Modern diversity of the macroalgae of the Sea of Azov,the Black Sea,and the Caspian Sea

Currently, the species list of the macroalgae (excluding Charales) inhabiting the southern seas of Russia includes 388 species, specifically, 362 species in the Black Sea, 46 species in the Sea of Azov, and 70 species in the Caspian Sea. The species list has been increased by approximately 30% (96 species, most of them are registered in the Black Sea), compared to the data obtained 30 years ago. The green and red macroalgae of warm-water Mediterranean and tropical origin (Ceramium, Polysiphonia, Laurencia, Ulva, and Chaetomorpha) and brown algae (Sargassum and Cytoseira) were the key invaders. Nowadays the maximal species diversity is found on the Crimean coast and the Turkish coast of the Black Sea; and the species list of the Turkish coast differs significantly from all the other studied sites of the Black Sea. The number of the algae of the warm-water complex increased the most in 1990s–2000s in the Black Sea; species of boreal-tropical and subtropical origin dominate. However, such a tendency was not observed in the Sea of Azov and in the Caspian Sea, but expansion of the habitats of the brackish green algae has been registered.     

Radiocarbon constraints on the age of the maximum advance of the British–Irish Ice Sheet in the Celtic Sea

Reconstructions of the British–Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the Celtic Sea and southern Ireland have been hampered by a paucity of well-dated stratigraphic records. As a result, the timing of the last advance of the largest outlet of the BIIS, the Irish Sea Ice Stream, to its maximum limit in the Celtic Sea has been variously proposed as being pre-last glaciation, Early Devensian and LGM. The Irish Sea Till was deposited by the Irish Sea Ice Stream during its last advance into the Celtic Sea. We present 26, stratigraphically well constrained, new AMS radiocarbon dates on glacially transported marine shells from the Irish Sea Till in southern Ireland, which constrain the maximum age of this advance. The youngest of these dates indicate that the BIIS advanced to its overall maximum limit in the Celtic Sea after 26,000–20,000 ¹⁴C yr BP, thus during the last glaciation. The most extensive phase of BIIS growth therefore appears to have occurred during the LGM, at least along the Celtic Sea and Irish margins. These data further demonstrate that the uppermost inland glacial tills, from the area of supposed “older drift” in southern Ireland, a region previously regarded as having been unglaciated during the LGM also date from the last glaciation. Thus most of southern Ireland was ice covered at the LGM. Advance of the BIIS to its maximum southern limit in the Celtic Sea may have been a short-lived glaciodynamic response facilitated by subglacial bed conditions, rather than a steady-state response to climate forcing alone.     

Structure of the crust and upper mantle of the Black and Caspian Seas

Many geophysical characteristics of the Caspian and Black Seas' deep basins are similar, having: suboceanic type of the crust, low average seismic velocity, absence of earthquakes and relatively small variation of magnetic anomalies. However, the sediments in the Caspian Sea deep basin are folded whereas in the Black Sea they are approximately horizontal. The Caspian Sea also has a far greater thickness of sediment accumulation.

The deep basins of the Caspian, Black and Mediterranean seas represent a sequence having similar crustal structures but with a decreasing thickness of sediments and consolidated layer, in that order. It is possible that the intensive sinking and accumulation of sediments began earliest in the Caspian Sea and spreaded continuously to the Black Sea and then the Mediterranean Sea. The Caspian and Black Sea deep basins have existed for long time (perhaps from Paleozoic time or even earlier) as areas with a specific and related type of evolution.     

南海岩石圈厚度变化特征及其构造意义

地震层析资料表明,南海地区,自红河口向南经南海、苏录海到苏拉威西海,岩石圈速度低,底部横波速度仅4.4km/s,岩石圈厚度在60～80km,为薄岩石圈地区;而软流层的速度也较低,在4.2～4.4km/s,但厚度较大,大于200km。从红河—莺歌海断裂带经南海到苏录海,存在一条北西向宽约200km的上地幔北西向低速带,速度在4.05～4.25km/s(面波速度)。它反映了新生代南海地区上地幔的动力学过程。南海岩石圈厚度变化存在明显差异,南海陆缘,岩石圈厚度在70～80km,而在南海洋盆之下,岩石圈厚度超过100km,岩石圈底部存在高速岩石层,并且洋盆下的岩石圈之厚度比大陆边缘厚,在海盆岩石圈下部的60～80km深度上存在一高速层,纵波速度为8.2～8.3km/s。特别是中央海盆及西北海盆与西南海盆,其下部岩石圈中均存在一高速岩石层,这是非常具有构造意义的。由此笔者提出大陆岩石圈裂离、上地幔因减压而部分熔融所产生的基性岩浆形成南海新生代洋壳的猜想。     

白令海楚科奇海的海冰范围变化特征

白令海和楚科奇海位于北极太平洋一侧的海冰外缘线附近,具有较强烈的气冰海相互作用.采用滑动t检验和小波分析方法对白令海和楚科奇海1953—2004年海冰范围的年际变化、年代际变化和总体趋势变化进行分析.结果表明:20世纪70年代后期,海冰范围在白令海存在显著的均值突变现象,而楚科奇海在对应阶段则表现为更明显的变频现象;在突变点前后两个时段里,阿留申低压中心低压加强、核心位置偏移以及对应风场分布的变化是导致白令海海冰范围明显缩小的主要动力原因.楚科奇海海冰范围的年际变化中存在由低频向高频变化的现象,该现象除了在局地气温变化中存在之外,在北冰洋区域风涡度、波弗特海纬向风、东西伯利亚海经向风等动力因素中也有所体现.因此,除热力因素外,动力因素引起的海冰的平流与该变频现象也存在一定的联系.     

基于拉格朗日方法的一次南疆西部特大暴雨水汽来源分析

利用新疆自动气象站资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、GDAS数据,基于拉格朗日方法的气流轨迹模式（HYSPLITv4.9）,对2018年5月16—22日南疆西部特大暴雨过程的水汽源地和输送路径进行了分析。此次HYSPLIT后向轨迹模拟结果表明,暴雨水汽源于巴伦支海、喀拉海、挪威海和地中海,两地的水汽先分别沿西北气流和偏西气流向下游地区输送。水汽轨迹在哈萨克丘陵汇聚后进入北疆,再绕过天山东侧到达罗布泊地区后随低层的偏东急流抵达暴雨区上空。虽然从巴伦支海、喀拉海、挪威海出发的水汽轨迹略多于地中海,但两地的水汽贡献率分别占62%和38%。因此,巴伦支海、喀拉海、挪威海的水汽对于此次暴雨起到明显的增强作用。另外,后向轨迹模拟结果中并未出现从孟加拉湾出发的低层东方路径水汽,说明该区域的水汽并不是构成南疆西部暴雨水汽的必要条件。北极挪威海、巴伦支海、喀拉海地区海表温度异常偏高,有利于水汽源地蒸发增强和上升气流背景场的形成,北极海域的温度异常对于区域气候变化有很好的指示意义。     

Messinian events in the Black Sea

Past hydrological interactions between the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea are poorly resolved due to complications in establishing a high‐resolution time frame for the Black Sea. We present a new greigite‐based magnetostratigraphic age model for the Mio‐Pliocene deposits of DSDP Hole 380/380A, drilled in the southwestern Black Sea. This age model is complemented by ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of a volcanic ash layer, allowing a direct correlation of Black Sea deposits to the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC) interval of the Mediterranean Sea. Proxy records divide these DSDP deposits into four intervals: (i) Pre‐MSC marine conditions (6.1–6.0 Ma); (ii) highstand, fresh to brackish water conditions (~6.0–5.6 Ma); (iii) lowstand, fresh‐water environment (5.6–5.4 Ma) and (iv) highstand, fresh‐water conditions (5.4–post 5.0 Ma). Our results indicate the Black Sea was a major fresh‐water source during gypsum precipitation in the Mediterranean Sea. The introduction of Lago Mare fauna during the final stage of the MSC coincides with a sea‐level rise in the Black Sea. Across the Mio‐Pliocene boundary, sea‐level and salinity in the Black Sea did not change significantly.     

The driving forces behind the Caspian Sea mean water level oscillations

Closed basins such as the Caspian Sea rapidly respond to variations in atmospheric and geological events. This study has been conducted to deduce the role of natural and anthropogenic influences on the Caspian Sea mean water level fluctuations for the period of 1998–2005. It is recognized that climate is the primary mechanism of the Caspian Sea mean water level variations based on the relatively small differences of the Caspian Sea hydrologic budget residuals and the Caspian Sea mean water level fluctuations. This is further supported by the similarity in water-level variations of the Caspian Sea with those of Lake Van and Lake Urmia. On the other hand, the Caspian Sea needed to lose some of its water to attain water balance equilibrium in 2000 and 2001. The year 2000 showed anomalous seismic activity particularly in the southwestern part of the Caspian Sea. Two significant earthquakes with magnitudes of 6.8 and 6.5 M_w occurred on November 25, 2000. The focal mechanisms of these earthquakes and numerous aftershocks indicated normal faulting and, therefore, caused the Caspian Sea lake level to decline in 2000. The contribution of submarine mud volcano eruptions to the Caspian Sea lake level could be insignificant based on the comparison of water budget residuals and the mean water level variations. Neither crustal deformation (based on the GPS measurements) nor the offshore oil and natural gas production activities in the Caspian Sea are responsible for noticeable changes to the level of the Caspian Sea.     

试论南中国海盆地新生代板块构造及盆地动力学

南海地处欧亚、印度—澳大利亚和菲律宾海板块的交互带,是西太平洋地区面积最大的边缘海之一,其成因机制和演化过程对探讨特提斯构造域和太平洋构造域相互作用及油气勘探等问题具有重要意义,虽备受关注但仍存争议.综合目前该区及外围已有的大地构造等方面的资料,本文从探讨南海外围的构造格架及中-新生代演化过程入手,分析了南海及外围板块...     

大南海地区新生代板块构造活动

在新生代澳大利亚板块和欧亚板块之间的大洋中，存在一些地块(微板块)；同时，澳大利亚板块北部边缘的一些地块先后和澳大利亚板块分离，向北运动，与一些和欧亚板块分离出来的地块先后发生碰撞缝合。在此期间，由于地块分离而发生海底扩张，产生许多小洋盆，如南海、苏录海、苏拉威西海、安达曼海等，最后形成了东南亚地区今日的构造景观。笔者从大南海地区新生代的构造演化史之框架来研究南海地区新生代的构造演化历史，认为南海地区新生代的构造活动既与印度板块和欧亚板块的碰撞有关，也与太平洋板块向欧亚板块的俯冲活动有联系；同时，还受到澳大利亚板块向北运动之影响。南海地区在新生代发生过两次海底扩张，第一次海底扩张发生在42～35Ma前．是受印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞而引起欧亚大陆之下向东南方向之地幔流的影响而发生的，其海底扩张方向为NWSE，产生了南海西南海盆；第二次海底扩张发生于32～17Ma前。由于太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲，俯冲的大洋岩石圈已达700km深处，阻挡了欧亚大陆的上地幔向东南方向之流动，从而转向南流动。引起南海地区南北向海底扩张，即新生代第二次海底扩张，产生了南海中央海盆。南海新生代洋盆诞生之后，由于大南海地区继续有地块碰撞和边缘海海底扩张，对南海南部地区产生挤压，从而使这里的沉积发生变形，这就引起万安运动(南海南部)。     

南黄海北部航空重力场特征及主要地质认识

南黄海北部重力场信息丰富、梯级带发育、异常特征明显,充分反映了该区隆坳构造格局、断裂展布等地质特征。综合研究认为: NE向断裂构成了南黄海北部主体构造格架,嘉山-响水断裂、南黄海北缘断裂共同构成了苏鲁造山带南部边界; 依据航空重磁资料新发现的NW向宫家岛深大断裂对南黄海北部基底构成、岩浆岩分布具有重要的控制作用; 通过重磁联合反演,发现在南黄海北部坳陷的东北凹陷存在着前寒武系稳定的结晶基底; 航空重力资料表明,胶莱盆地向东延伸进入南黄海,在海域内其最大沉积厚度可达3 km。上述地质认识和发现为南黄海北部海洋区域地质调查、油气资源调查及重大基础地质问题的解决提供了借鉴。     

中国近海沿岸泥的地球化学特征及其指示意义

中国海域辽阔，分为渤海、黄海、东海和南海4个海区。各海区沿中国大陆均有呈斑块状或条带状的泥质沉积分布。选取各沿岸泥的代表性样品，采用先进的XRF和ICP－MS等方法，测定了K、Li、Rb、Cs、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Al、Fe、Ti、Be、Nb、Ta、W、Sn、Bi、La、Ce、Th。元素的地球化学研究表明：渤海和黄海、东海、南海沿岸泥的地球化学特征分别与黄河、长江、珠江沉积物的地球化学特征一致，显示了元素的物源效应；从渤海到南海，由于气候的变化使沿岸泥中某些元素有所流失或富集，显示了元素的气候效应；中国沿岸泥元素的丰度相对接近中国大陆沉积物的丰度，而异于西太平洋褐色粘土和深海粘土的丰度，显示了元素的亲陆性。     

Alkaline basaltic volcanism of the Sea of Japan and the Philippine Sea: Similar and distinct geochemical and genetic features

The results of study of the deep sources of volcanic rocks from the Sea of Japan and the Philippine Sea with continental and oceanic basements, respectively, are presented. This problem is considered with the example of alkaline volcanic rocks of the Middle Miocene to Pliocene complex of the Sea of Japan and the Eocene–Oligocene Urdaneta Plateau of the Philippine Sea. The rocks have a similar geochemistry typical of OIBs, which indicates their deep (plume) origin. The presence of the Oligocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks, which were formed prior to the marginal sea volcanism in the Sea of Japan, however, is the main difference in volcanism of the Sea of Japan from that of the Urdaneta Plateau, and this is explained by the different basements of these seas.     

渤海沿岸黄土中有孔虫化石对古风场的指示意义

通过对渤海沿岸末次冰期黄土中有孔虫化石的研究。发现含有主要生活在南黄海和东海水体较深的浮游有孔虫化石：Globigerina flaconensis、Globorotalia pumilio和Neogloboquadrina dutertrei，后者的含量高达6.4%，进一步对比沉积在不同地貌单元上黄土中有孔虫的丰度和浮游有孔虫化石出现的频率，发现沉积在北坡（阴坡）和南坡（阳坡）的有孔虫化石有显著的差异，北坡的有孔虫丰度和出现频次明显高于南坡，分析认为渤海沿岸的黄土不但具有西北风和东北风从渤海和北黄海搬运来的成分，还有东南风从南黄海和东海搬运带来的成分。     

中国边缘海域及其邻区的岩石层结构与构造分析

利用中国边缘海域近年的地震层析成像结果,根据速度异常和各向异性分析东海、黄海和南海北部的岩石层结构和构造,讨论中朝块体和扬子块体在黄海内部的拼合边界(黄海东部断裂带)、东海陆架盆地上地幔异常与岩石层形成演化、南海北部地壳底部高速层的成因及地幔活动等问题。分析表明,黄海东部与朝鲜半岛之间存在一个深部构造界限(大致对应于黄海东部断裂带),分界两侧Pn波速度各向异性存在明显差异,反映不同构造应力和断裂剪切运动作用下的岩石层地幔变形特征。东海陆架下方的低速异常揭示了张裂盆地形成时期的地幔活动痕迹,表明中、新生代期间发生过地幔上涌并造成岩石层减薄,菲律宾海板块向西俯冲引发的地幔活动对东海陆架岩石层的形成、演化产生明显的影响。南海北部岩石层厚度较大并且温度相对偏低,地幔异常仅限于局部地区,估计南海北部大陆边缘的地壳底部高速层形成于张裂发生之前,或者是地壳形成时期壳幔分异时的产物。南海中央海盆的扩张不仅导致地壳拉张,软流层物质上涌,而且也造成岩石层地幔减薄甚至缺失。     

Tectonic evolution of the Qumran Basin from high-resolution 3.5-kHz seismic profiles and its implication for the evolution of the northern Dead Sea Basin

The Dead Sea Basin is a morphotectonic depression along the Dead Sea Transform. Its structure can be described as a deep rhomb-graben (pull-apart) flanked by two block-faulted marginal zones. We have studied the recent tectonic structure of the northwestern margin of the Dead Sea Basin in the area where the northern strike-slip master fault enters the basin and approaches the western marginal zone (Western Boundary Fault). For this purpose, we have analyzed 3.5-kHz seismic reflection profiles obtained from the northwestern corner of the Dead Sea. The seismic profiles give insight into the recent tectonic deformation of the northwestern margin of the Dead Sea Basin. A series of 11 seismic profiles are presented and described. Although several deformation features can be explained in terms of gravity tectonics, it is suggested that the occurrence of strike-slip in this part of the Dead Sea Basin is most likely. Seismic sections reveal a narrow zone of intensely deformed strata. This zone gradually merges into a zone marked by a newly discovered tectonic depression, the Qumran Basin. It is speculated that both structural zones originate from strike-slip along right-bending faults that splay-off from the Jordan Fault, the strike-slip master fault that delimits the active Dead Sea rhomb-graben on the west. Fault interaction between the strike-slip master fault and the normal faults bounding the transform valley seems the most plausible explanation for the origin of the right-bending splays. We suggest that the observed southward widening of the Dead Sea Basin possibly results from the successive formation of secondary right-bending splays to the north, as the active depocenter of the Dead Sea Basin migrates northward with time.     

Primary production in the Sulu Sea

The Sulu Sea, located between Borneo and the Philippines, is separated from the surrounding ocean by two chains of islands. There are no passages below 500 m depth and the basin, which at the deepest is 5,000m, is filled with warm low oxygen water. The near surface chlorophyll concentration has been examined with the aid of ocean colour sensors on board satellites. Direct comparisons between a field observation of chlorophyll and its remotely sensed values from OCTS (Ocean Colour Temperature Scanner) are found to be in satisfactory agreement. An 8-month time series of chlorophyll near the centre of the Sulu Sea has been used to show that the chlorophyll level is significantly higher than the level in the adjacent South China Sea. This was most pronounced at the period of change between the monsoons. The greater primary productivity may provide the explanation for the higher deposition rate of carbon in the Sulu Sea. Although the Sulu Sea is more productive than the adjacent South China Sea, the central area can still be classified as a desert. Estimates of the new primary production in the central Sulu Sea seem to be just sufficient to support the current fishery.     

Geochemistry of alkaline earth elements (Mg,Ca, Sr,Ba) in the surface sediments of the Yellow Sea

The concentrations of alkaline earth elements were measured in the surface sediments of the Yellow Sea in an attempt to establish their sources from horizontal distributions. The maximum concentrations of Mg are found in the central Yellow Sea, and its horizontal distribution is mainly controlled by quartz dilution. The concentrations of Ca and Sr increase toward the southeastern Yellow Sea region. The relatively higher enrichment of Ca and Sr in the southeastern Yellow Sea, with Sr/Ca ratios of 0.0053, suggests the presence of carbonates which are comprised of foraminifera and/or coccoliths, like deep-sea carbonates. On the other hand, the concentrations of Ba increase toward the northeastern Yellow Sea. The higher Ba enrichment in the sandy region of the northeastern Yellow Sea is associated with the presence of feldspar as evidenced by excellent correlations among Ba/Mg, Al/Mg, and Sr/Ca ratios. Our results suggest that the transgressive and relict sand occurring in the eastern parts of the Yellow Sea contains Al, Sr, and Ba enriched feldspars which originated from Arprock River, Korea and thus can be distinguished from sand occurring in the western parts of the Yellow Sea which originated from Yellow and Yangtze Rivers.     

亚洲大陆边缘沉积学研究进展(2011-2020)

近十年来,我国在亚洲大陆边缘沉积学和古海洋学研究中取得了突破性进展.在空间上,对北起拉普捷夫海、南至孟加拉湾的广大海域进行了沉积物调查取样,开展了跨纬度"源-汇"过程研究,建立了陆架第四纪高分辨率地层层序,初步揭示了构造运动、海平面变化、亚洲季风、海冰、海流以及人类活动等因素在不同时空尺度上对亚洲大陆边缘"源-汇"过程...     

The role of tectonic flow of crustal material in the formation of the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk

Based on the concept of tectonic delamination of the lithosphere, we revealed that the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk were formed as a result of the tectonic flow of crustal material. The intermittent southward movement of southwestern Japan (Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic) along the eastern Japanese leftlateral strike-slip fault zone resulted in the formation of paired structures: back-arc extensional (Central Japan rift) and frontal compressional (South Japan imbricate–thrust belt) structures. The Sea of Okhotsk was formed in a similar tectonic setting: South Okhotsk rift (back-arc extensional structure) and Kamuikotan–Susunai compressional belt (frontal imbricate-thrust structure). Synchronous extension, compression, and strike-slip movements suggest that the tectonic flow of crustal material played a critical role in the formation of the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk.