest at 500 hPa and 850 hPa respectively. Growth and decay of transient waves 1 and 3 are mainly controlled by divergent-rotational KE conversions whereas those of transient wave 6 are controlled by KE transfer due to zonal-wave interaction.With 13 Figures     

两个相似路径台风残余造成局地特大暴雨的成因机制和能量收支对比分析

本文利用ERA-Interim 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料、自动站小时和分钟加密资料、风云2G（FY-2G）卫星红外云图及多普勒雷达和风廓线雷达资料对2015年路径高度相似的“苏迪罗”和“杜鹃”台风在浙江沿海引发的局地特大暴雨进行对比分析。这两次降水过程都是在台风减弱为热带低压甚至残压并深入内陆远离浙江沿海后发生的。结果表明,“苏迪罗”降水过程是由低层强东南和偏南急流长时间辐合加上有利地形共同作用导致的;经向环流背景下来自季风持续的水汽输送有利于“苏迪罗”维持较长的生命史和稳定的降水。“杜鹃”残压特大暴雨的触发系统则是高纬地面冷高压底部的东东北出流南下与“杜鹃”北象限的东东南风交汇形成的中尺度倒槽;纬向环流和强盛副热带高压造成的弱引导气流及夏季风南撤和低涡卷挟造成的水汽通道断裂是“杜鹃”登陆后快速减弱为残压和降水维持时间较短的原因。两次台风降水过程中均无外部动能输送和来自有效位能的动能转换。动能收支的主要影响因子为中低层局地次网格运动间的能量转换、旋转风和散度风效应及下垫面的摩擦耗散。所以,虽然“杜鹃”的对流有效位能很小,但仍可造成强对流和特大暴雨。此外,降水过程中释放的凝结潜热造成的局地非绝热加热使气柱中显热能大量累积,促使地面中小尺度涡旋和倒槽不断加深,造成降水的增幅。     

气溶胶对东亚冬季风影响的数值模拟

利用NCAR/UCAR CAM5.1模式研究气溶胶对东亚冬季风的影响。模式从1991—2010年运行20年,取2001—2010年冬季的结果。模式结果可以较好地再现东亚冬季风的主要特征。试验结果表明:气溶胶增加使我国东南部地区和东北亚地区（35°~55°N,115°~150°E）冬季风减弱,同时,造成我国东南部地区降水减少。其中,热源热汇的变化和无辐散风减弱为主要原因。气溶胶增加改变了大气热源的分布,造成在我国东南部地区热源减弱,热汇加强;我国东北地区热汇减弱,日本列岛热源加强;气溶胶增加使这些区域全位能的产生减弱,消耗加强。同时,凝结潜热的变化主要影响热源和热汇,其中大尺度过程产生的凝结潜热变化起主要作用。在我国东南部和东北亚地区辐散风动能向全位能的转换增加,造成辐散风减弱。故该区域辐散风向无辐散风的转换减弱,导致无辐散风减弱,最终造成东亚冬季风减弱。     

Vertical transport of turbulent kinetic energy in the surface layer over a paddy field

Turbulent kinetic energy and its vertical flux were measured at two heights over a paddy field. The vertical transport of turbulent kinetic energy was always downward right above the paddy field and was frequently downward at higher levels within a few metres above the crop. Contributions to the downward transport arise mainly from the turbulent kinetic energy of horizontal wind velocity components. It is shown from the analysis of probability distributions that appreciable transport takes place intermittently in a few large downward bursts and that these downdrafts are efficient for downward energy transport.In the budget of turbulent kinetic energy, the flux divergence term and the energy dissipation term are the main loss terms under unstable conditions. These terms increase in magnitude with increasing instability. Buoyant production is insufficient to balance these losses. The imbalance term involving the pressure-work term is probably one of the main energy sources in unstable conditions.