GPS折射率资料在梅雨锋暴雨数值模拟中的应用

运用WRF三维变分同化系统同化GPS掩星折射率资料,并应用到2007年7月4—6日梅雨锋暴雨个例中进行数值模拟试验,以此考察GPS掩星折射率资料在梅雨锋暴雨数值模拟中的应用。同化结果表明：GPS掩星折射率资料对初始资料的调整主要是中低层湿度场,对于温度场和高度场的调整都是从底层到高层逐渐增大;加入GPS掩星折射率资料对降水预报有所改进,这与中低层湿度场的初始调整有关系;从对模拟结果进行诊断和结构分析中可以发现负散度增量和正涡度增量与降水中心和区域有很好的对应,同化资料之后对于各降水中心地区增强了产生降水的动力条件。     

GPS可降水量与掩星折射率资料同化对暴雨模拟的影响

利用WRF-3DVAR系统同化GPS地基可降水量资料和空基掩星探测资料,对2011年6月14日我国夏季江淮流域暴雨天气过程进行数值模拟试验,对比分析可降水量和掩星折射率资料在暴雨天气数值模拟中的影响。结果表明:可降水量和掩星探测对底层水汽都有明显改善,可降水量对水汽的改善更为显著,比掩星同化平均高一个量级,改进了暴雨的强度和暴雨的影响范围;掩星折射率资料的同化通过改善强对流区域的风场和温度场,从而改进暴雨的降水落区;GPS可降水量和折射率资料的同时同化,一定程度上弥补了可降水量探测站点分布的不足和掩星折射率资料稀疏,对暴雨的强度、范围和落区预报都有很好的提高,两者可以很好地相互补充。      

WRF-3DVAR同化GPS掩星资料对强对流天气预报的影响

利用WRF三维变分同化系统,同化GPS掩星折射率资料,对2012年4月30日的强对流天气进行同化试验,分析同化折射率资料对于我国春季大范围强对流天气模拟的影响。结果表明:通过同化GPS掩星观测资料,可以明显调整和改善分析场的风、温度和湿度,其中,温度场的调整集中在我国北方地区850hPa以上的高度层;水汽的调整以中低层大气负的调整为主,最大可达-0.89g/kg;中纬度地区的高层风场都有明显的改善。青藏高原以风场调整为主,增加了西北风的分量,温度场也有改善。从模式结果对比发现,同化GPS掩星折射率资料,对高原稀疏的云团以及锋面云系有更好地描述;由于较准确地描述了低层的风场信息,模式对成都双流机场区域的小时降水量模拟也有较好效果。     

掩星弯角资料同化在一次暴雨过程中的应用

使用GPS掩星弯角资料和NCEP预报场资料,采用GSI(Grid-point Statistical Interpolation)变分同化系统,对同化掩星弯角资料前后的分析场以及数值预报结果进行详细比较,分析了弯角资料同化对2012年7月21日北京特大暴雨预报结果的影响。结果表明,同化掩星弯角资料对初始场中的温度、湿度产生明显影响,500 hPa和700 hPa温度调整中心量值达到0.5℃和-0.6℃,700 hPa湿度调整中心最大量值达-0.14 kg·kg-1;同化过程改变了强降水发生前流场结构,明显提高了强降水中心位置、雨带走向及范围、降水强度的预报准确性;由降水TS评分可知,200 mm以上大暴雨模拟改善效果明显,但对弱降水预报效果较差。     

一次降水天气过程的GPS掩星资料在GSI同化系统中的应用

为了探索全球定位卫星观测系统无线电掩星技术(Global Positioning System/Radio Occulta-tion,简称GPSRO)在业务数值预报模式中的应用效果,以美国NCEP(National Centers for Environ-mental Prediction)业务同化系统为平台,对有/无COSMIC(Constellation Observing System for Meteor-ology,Ionosphere and Climate)GPS无线电掩星观测资料进行了一次降水过程的详细的同化对比试验。试验中GPSRO观测算子主要采用了相对简单但计算省时的局地(Local)同化技术。该个例试验表明:COSMICGPS掩星观测对分析影响较大的地区是常规观测资料较稀缺地区(如洋面),因此在这些地区GPSRO资料可以被看作是对常规观测很好的补充。同时还注意到COSMIC GPS RO资料在对流层下层对湿度场分析和预报的影响显著,在对流层中上层对风场分析也产生正面影响。这证实GPS RO资料在业务数值天气预报中应用的有效性,为我国数值预报未来开展业务GPS掩星观测资料同化提供了有益的科学参考依据。     

直接同化卫星辐射率资料在暴雨预报中的应用研究

为了考察T213-SSI同化全球ATOVS卫星辐射率微波资料在极端暴雨事件预报中的应用效果和能力,评估和分析卫星资料的应用对极端暴雨事件预报效果的影响,利用T213-SSI准业务同化系统,对2007年7月16-19日的川渝地区暴雨过程进行了模拟分析.此次暴雨过程致灾严重,同时是一次预报难度很大的、西风带系统调整下的转折性天气过程,非常值得研究.共开展了3组模拟试验:第一组试验只同化常规资料;第二组试验连续同化10天常规资料和卫星微波资料,第三组试验只同化一个时次、分别使用常规资料和不同波段微波资料(AMSUA和AMSUB).结果表明:(1)仅同化一次卫星资料的暴雨预报不及连续同化10天卫星资料的效果好,说明卫星资料的使用需要有较长时间的累积才能产生较好效果;(2)卫星资料的长期使用可以改进大尺度环境场,使得暴雨天气过程的直接影响系统更接近实际;(3)AMSUA资料对温度场的调整有较大贡献,AMSUB资料对湿度场也有较为明显的影响.     

同化GPS可降水量资料在安徽地区暴雨预报中的应用

利用2014年5月10日08时和5月24日08时的中国GPS(Global Positioning System)可降水量资料、地面气象观测资料及探空资料,基于WRF(Weather Research Forecast)模式及其三维变分同化系统对安徽地区2014年5月10日区域性暴雨过程和5月24日局地性暴雨过程进行了同化研究。结果表明:同化GPS水汽资料能较好地改善WRF模式的湿度场,对风场的调整较小;同化探空资料和地面常规气象观测资料可以同时调整湿度场与风场,但对湿度场的改善效果明显不如同化GPS水汽资料。仅同化GPS可降水资料,可以改进暴雨落区和强度的WRF模式模拟预报效果;而同化探空资料和地面常规气象观测资料对暴雨落区与强度预报的改进效果低于仅同化GPS水汽资料;同时同化地面常规气象观测资料、探空资料和GPS可降水资料对暴雨强度与落区的预报效果改进明显,与实况更接近,暴雨预报的TS评分更高,空报率更低。     

GPSRO同化对天山暴雪影响的模拟研究

GPS掩星资料(GPSRO)业务同化的正效果已经在多个国家的数值预报中心得到证实,但在新疆数值预报业务中尚未应用。为验证GPSRO同化对天山暴雪预报的影响,本文以GFS数据为背景场,用WRFDA同化了GPS掩星事件反演的折射率和温湿廓线,评估了其对2014年12月07日08时到09日08时的天山暴雪过程预报效果的影响,对比分析了两者同化产生的影响半径。研究发现,GPS掩星温湿廓线和折射率同化对此次天山暴雪过程预报均有正效果,改善幅度前者劣于后者。同化后风场U、V分量沿风向方向的影响半径均大于垂直风向方向,其增量极值中心位置向下风方向偏移。温度、湿度场的分析增量分布均接近各向同性,增量极值中心位置与掩星事件位置相对应。同化后温度分析均以增暖为主,湿度分析以增湿为主,气压分析以减压为主。温湿廓线同化产生的资料影响半径平均大于折射率同化产生的影响半径。并且,在任何网格点,无论是温度场还是比湿场,温湿廓线同化产生的分析差的绝对值大于折射率同化。温湿廓线与折射率同化后风场的分析增量整体上均随着高度的增加先减后增,温度场分析增量整体上随高度升高而增大,气压分析增量随高度升高单调递增, 比湿分析增量绝对值的大值区主要集中在500hPa以下的低空,其最大值位于700hPa附近。     

一次重庆特大暴雨过程的中尺度分析

为评估中尺度模式同化常规地面、探空和雷达径向风等不同观测资料对四川暴雨预报性能的影响,以2020年6月14—18日四川一次暴雨过程为例,利用WRF(Weather Research And Forecasting)模式和GSI(Grid Point Statistical Interpolation)同化系统,对常规观测资料和雷达资料分别和同时进行循环同化,开展数值模拟试验,定性和定量地对比分析三组同化试验的降水模拟效果。结果表明：WRF模式结合GSI同化系统对此次暴雨有较好的模拟。针对21 h累积降水模拟,同化常规观测资料较好地改善了暴雨雨带的走向和暴雨的落区;同化雷达资料对降水强度、暴雨范围和小到中雨预报表现较好,小到中雨的ETS评分平均提升0.05;同时同化两种资料对大雨的ETS、POD、FAR和BIAS评分都有改善。针对半日累积降水预报,同化雷达资料对降水趋势的模拟表现最好,同化包括雷达资料的试验对降水落区有较好的改善。针对3 h累积降水预报,同化试验对降水演变均有改善,同化雷达资料表现最好。模式对夜间降水的模拟普遍优于白天,同化试验的改善时段也主要集中在夜间,同化常规资料表现显著。综合21 h、半日和3 h累积降水预报评分结果,同时同化多种资料的降水预报效果不绝对优于仅同化一种资料的降水预报,但至少优于一种资料同化的降水预报评分结果。

     

利用LAPS系统同化地基GPS水汽资料的应用研究

介绍了武汉暴雨研究所引进的LAPS系统(Local Analysis and Prediction System)在水汽分析中应用GPS水汽资料的方法。设计三种试验方案与实况进行对比分析,并结合WRF模式模拟,研究GPS水汽资料在LAPS系统中的作用以及对预报的影响。结果表明,LAPS同化GPS水汽资料后,对湿度场产生较大调整;对比各方案LAPS输出的可降水量后发现,GPS水汽资料的作用比雷达资料大一个量级;从模式模拟试验结果比较看出,LAPS对GPS水汽的同化能改善GPS测站分布区域降水预报,并对下游暴雨的预报也有正效果,能提高暴雨量级的Ts降水评分。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.