Effects of near-surface inhomogeneities on MT responses: An analytical model

An analytical model is suggested to describe the electrostatic field produced by near-surface inhomogeneities responsible for galvanic shift in magnetotelluric (MT) apparent resistivity sounding curves. The near-surface inhomogeneities are modeled in thin-sheet approximation with laterally variable longitudinal conductance and transverse resistance. The model accounts for the TM (transverse magnetic) mode secondary electric field in the conductive layered subsurface below the thin sheet. Equations have been obtained to relate the subsurface geoelectric parameters and the spatial harmonics of the secondary electrostatic field. This secondary field, which is the source of galvanic shift in MT data, turns out to be in-phase with the primary field. The equations derived to simulate galvanic distortions are applicable to long-period MT data acquired by a synchronous array.     

大地电磁测深数据TE与TM极化模式的对比

在大地电磁测深工作中,由于实际地下介质的非均匀性,所得到实测资料的TE、TM极化模式视电阻率曲线有很大差异,给正确认识和判断实际地质结构带来困难。通过建立简单地堑、地垒及断层模型,并进行正反演,总结了这些模型条件下TE、TM极化模式的响应规律,为大地电磁测深数据的定性分析和解释提供了依据。     

基于小波分析的MT静态效应识别及校正

大地电磁测深中,观测结果常受静态效应的影响而发生畸变,增加了资料解释工作的难度。基于小波分析理论,提出使用Daubechies小波分解对有静态效应测点进行有效识别。建立含有静态体并镶嵌有高阻异常体的地垒模型,分别采用中值滤波方法、相位法和小波分析方法进行了静态效应的校正。结果表明:相位法校正结果不稳定,相对误差随频点起伏较大;中值滤波方法在高频段误差较大;基于多尺度小波分析校正方法比较稳定,误差基本不超过5%,能够有效的压制静态效应。采用小波分析方法对某区大地电磁(MT)实测数据进行了静态效应识别和校正,取得比较理想的效果。      

大地电磁资料处理中有效视电阻率的利用

有效视电阻率与大地电磁响应阻抗张量矩阵的模相对应,是坐标旋转不变量,在一维条件时有效视电阻率等于常规视电阻率ρα,在二维条件时等于ρTE和ρTM的几何平均,具有降维特征。因静态效应不影响有效视电阻率的曲线形态,所以可用平移法进行静校正,由于与旋转轴无关,对有效视电阻率进行二维反演可避免因极化模式判别不准确而带禾的反演结果偏差。经系统的讨论,认为在大地电磁测深资料处理解释中,可充分利用有效视电阻率发挥作用。     

Identification and Correction for MT Static Shift Using TEM Inversion Technique

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MT数据处理中静校正方法对比

在大地电磁测深数据处理中,静态效应会影响解释结果.这里主要采用有限单元法进行正演计算,采用阻抗相位校正法、空间滤波法以及视电阻率导数解释法,对存在静态效应的理论模型进行数据处理.对比结果表明,前二种方法对静态效应起到了一定的压制和改善作用,且阻抗相位校正法效果相对较好,而通过视电阻率导数解释法,可以准确地反映地下真实异常形态.     

用TEM反演法进行MT静位移的识别和校正

对瞬变电磁(TEM)资料进行反演时, 采用观测磁场而不用视电阻率, 避免了由于TEM视电阻率定义而引起的误差, 并且由源象磁场和观测磁场之间的拟合进行反演使反演结果受非均匀性影响较小; 将反演结果构置出地电模型, 计算出它的MT曲线作为静位移校正的参考曲线, 使它用于MT静位移校正更为可靠, 同时也解决了两种电磁资料从时间域到频率域的转换问题.由此实现用TEM反演的方法进行MT静位移的识别和校正.实例表明, 这种方法对MT静位移的识别和校正十分有效.      

A combinatorial filtering method for magnetotelluric data series with strong interference

In highly industrialized areas, magnetotelluric (MT)-induced variations are contaminated by strong manmade noise signals. A method is described as an alternative approach for noise removal, based on a combination of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) with independent component analysis (ICA). The filtering procedure takes advantage of the fact that data are analyzed through different scale levels, which requires a minimum of human intervention and leaves good data sections unchanged. Principle and steps of method are discussed, and de-noising results are evaluated by some parameters. After the filtering stage, data is processed in the frequency domain to yield two sets of reliable MT transfer functions and the result was compared with that of the EMD-Wavelet method. Simulated signal and measured MT data series are processed. The results show that this procedure can lead to greatly improved apparent resistivity and phase curves after processing. Point defects are filtered out to eliminate their deleterious influence, which yields reliable estimates of the MT transfer functions. The EMD-ICA method provides a new method for the de-noising of MT data series under the condition of low SNR.     

基于经验模态分解的MT数据脉冲类电磁噪声处理

电磁脉冲干扰是大地电磁测深系统(MT)信号的主要噪声之一,严重影响后续视电阻率和阻抗的计算及目标信息的提取。针对脉冲类噪声在时间域中的变化特征,利用经验模态分解（EMD）对脉冲类电磁噪声进行压制处理。首先,对大地电磁信号经EMD分解后得到N个本征模态函数（IMF）;然后,对每一阶的IMF选择一个合适的阀值,对于该IMF中超出该阀值的部分进行截断;最后,进行EMD重构。实测数据测试表明:改正后信号能量损失小, 与改正前信号相关性高, 可有效地抑制脉冲类噪声干扰。     

2D inversion of the magnetotelluric data from Mahallat geothermal field in Iran using finite element approach

The natural-field magnetotelluric (MT) method has proven very useful for mapping the geothermal fields as resistivity sections. The depth of investigation of the MT method is sufficiently large to penetrate deep into the upper crust. MT soundings along two transects across Mahallat geothermal field in Iran were carried out to determine the crustal structure in the region. The selected MT profiles in the region cross over the hydrothermally altered zones and different geological structures. Data were acquired along two profiles crossing the Mahallat hot springs with a total of 28 MT stations in a frequency range of 8,000 to 0.008 Hz. Spacing between stations was kept 500 m for a good resolution. We have used the code MT2DInvMATLAB for inversion using the method of finite elements for forward modeling. Apparent resistivity and phase data of transverse electric (TE), transverse magnetic (TM), and TE + TM modes along each profile were modeled. The geothermal fluid reservoir is resolved at 1,000 to 3,000 m depth and the geothermal resource is estimated to be located at 7,000 m or deeper.     

Evidence for Continent-Continent Collision Zone in the South Indian Shield Region

With a view towards understanding the evolutionary history of the complex South Indian shield, several geological and geophysical studies have been carried out. Recent geophysical studies include magnetotelluric (MT), deep seismic sounding (DSS), gravity, magnetic and deep resistivity soundings (DRS). In the present study, MT results along 140 km Andiyur-Turaiyur east-west profile is presented. The data are subjected to Groom-Bailey decomposition and static shift correction before deriving a 2-D model. The 2-D modeling results have shown that the upper crust (up to about 15 km) towards western part of the profile have exhibited high resistive character of about 40, 000 ohm-m as compared to the eastern part (less than 5, 000 ohm-m). The mid-lower crust has shown a decrease in resistivity in western part of the profile, the order of resistivity being 2, 000 ohm-m. An anomalous steep conductive feature (less than 100 ohm-m) is observed near Sankari at mid-lower crustal depths (>20 km) towards middle part of the profile. This feature is spatially correlatable with the well-known Moyar-Bhavani Shear Zone (MBSZ). The features obtained in the present study are consistent with earlier MT studies in this region and correlatable with other geophysical studies. DSS studies near the study region gave an evidence for differing crustal structure on either side of MBSZ. Variation in geoelectric character along the profile both in the upper crust and mid-lower crust indicate a block structure in the SGT with shear zones acting as boundaries. The new evidence in the form of distinct geoelectric structure and also variation in seismic structure indicate a continent-continent collision zone in this region and plays an important role for the Gondwana reconstruction models of South Indian shield.     

电偶源频率电磁测深中比值视电阻率和阻抗相位的联合反演

本文论述了电偶源频率电磁测深中,利用比值视电阻率和相应阻抗相位进行联合反演的必要性和可能的应用前景及具体实施方法。理论模型和实际观测资料的反演试验表明这一联合反演是可行和有效的,且明显地优于视电阻率和阻抗相位的单参量反演。     

电偶源频率电磁测深中比值视电阻率和阻抗相位的联合反演

本文论述了电偶源频率电磁测深中，利用比值视电阻率和相应阻抗相位进行联合反演的必要性和可能的应用前景及具体实施方法。理论模型和实际观测资料的反演试验表明这一联合反演是可行和有效的，且明显地优于视电阻率和阻抗相位的单参量反演。     

Inversion of GDS data of northwest Himalaya using EM2INV

This paper reviews the validity of earlier models obtained after quantitative interpretation of GDS data and presents a fresh model using the inversion scheme EM2INV. The 2-D inversion of data is more objective than the earlier interpretation performed by using trial and error method. The inversion results indicate that the present model differs from the earlier ones. The reason could be that available GDS data are sufficient only for deriving the horizontal variation of subsurface resistivity. In order to study the vertical resistivity variation additional MT sounding data would be required. It would therefore be desirable to carry out MT survey in the specified area. A more comprehensive/appropriate model could be derived from joint inversion of GDS and MT data.     

非线性共轭梯度三维反演在山西河津铁矿音频大地电磁数据勘察中的应用

利用非线性共轭梯度反演方法,对采集到的近正交的两条音频大地电磁剖面数据构成的主阻抗数据集进行三维反演。结果显示,山西省河津市地下结构呈现较明显的三层构造特征,推测第一层高阻异常是侵入岩或变质片麻岩,第二层低阻异常是铁矿富存区,高阻的第三层异常反映研究区的花岗闪长岩基底。根据地球物理电性参数资料,铁矿体为低阻,电阻率<10Ω·m。因此,推测10Ω·m的电阻率等值面大致勾勒出大地电磁反演结果推测的铁矿的成矿有利区。在两条剖面正交位置下方,矿体规模较小;但在2号线60-100号点和3号线476-492号点的下方1 km深的位置附近发现了新矿体。结果表明,利用大地电磁法寻找类似热液型铁矿这类局部异常体,三维反演是获得可靠结果的必要技术手段;即使是剖面性观测数据,也可以进行三维反演,并取得良好效果。     

海水层对海洋大地电磁勘探的影响研究

为了研究海水层对大地电磁测深的影响,建立了一维层状模型并进行计算。结果表明,海水层对电磁场的影响特征主要表现为高频段的影响大于低频段,磁场的影响大于电场,相位的影响大于振幅。针对海洋大地电磁测深中使用远参考道问题,设计了三种二维地电模型(取参考点位于陆地或海底,测点位于海底),并对三种模型的大地电磁响应进行了有限单元法数值模拟,通过异常对比研究表明,在海洋大地电磁测深中可以使用远参考道,获得海底深部介质的地电信息。     

大地电磁测深视电阻率和相位曲线之间近似互算方法及程序实现

介绍了大地电磁测深曲线中视电阻率曲线和相位曲线之间互相近似推算的原理和方法,并给出基于MATLAB平台的主要实现代码,为实测视电阻率曲线和相位曲线的编辑和处理提供了一种近似参考依据。     

太康隆起东段地热资源远景区调查评价与研究

应用大地电磁测深法(MT)对太康隆起东段深部地层结构及隐伏断裂进行探测研究,共布设了4条MT剖面,获得了97个测深点,并对所获得的MT数据的二维偏离度、构造走向等进行计算和分析,采用非线性共轭梯度(NLCG)二维反演方法对TE和TM模式的数据进行联合反演,得到了可靠的地下介质二维地电模型。研究结果表明,商丘凸起电性结构纵向上具有典型的分层特征,从上到下可分为三层,即低阻层-中高阻层-高阻层。根据该电性结构模型,结合研究区域重力、航磁、地震及区域地质资料,绘制了商丘凸起基岩地质图,同时根据深部基底隆起形成的高阻异常与区域地温场高值区具有较好的对应关系,据此圈定了2处地热异常远景区。     

大地电磁测深三维反演系统及应用

大地电磁测深是基于电磁感应原理,在地表采集正交的电、磁场来研究地壳乃至上地幔电性结构的地球物理方法,后期衍生出采集高频天然场信号的音频大地电磁测深和采集人工源信号的可控源大地电磁法。此类方法在深部构造研究、矿产资源勘查、油气资源探测等多领域得到了广泛应用。近几年来,虽然其野外工作趋近三维勘探水平,但其采集数据的处理和三维反演研究仍然存在不足,限制了地质解释的准确度和效率。针对这些问题,我们开发了大地电磁测深的三维反演软件系统,系统主要分为静位移校正、三维反演的初始模型构建和三维反演3个模块,有效地解决了数据处理中的静位移问题和数据解释中的三维反演问题,并且其中涉及的很多算法改进了现有技术,在计算精度、计算效率和成本节约方面有很大优势,具有良好的应用前景。     

一个CSAMT非平面波效应的实例及数值分析

本文以实例结合数值模拟说明CSAMT中非平面波效应对资料解释的重要影响。实际数据测量于河南卢氏县,在同一条测线测量,发射源长度1.3 km,收发距离分别为4.5 km和7 km。通过对数据进行必要的校正后进行了光滑模型反演,为了对比反演结果,整个处理过程的参数都保持一致。反演的电阻率断面显示,两种收发距离反演的电阻率断面其异常形态基本一致;但在电阻率的数值上,4.5 km的收发距离反演的电阻率较7 km的大。分析发现上述现象主要是源的非平面波效应造成的,并通过三维正演数值模拟得到了验证。由于在有限收发距离时,计算卡尼亚视电阻率靠近源受非平面波效应影响偏大,远离源后,该视电阻率趋于平面波视电阻率。因此,为了采用目前的可控源音频大地电磁测深解释理论,要求收发距离尽可能大。否则,必须采用带源效应的真正可控源电磁反演技术完成数据分析。