我们需要保护自然资源吗？

正常而言，在印度尼西亚的苏门答腊和加里曼丹岛，即使在非厄尔尼诺年，每年6月或7月的旱季会出现烟雾问题。研究发现，近年来烟雾问题并不仅仅出现在旱季，雨季也有发生。进一步的观测和野外调研表明，这些烟雾来源于用火烧的方式进行油棕榈及其它林木种植前的土地整理，然而这种方式早已被完全禁止。结果，这两个省的绝大多数的水灾灾区位于这些植被被焚毁的地区。     

京津冀区域大气霾污染研究意义、现状及展望

频发的霾污染是目前京津冀最严重的环境问题。如何协调区域经济合理快速发展与防止大气环境恶化,已经成为公众关注的焦点,也是各级政府亟待解决的问题之一。对国内外典型大气污染事件的产生及治理历程进行了简要回顾;结合我国当前霾污染问题产生的特殊性,分析了京津冀区域霾污染研究对经济和社会发展、气候和环境变化、人体健康和区域和谐发展的现实意义;阐述了京津冀霾污染现象频发的主要客观要素和内在原因,并分析了当前研究工作中的不足。最后,在全球气候变化的大背景下,推测了京津冀及东亚地区未来大气污染的发展趋势。     

雾霾及地下水土壤污染的地质作用

导致雾霾、地下水和土壤污染的机理复杂,且影响因素较多。不同行业和学科研究的成果各有说法和道理,并且取得了一定的成效。但是,就目前的研究成果和实际情况来看依然存在着许多不攻自破的“漏洞”和片面性。通过2年来的野外调查研究和大量文献资料分析认为：雾霾的产生和土壤、地下水体污染主要由地质作用（构造活动和地球深部气体释放、煤田火区）、人类活动（地表到大气对流层空间）和气候气象（湿度、风力和降雨强度）3大因素造成。其中,地质作用是不可忽略的重要因素,也是难以预测和治理难度最大的。华北平原正好同时满足上述3个条件,处于雾霾严重区域。     

Weather hazards in Calabar — Nigeria

The major weather hazards in Calabar, a coastal town in Nigeria during both winter and summer hemispheres are discussed using meteorological data for 32 years (1951–1982). Results show that during the winter months of November to March, which are usually referred to as the dry season in Nigeria, frequency of occurrence of fog and harmattan dust haze is low. Summer patterns of precipitation are typical of the equatorial zone.Since 1980, poor visibility associated with fog and harmattan haze have become serious while high rates of erosion and flooding due to heavy rain are aggravated by human activities.     

Analysis of provincial total-factor air pollution efficiency in China by using context-dependent slacks-based measure considering undesirable outputs

Natural Hazards - In recent years, the emergences of large-scale and high-frequency serious haze weather mainly caused by air pollution in China have aroused widespread concerns at home and abroad,...     

Characteristics of high impact weather and meteorological disaster in Shanghai,China

This paper discusses the characteristics of high-impact weather events based on available data during 1960–2009, including the frequency and extreme value of rainstorm, typhoon, thunderstorm, strong wind, tornado, fog, haze and hot days in Shanghai, China. The frequency and spatial distribution of meteorological disasters and their impacts on both human and property during 1984–2009 are also discussed. Examination of the frequency indicates a decreasing trend in the occurrence of typhoon, thunderstorm, strong wind, tornado and fog, and an increasing trend in the occurrence of rainstorm, haze and hot days. The number of casualties caused by meteorological disasters appears to show a slight decreasing trend while the value of direct economic loss is increasing slightly during 1984–2009, and the number of collapsed or damaged buildings and the area of affected crops have no significant trend in Shanghai. These results can be attributed to the great efforts for prevention and mitigation of meteorological disasters made by Shanghai government in recent 60 years. With global climate change, urbanization and rapid economic development, Shanghai has become more vulnerable to high-impact weather and meteorological disaster, especially precipitation extreme, summer high temperature, haze and typhoon, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of natural disasters are quite useful and necessary for local government and the public in the future.     

Haze risk: information diffusion based on cellular automata

Natural Hazards - Negative effects of haze risk can easily spread faster and more widely, however, existing studies rarely investigate the whole period or cycle of diffusion events, which leads to...     

2013年1月京津唐地区霾事件气溶胶单颗粒形貌及硫酸盐化特征

2013年1月华北地区经历了重霾过程,为研究其污染特征,使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)及能谱(EDX)对北京、唐山和天津晴天和霾天气下气溶胶单颗粒基本形貌和硫酸盐化特征进行了分析。结果表明,华北地区气溶胶单颗粒包括矿物颗粒、硫酸盐颗粒、金属氧化物、烟尘集合体、有机颗粒和飞灰,仅在天津市样品中发现少量的Na Cl颗粒。对单颗粒的元素组成进行统计表明,华北地区晴天以富Si颗粒为主(31.0%),其次为富Ca颗粒(18.3%)、富Fe颗粒(14.1%)、富Cl颗粒(12.2%)等,霾天以富S颗粒为主(47.4%),其次为富Si颗粒(21.1%)和富Fe颗粒(13.4%)等。霾天气富Ca颗粒明显减少,同时在含S较高的颗粒中也含有Ca、K等元素,说明大气中含Ca、K等碱性矿物对雾水酸性有一定的缓冲作用。不同天气含S颗粒差异较大,霾天气明显高于晴天,S/Ca平均值在霾天明显较高,且大于0.8,说明在一定的SO2浓度下,大气湿度越大,硫酸盐化现象越明显,生成大量的硫酸铵盐。     

太原市灰霾期间黑碳气溶胶形貌与成分分析

为掌握太原市冬季灰霾发生期间黑碳气溶胶形貌特征和化学成分变化特点,分别于2011-12-30T08:00至2012-01-01 T 04:00和2018-11-25 T 08:00至2018-11-27 T 04:00灰霾发生期间在山西大学环境与资源学院楼顶使用MAY七级冲击式颗粒采样器每隔4h采集空气动力学直径分别为0.25～0.5μm、0.5～1.0μm以及1～2μm的大气单颗粒分析样品,运用带超薄窗口能谱仪的扫描电镜(JEOL JSM-6390)测定了样品中4330个颗粒的二次电子像及X射线能谱,通过基于蒙特卡罗模拟程序的定量电子探针微区分析技术对每个颗粒的元素原子浓度进行了计算,并对颗粒进行了分类与计数。共检测到6类颗粒,分别是矿物尘、碳质颗粒、钠盐颗粒、二次颗粒、富铁颗粒和其他,其中黑碳气溶胶数量相对丰度在2011和2018年样品中平均为26.8%和34.2%。按照伸长率(E)、纵横比(R)、是否与其他物质结合等将其分为伸展型、支链型、嵌入或粘附型和团聚型4种,反映了黑碳颗粒不同的老化过程。2011年样品中团聚型和支链型数量较多,而2018年样品中伸展型和嵌入型多于团聚型和支...     

Particulate matter dispersion and haze occurrence potential studies at a local palm oil mill

The emissions from palm oil industry through incineration and open burning are the major sources of air pollutions contribution in Malaysia. The consequence of increasing the particulate concentration, the particulate matter dissolves with vapour and grows into droplets when the humidity exceeds approximately 70% and causing opaque situation known as haze. This work focuses on the dispersion particulate matter from palm oil mill. Gaussian Plume Model from a point source, subject to various atmospheric conditions is used to calculate particulate matter concentration then display the distribution of plume dispersion using geographic information system. Atmospheric Stability, mixing height, wind direction, wind speed, natural and artificial features play an important role in dispersion process. Study on the dispersion of particulate matters and the haze potential are presented as a case study in this paper. The data obtained will be served as the purpose of modeling the transport of particulate matter for obtaining permits and prevention of significant deterioration to the environment.     

新疆地区不同下垫面气溶胶光学特性的分析

利用太阳光度计CE318资料,对新疆地区3个观测站点（阿克达拉、乌鲁木齐、塔中）所代表的草场、城市和沙漠下垫面的440 nm波长处气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）和440~870 nm之间的Angstrom波长指数（AE）进行了统计分析,结果表明：三个站点的AOD年均值塔中站最大、乌鲁木齐站次之、阿克达拉站最小。其中阿克达拉站点的AOD全年变化不大,其月均值均小于0.3;乌鲁木齐站点AOD则表现出明显的季节性变化,冬春季的AOD月均值是夏秋季节的2.17倍;塔中站全年的AOD表现为单峰型,大值时段主要集中在3-7月。三个站点的AE年均值阿克达拉站最大、乌鲁木齐站次之、塔中站最小。阿克达拉和乌鲁木齐站点的AOD以人为排放等小粒径气溶胶为主,塔中站的AOD主要为沙尘等大粒径气溶胶。从年际变化来看,乌鲁木齐站AOD总体呈下降趋势,塔中站和阿克达拉站AOD总体呈上升趋势。乌鲁木齐霾天气的AOD日均值分布在0.35~1.21之间,塔中站沙尘天气的AOD日均值范围为0.30~2.05。     

祁连山老虎沟流域强消融期径流对气候变化的响应

为定量研究老虎沟流域径流对气候变化的响应,利用老虎沟流域1959年和2014年强消融期（7月）的气象、径流数据,分析了强消融期气温、降水、蒸发、冰川消融量、径流（流域的径流深）等的变化,进而探讨了老虎沟流域强消融期气温分布和降水形态、流域蒸发和冰川消融对径流的影响。结果表明：老虎沟流域2014年强消融期径流比1959年多159 mm,增加了49.67%。2014年7月平均气温较1959年升高0.38℃,最低气温升高1.34℃。1959年和2014年7月降水量相差较小;老虎沟流域强消融期日降水和日径流之间呈负相关,蒸发量的变化较小,流域内祁连山站的混合态降水比例减少23.01%,导致降水转化为径流的比例增大;起决定性作用的是正积温, 2014年7月较1959年的正积温高11.71℃·d,主要由于2~4℃的气温日数增多导致正积温增加,从而加剧冰川消融对径流的补给。     

福建数字地震台网与模拟地震台网地震参数比较初探

本文对福建数字地震台网98年7至9月和模拟地震台网98年7至8月测定的地震参数作初步比较。     

Satellite-based monitoring of recent heavy flooding over north-eastern states of India in July 2019

Natural Hazards - South-west monsoon of 2019 advanced towards northern parts of India during the first week of July. Heavy-to-very-heavy rainfall events during July 05–16 resulted in severe...     

极端降水条件下北京西山黑龙关泉响应研究

2012年7月21日,北京房山区发生特大暴雨,暴雨从21日10时开始到22日2时结束。总降雨量达228mm,是北京60年一遇暴雨。暴雨后,黑龙关泉域岩溶水系统内的各种水资源要素都对其形成积极响应。依据岩溶地下水位统测、区域地质构造以及地貌条件综合分析黑龙关泉地下水系统补、径、排。研究黑龙关泉地下水系统对7.21洪水响应。从地下水位、地表河流、泉水水量、岩溶地下水化学分析7.21洪水前后变化情况。降水后,大石河流量最大达221m~3/s,水化学类型中带硫酸根离子的样品数显著增加。7月15日,实测黑龙关泉水流量为0.31m~3/s,7月21日上午实测为0.30m~3/s,25日分别对大石河的黑龙关泉口上、下游进行实测,获得泉水流量为3.47m~3/s,到29日降至2.34m~3/s,流量变化较为剧烈,与大石河水对岩溶水的补给密切相关。为进一步研究北京黑龙关泉域岩溶水的变化规律和岩溶水资源评价及合理开发利用提供了科学依据。     

京津冀地区地热资源成藏模式与潜力研究

京津冀地区雾霾较为严重,同时地热资源丰富,因此,充分利用地热资源是调整该地区能源结构,减缓雾霾的重要途径之一。本文在分析京津冀地区构造、大地热流、地温梯度等地质背景的基础上,分别总结了京津冀地区隆起山地对流型与沉积盆地传导型地热资源的成藏模式与赋存条件,并对两种地热资源的资源量、开发利用现状与潜力进行了分析。京津冀地区地热资源储量折合标准煤约1383亿t,年地热流体可开采热量折合标准煤1100万t,但目前地热流体年开采热量仅相当于114万t标准煤,约占总量的10%,开发利用潜力巨大。     

气候变暖背景下2015年夏季新疆极端高温过程及其影响

用新疆105个气象站监测资料,分析了2015年夏季高温过程的极端特征.2015年夏季新疆区域出现高温过程,从7月上旬后期开始,南疆东南部以及东疆最早出现日最高气温≥35℃的高温天气,进入中旬后高温范围迅速向西、向北蔓延发展,下旬初期范围达最大,南北疆均出现高温天气.新疆区域该次高温过程在7月中下旬最为强盛,全疆84.8%的测站（89站）出现高温;52.4%的测站（55站）的高温持续日数位居历史第1位;全疆21.9%的测站（23站）极端最高气温位居历史第1位,极端最高气温出现在吐鲁番东坎,达到47.7℃.这次高温过程造成8站夏季温度位居同期第1位,南疆及天山山区的7月平均气温位居历史同期第1位,有54.3%的测站（57站）7月平均气温突破同期历史极值.海拔3544 m的天山山区大西沟站7月份日最高气温连续突破历史极值,22日达到20.7℃.高温过程中,新疆区域7月0℃层高度位居1991年以来同期第1位,其中,7月19-23日连续6 d位居1991年以来的第1位.天山开都河流域日0℃层高度持续33 d高于1991-2015年平均值. 7月上旬到下旬,在500 hPa高空,伊朗高压东移并控制新疆,是造成此次高温过程的直接原因.在100 hPa高空,南亚高压的形态、中心位置、强度变化与新疆此次高温过程演变关系密切.高温过程造成新疆高山区冰雪迅速消融,引发塔里木河流域出现融雪（冰）型洪水.     

Influence of the Chuxiong Yao’an Earthquake on the Mineralization of Hot Springs in the Tengchong Geothermal Area, Southwestern China

<正>The Tengchong geothermal area,an active tectonic region with frequent earthquakes,is located in Yunnan Province of southwestern China.This area contains abundant active hot springs, which often display high metal concentrations and obvious mineralization phenomena.At 19:19 on 9 July 2009,an earthquake occurred in Yao'an,Chuxiong,Yunnan Province,which is 300 km to the northeast of the Tengchong geothermal area.We sampled water in the hot springs in the Tengchong area from 4 July to 9 July 2009 and from 10 July to 15 July 2009 to study the changes of elemental concentrations before and after the earthquake and discuss the influence of the earthquake on the mineralization of the hot springs.The concentrations of most trace elements increased slightly,but the concentration of REE(rare earth elements) decreased by 50%after the earthquake in the hot springs around a NS-trending fault.The elemental concentrations remained unchanged in Longtan and Suanshuigou,which are related to an inactive crater.The elemental concentrations in other springs controlled by superficial and small-scale faults decreased after the earthquake.The earthquake can stimulate the activity of deep faults and magma chambers,as is responsible for the increase of metal concentrations in the hot springs along the NS-trending deep fault;whereas it can decrease the porosity of permeable rocks,resulting in the decline of the flux of ore-bearing fluids and the corresponding mineralization in the hot springs related to superficial faults.     

Sea State Hindcast with ECMWF Data Using a Spectral Wave Model for Typical Monsoon Months

A third generation wave prediction model (WAM) suitably modified for the Indianseas was used to simulate the sea state during typical monsoon months of July 1987,88 and 89. During July 1987, small-scale disturbances over the Arabian Sea and theBay of Bengal as reported from earlier works were noticed in the wave hindcast. Thegridded monthly averaged wave heights for the above periods were compared with theGEOSAT altimeter data. A comparison between model computed wave parameters andavailable ship observations was also carried out for July 1987, 88 and 89.The modelwas run with ECMWF analyzed wind field for a period of one month. The comparisonshowed that the wave heights from the model matches with those from GEOSATAltimeter and ships of opportunity.     

气溶胶质谱技术在海洋气溶胶亚微米级颗粒物特征的研究进展

海洋上空颗粒物(即海洋气溶胶)体系组成和来源非常复杂,它对于大气颗粒物总数贡献非常大,是大气科学及全球变化领域研究的重要组成部分。与传统离线滤膜采样技术相比,气溶胶质谱技术具有灵敏度高、检测效率高、时空分辨率高等特点,已广泛应用于大气细颗粒物的特征和来源判别研究中。综述比较了目前应用最广泛的气溶胶质谱仪(AMS)和气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(ATOFMS)在岛屿、沿海城市、近海、开阔大洋及南北极地等区域细颗粒物特征的研究进展。指出2种一起联合使用,可以较为全面地观测海洋气溶胶的粒径、化学组分及混合态的特征,为中国近海的雾霾监测网建设和治理空气污染提供一定的科学依据。