Cycle Variations in the Photospheric and Interplanetary Magnetic Field and Solar Wind Parameters

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The influence of cycle changes in the polar and nonpolar photospheric magnetic fields on variations in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the solar wind...     

Nonaxisymmetric Component of the Solar Photospheric Magnetic Field

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The longitudinal asymmetry of the photospheric magnetic field distribution is studied based on data from the Kitt Peak National Solar Observatory (synoptic maps for...     

Variations in the Intensity of the Earth's Magnetic Field

The Earth's main magnetic field can be approximated by an axial, geocentric dipole. The remaining non-dipole field is much smaller and is a regional rather than a global feature – quite large changes can occur in a few ka. This review is concerned with changes in the dipole component of the geomagnetic field, and one of the problems is in separating the non-dipole from the dipole contributions to the field. Unlike the many determinations of the direction of the Earth's magnetic field in the past (which have led to fundamental contributions to our understanding of plate tectonics and shown that the field can on occasion reverse its polarity), estimates of the intensity of the field are comparatively few, especially before the Holocene. This is mainly the result of experimental difficulties in obtaining reliable measurements of the field. These problems are discussed in some detail and are followed by a short account of archaeomagnetic intensities and results from Hawaii where many of the first determinations were obtained. Measurements for the last 100 ka from both lavas and lacustrine and oceanic sediments are reviewed and results from different areas compared. An asymmetric saw-tooth pattern has been observed in some of the records over the last few Ma, and this rather controversial question is discussed. Finally an account is given of the far more limited data on palaeointensities in earlier times.A short discussion is given of the interpretation of coherent short wavelength variations which are observed in many marine magnetic profiles. Although short reversals of the field may be responsible for some of these tiny wiggles, it is more likely that in general they are the result of changes in the strength of the Earth's magnetic field.     

Influence of Cycle Variations in the Global Solar Magnetic Field on Characteristics of the Interplanetary Plasma

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Regularities of the spatial and temporal variation in the plasma parameters of the interplanetary medium in solar cycles 21–24 are studied based on the data from...     

电磁干扰实验研究

本文分析了地电、地磁同台观测中出现的干扰问题，并针对地电观测对地磁场测量的影响进行了研究。通过实地测量和对长直导线产生的磁场模拟计算，得出不同距离（20～120m）的感应磁场强度值，由此判断通电导线对周围地磁场的影响。结果表明：电流为2A时，单根导线距地磁场观测点距离应大于150m；导线两侧在相等距离处对地磁总场的干扰并不遵循“数值相等，方向相反”的规律，而是一侧增加量大于另一侧减少量。这项实验研究为地磁、地电同台观测及排除干扰提供了有价值的依据。     

Comparative Analysis of Terrestrial and Satellite Observations of Photospheric Magnetic Field in an Appendix to Simulation of Parameters of Coronal Holes and Solar Wind

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Data from observations of the photospheric magnetic field at a number of ground stations (STOP, WSO, GONG) and by the SDO/HMI satellite for 2014–2019 are examined...     

Anticorrelation of Variations of the Magnetic Field of a Sunspot and the Brightness of Its Umbra in Long-Period Sunspot Oscillations

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Changes in the umbra brightness and in the magnetic field over time should occur on long-period sunspot oscillations in accordance with Birman’s idea of inhibition...     

Motif Discovery on Seismic Amplitude Time Series: The Case Study of Mt Etna 2011 Eruptive Activity

Algorithms searching for similar patterns are widely used in seismology both when the waveforms of the events of interest are known and when there is no a priori-knowledge. Such methods usually make use of the cross-correlation coefficient as a measure of similarity; if there is no a-priori knowledge, they behave as brute-force searching algorithms. The disadvantage of these methods, preventing or limiting their application to very large datasets, is computational complexity. The Mueen–Keogh (MK) algorithm overcomes this limitation by means of two optimization techniques—the early abandoning concept and space indexing. Here, we apply the MK algorithm to amplitude time series retrieved from seismic signals recorded during episodic eruptive activity of Mt Etna in 2011. By adequately tuning the input to the MK algorithm we found eight motif groups characterized by distinct seismic amplitude trends, each related to a different phenomenon. In particular, we observed that earthquakes are accompanied by sharp increases and decreases in seismic amplitude whereas lava fountains are accompanied by slower changes. These results demonstrate that the MK algorithm, because of its particular features, may have wide applicability in seismology.     

Temporal Variations of the Magnetic Flux in the Solar Photosphere

The problem of the transport and transformation of magnetic fields from the generation zone to the photosphere is studied in this paper. For this purpose, the temporal variations of parameters of bipolar magnetic regions are analyzed based on the magnetic synoptic maps of the Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO) for the declining phase of cycle 22. A 150-day modulation of the magnetic flux value in bipolar regions and a variation in their rotation velocity with a duration of 80–100 days have been found. Such variations in the parameters are interpreted as a result of action of supergiant and giant convection cells. The magnetic flux from the generation zone emerges through the local channels formed by the supergiant convection cells. From the level of 0.95 R_Sun, the flux is redistributed by giant cells, which form bipolar magnetic regions on the photosphere.     

Event of the November 7–10, 2004, magnetic storm in the lower ionosphere

The results of magnetometric observations and radar studies of the lower ionosphere during the superstrong magnetic storm (geospace storm) of November 7–10, 2004, are presented and analyzed. An increase in the electron density and in the amplitudes of its aperiodic and quasi-periodic variations at high level of magnetic activity is detected. In individual time intervals, the relation of Pc5-6 magnetic pulsations to short-period (5–15 min) wave disturbances in the electron density in the lower ionosphere was observed.     

The Use of Field Dependence of Magnetic Susceptibility for Monitoring Variations in Titanomagnetite Composition - A Case Study on Basanites from the Vogelsberg 1996 Drillhole,Germany

In high Ti basanites from the Vogelsberg 1996 drillhole distinct variations in the field dependence of AC magnetic susceptibility correlate with compositional variations of titanomagnetite, as determined by temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility. Curie temperatures for the basanites are in the range of 240 to 525°C. The field dependence reaches up to 20% for measurements in 30 A/m and 300 A/m AC field amplitude. It is demonstrated that two-field magnetic susceptibility measurements can prevail information about compositional changes of titanomagnetite and therefore support the interpretation of magnetic susceptibility logs from drillcores of basaltic rock suites.     

Field survey of the East Java earthquake and tsunami of June 3, 1994

A field survey of the June 3, 1994 East Java earthquake tsunami was conducted within three weeks, and the distributions of the seismic intensities, tsunami heights, and human and house damages were surveyed. The seismic intensities on the south coasts of Java and Bali Islands were small for an earthquake with magnitudeM 7.6. The earthquake caused no land damage. About 40 minutes after the main shock, a huge tsunami attacked the coasts, several villages in East Java Province were damaged severely, and 223 persons perished. At Pancer Village about 70 percent of the houses were swept away and 121 persons were killed by the tsunami. The relationship between tsunami heights and distances from the source shows that the Hatori's tsunami magnitude wasm=3, which seems to be larger for the earthquake magnitude. But we should not consider this an extraordinary event because it was pointed out byHatori (1994) that the magnitudes of tsunamis in the Indonesia-Philippine region generally exceed 1–2 grade larger than those of other regions.     

中国境内地磁场变化对SNMR信号的影响

地面核磁共振方法是目前唯一直接探测地下水的地球物理新方法。新方法在我国探查地下水等方面已取得明显的效果,但是,对于SNMR信号,却有很多影响因素。本文论述并分析了诸多影响因素中的地磁场强度和磁倾角对NMR信号的影响特点,进而分析了我国区域地磁场强度和磁倾角对SNMR信号的影响规律,对我国进行区域性水文地质调查中运用SNMR方法时提供了重要的参考资料。     

Daytime VLF Emissions during the Magnetic Storm Recovery Phase: the Event of January 5, 2015

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - This paper discusses the spectral and temporal features of the 7-h daytime VLF noise emission burst in the frequency band of 1‒10 kHz observed on the Earth’s...     

华北地区水平形变场动态变化分析

为从整体上把握区域应变场的时-空变化态势并更加真实地描述区域运动场, 本文在区域整体无旋转基准的基础上, 从连续变化的角度出发, 利用多核函数进行滤波与解析, 对“中国地壳运动观测网络”在华北地区最近10年的GPS复测资料(1999年、 2001年、 2004年、 2007年和2009年)进行了处理, 结合各时段的形变结果分析形变场的动态变化。 结果表明: ① 位于张—渤断裂带的京津及周围地区是一个与邻近地区运动不相同的差异运动地区, 也是一个左旋运动相对亏损的部位, 而且持续时间较长; ② 山西断陷带北段为左旋压性活动, 南段为右旋压性活动, 与地质上右旋拉张活动不完全吻合; ③ 郯—庐断裂带的活动在空间上为左旋、 右旋交替活动, 并非完全是右旋活动, 就断层的拉张性而言, 该带为“北压南张”; ④ 太原—石家庄—济南—临沂以南的地区是当前形变的突出条带。     

2011年3月7~8日永胜站震前舒曼谐振异常数值模拟分析

2011年3月10日中国云南盈江发生5.8级地震, 3月11日日本本州岛东海岸附近海域发生9.0级地震。 2011年3月7日、 8日云南永胜地磁台站观测到了舒曼谐振前4阶振幅异常增大。 本文建立了基于三维时域有限差分方法的舒曼谐振模型, 利用该模型对盈江地震对永胜站观测到的舒曼谐振影响进行了数值分析。 通过对实验和模拟结果进行分析, 认为此次云南永胜观测到的舒曼谐振异常不仅与日本地震相关也可能与云南盈江地震相关。     

长白山天池火山喷发序列研究

长白山天池火山周边的11个钻孔资料揭示了长白山天池火山的喷发序列和岩浆演化过程.天池火山的喷发序列分为3个旋回:早期旋回喷发于上新世至早更新世,对应着周边地区的造高原喷发,天池火山熔岩盾主体开始形成,岩浆演化顺序是粗面玄武岩到粗面岩;中期旋回是早更新世的玄武岩浆演化到粗面岩和粗安岩(相当于小白山组);晚期旋回是从更新世到全新世,老房子小山组的玄武岩演化到白头山组粗面岩及碱流岩.在粗面质岩浆喷发过程中,有寄生火山的玄武质岩浆伴随喷发.全新世内天池火山千年大喷发主体由碱流质火山碎屑堆积物构成,松散堆积物的钻孔堆积层序表明,天池火山在全新世至少发生过两期巨型造伊格尼姆岩喷发.     

首都圈断层形变与重力场动态变化分析

本文利用首都圈跨断层形变观测和观测场地的综合调研结果, 对跨断层基线、 水准各测项的综合效能进行评估, 对断层整体活动信息进行分析提取, 对首都圈地区强震的映震效能进行分析研究。 利用首都圈地区流动重力区域测网的观测结果, 分析重力场动态变化特征, 对近期首都圈地区的地震趋势进行预测。     

2001年6月24日秘鲁发生7.9级地震

20 0 1年 6月 2 4日在秘鲁南部省阿雷基帕濒海地区发生强烈地震 ,造成严重的生命和财产损失。这是秘鲁自 1 970年以来最严重的一次地震。1　震源参数1 .1　发震时间该地震发生在当地时间 6月 2 3日下午 0 3时 3 3分 ;格林尼治时间 2 3日 2 0时 3 3分 ;北京时间 6月 2 4日 0 4时 3 3分。1 .2　震中位置美国国家地震信息中心测定震中为1 6.1 4°S,73 .7°W(经两次修正 ) ;中国地震台网测定震中为 1 6.0°S,73 .7°W。1 .3　震级中国地震台网测定震级为 MS7.9;美国国家地震信息中心测定震级也为 MS7.9;秘鲁地震部门测定震级为 6.0 ,这可能…     

On the Application of Mwp in the Near Field and the March 11, 2011 Tohoku Earthquake

Tsunami Warning Centers issue rapid and accurate tsunami warnings to coastal populations by estimating the location and size of the causative earthquake as soon as possible after rupture initiation. Both US Tsunami Warning Centers have therefore been using Mwp to issue Tsunami Warnings 5–10 min after Earthquake origin time since 2002. However, because Mwp (Tsuboi et al., Bulletin of the Seismological society of America 85:606–613, 1995) is based on the far-field approximation to the P-wave displacement due to a double couple point source, we should only very carefully apply Mwp to data obtained in the near field, at distances of less than a few wavelengths from the fault. On the other hand, the surface waves from Great Earthquakes, including those that occur just offshore of populated areas, such as the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, clip seismographs located near the fault. Because the first arriving P-waves from such large events are often on scale, Mwp should provide useful information, even for these Great Earthquakes. We therefore calculate Mwp from 18 unclipped STS-1 broadband P-wave seismograms, recorded at 2–15° distance from the Tohoku epicenter to determine if Mwp can usefully estimate Mw for this earthquake, using data obtained close to the epicenter. In this case there should be a good chance to get reliable Mwp values for stations at epicentral distances of 9–10°, since the source duration for the Tohoku earthquake is less than 200 s and the time window used to estimate Mwp is 120 s in duration. Our analysis indicates that Mwp does indeed give reliable results (Mw ~ 9.1) beginning at about 11° distance from the epicenter. The values of Mwp from seismic waveforms obtained at 11–15° epicentral distance from the Mw 9.1 off the east coast of Tohuku earthquake of March 11, 2011 fell within the range 9.1–9.3, and were available within 4–5 min after origin time. Even the Mwp values of 7.7–8.4, obtained at less than 5° epicentral distance, exceed the PTWC’s threshold of Mw 7.6 for issuing a regional tsunami warning to coastal populations within 1,000 km of the epicenter, and of Mw 6.9 for issuing a local tsunami warning to the coastal populations of Hawaii.