一种由叠加速度转换为平均速度的方法

根据地震勘探原理,以二层楔型模型和近似叠加速度求值公式为基础,提出了一种由速度谱求取平均速度或层速度的具体方法,并以二层楔形及五层楔形模型为例,计算其层速度、平均速度与正常时差速度的误差,结果表明其误差较小,完全可以满足地震资料解释的要求。通过实际应用以及与钻孔标定的平均速度的对比验证,表明该方法对于煤田地震勘探是适用的,特别是该方法可以直接求出沿界面法线方向的平均速度,提高时深转换的精度。     

Statistical Characterization of a Random Velocity Field Using Stacking Velocity Profiles

In petroleum exploration and production, it is important to have good estimations of the uncertainties on the reserves. Uncertainties in the velocity model used during the data processing are of major importance in this estimation. The use of geo-statistical tools can help in dealing with these uncertainties. Up to now, a strong limitation has been the inability to properly merge velocity functions measured in the wells with seismic velocity data. This was due to the different “supports” among the two, i.e. the well velocity may be regarded as a direct measurement of the instantaneous velocity field, while the seismic velocities correspond to an “average along the travelled paths” of this field. The problem is that, apart from the well positions, the instantaneous velocity field is out of reach. Luckily, for many practical applications, it is enough to know just its covariance model. However, no algorithmic method is available in the literature to yield the covariance model, and geologists are forced to use arbitrary distributions. The present paper proposes an original method to obtain a good estimate of this covariance model, using widely available information, mainly seismic stacking velocities. This method was first developed in a simple one-layer case with constant velocity, and then extended to more realistic situations. Finally, a real data application is performed, which highlights the robustness of the resulting estimation.     

Velocity structure of the Vrancea Region, Romania

A set of 26 earthquakes recorded by a newly installed telemetered network was used for a simultaneous inversion of hypocenters and velocities. The travel-times and their partial derivatives were computed for flat-lying layers of constant velocity gradients.After a velocity model was found and the 26 foci relocated, three different velocity models for three different zones covered by the network were succesfully inverted (with the foci kept fixed).The procedure was applied for first arriving P-waves and also tried for S-wave arrivals. Two low-velocity zones were put into evidence.     

速度模型的光滑处理分析

针对速度模型光滑处理对地震波走时、射线路径以及振幅信息的影响问题,从射线追踪方程组成立的前提条件、射线理论成立的高频近似理论以及菲涅尔带的角度着手,分析了速度模型光滑的理论基础.通过对同一模型光滑前后射线路径的计算表明,在不额外增加射线初始角度的前提下,模型的光滑处理可以有效地提高射线追踪的覆盖率;通过对不同速度模型光...     

粘性泥石流的平均运动速度研究

粘性泥石流是泥石流类型中最常见也是危害最大的类型,泥石流的运动速度是泥石流的动力学参数中最重要的参数,因此准确而简洁地计算粘性泥石流的运动速度就显得非常重要。不同的泥石流地区的泥石流阻力有很大的不同:有的地区阻力较大,属于高阻力地区,泥石流运动速度较低;有的地区阻力较小,属于低阻力地区,泥石流运动速度较高。目前的粘性泥石流平均速度公式还不能兼顾计算所有地区的不同阻力类型的泥石流速度。泥石流的不均匀系数在不同的泥石流地区有很大的不同：不均匀系数小的地区阻力大,而不均匀系数大的地区阻力小,因此可以用不均匀系数划分泥石流沟的阻力特征,从而得到能兼顾所有不同地区的泥石流阻力规律。由一系列野外观测资料得到的由泥石流不均匀系数、泥石流运动底部纵比降和水力半径计算的粘性泥石流运动平均速度经验公式,能适应各种类型的泥石流沟,与其它系列的观测资料对比有很好的一致性,与粘性泥流的观测资料对比也很接近。由流体流动的福劳德数可以确定流动的缓急程度。一般的粘性泥石流都是急流,少数是缓流,极少数是运动速度非常缓慢的容重过大的粘性泥石流。粘性泥石流运动平均速度经验公式用于一般急流的粘性泥石流的速度计算结果很好,但不适用于容重过大的缓慢流动,对于缓流粘性泥石流速度计算偏大。在对泥石流的评估和治理中,平均速度公式可以用于泥石流堆积扇上游渠道中的粘性泥石流速度计算,对泥石流堆积扇上的粘性泥石流速度计算偏大,不适用于缓慢流动粘性泥石流,但在对泥石流的危害评估和治理中可以忽略缓慢流动的发生。     

关于桥址设计最大流速计算问题

从理论上推求出理想状态下断面平均流速与最大流速的关系,并应用15个水文站实测资料进行了分析,研究提出了无实测资料情况下桥址设计最大流速的计算方法.     

苏鲁大别造山带岩石圈三维P波速度结构特征

本文全面收集整理并解析了地学断面、地震测深、体波和面波层析成像资料,得到了苏鲁大别造山带及其邻区岩石圈1°×1°三维P波速度数据体。研究结果表明,苏鲁与大别造山带高压、超高压变质带的岩石圈速度结构具有上地壳明显高速且上凸;中地壳增厚;下地壳埋藏较深且下凹等相似的基本特征。苏鲁和大别超高压变质带下的莫霍面比其周围深2～4 km,深度分别达到32～33 km和34～38 km。在大别造山带,有地壳低速体从南向北俯冲到上地幔的迹象,可能显示了扬子地块地壳物质向华北地块俯冲,坠入上地幔的残留体。超高压变质带岩石圈底部的地幔,往往有明显高速层或高速体存在。苏鲁与大别地区的岩石圈速度结构不同特征及其成因在于苏鲁地区上地壳P波速度更高,但是,下地壳下凹没有大别地区明显,而且区域构造较为均一。这可能是受到郯庐断层左行平移的主控影响所致。郯庐断裂带的上、中地壳和上地幔表现为相对低速异常,郯庐断裂及其地下延伸部分将岩石圈地幔浅部低速层和深部高速层切为两段,其影响深达岩石圈底部约90 km处。     

Three-Dimensional P-Wave Velocity Structure of the Crust of North China

Since the Xingtai (邢台) earthquake in 1966,China Earthquake Administration has carried out a survey campaign along more than thirty deep seismic sounding (DSS) profiles altogether about twenty thousand kilometers long in North China to study the velocity structure of the crust and the upper mantle in this region,and has obtained a great number of research findings. However,these researches have not provided a 3D velocity structure model of the crust of North China and cannot provide seismic evidence for the study of the deep tectonic characteristics of the crust of the whole region. Hence,based on the information from the published data of the DSS profiles,we have chosen 14 profiles to obtain a 3D velocity structure model of North China using the vectorization function of the GIS software (Arc/Info) and the Kriging data gridding method. With this velocity structure model,we have drawn the following conclusions: (1) The P-wave velocity of the uppermost crust of North China changes dramatically,exhibiting a complicated velocity structure in plane view. It can be divided into three velocity zones mainly trending towards north-west. In the research area,the lowest-velocity zones lie in the Haihe (海河) plain and Bohai (渤海) Bay. Although the geological structure of the sedimentary overburden in the study area is somewhat inherited by the upper crust,there are still several differences between them. (2) Generally,the P-wave velocity of the crust increases with depth in the study area,but there still exists local velocity reversion. In the east,low-velocity anomalies of the Haihe plain gradually disappear with increasing depth,and the Shanxi (山西) graben in the west is mainly characterized by relatively low velocity anomalies. Bounded by the Taihang (太行) Mountains,the eastern and western parts differ in structural trend of stratum above the crystalline basement. The structural trend of the Huanghuaihai (黄淮海) block in the east is mainly north-east,while that of the Shanxi block and the eastern edge of the Ordos block is mainly north-west. (3) According to the morphological features of Moho,the crust of the study area can be divided into six blocks. In the Shanxi block,Moho apppears like a nearly south-north trending depression belt with a large crustal thickness. In the southern edge of the Inner Mongolia block and the south of the Yanshan (燕山) block,the Moho exhibits a feature of fold belt,trending nearly towards east-west. In the eastern edge of the Ordos block,the structure of Moho is relatively complex,presenting a pattern of fold trending nearly towards north-west with alternating convexes and concaves. Beneath the Huanghuaihai block,the middle and northern parts of the North China rift zone,the Moho is the shallowest in the entire region,with alternating uplifts and depressions in its shape. For the anteclise zone in the west of Shandong (山东) Province,the Moho is discontinuous for the fault depression extending in the north-west direction along Zaozhuang (枣庄) -Qufu (曲阜).     

Conditioned Simulations of Random Velocity Fields

In petroleum exploration and production, it is essential to have good estimations of the uncertainties on the reserves. Uncertainties on the velocity model used during the data processing are of major importance in this estimation. The generation of several velocity fields gives access to a quantified estimation of the uncertainties due to the velocity model inversion. The use of statistical methods helps in generating several important, equiprobable velocity fields, matching all the available velocity information. This paper presents an efficient simulation algorithm to generate instantaneous velocity fields, constrained by the distribution of values measured at the wells, and calibrated by the stacking velocities, taken as root-mean-square velocities. The simulations also match the covariance model given for the instantaneous velocity fields. The method is developed in a simple one-layer case with constant velocity, and then extended to more realistic situations. Finally, a real data application is shown, using data provided by ENI–Agip Division, and the efficiency of the proposed simulation method is discussed.     

Experimental Research of the Two-signal Output for Displacement and Velocity

The two-signal transducer is made on the basis of the velocity transducer type 65. It can output two different signals, displacement and velocity, simultaneously. The velocity signal is generated through interaction of the magnetic core with the coil, the displacement signal by means of LVDT. It has a high sensitivity and measurement range of 2~50Hz.     

位移、速度双输出传感器的试验研究

位移、速度双输出传感器系用65型速度传感器改制而成,这种传感器能在同一瞬时输出位移、速度两种不同的信号。位移信号通过差动变压器产生,而速度信号通过磁蕊和线圈的相互作用产生。本传感器可用于土中振动位移、速度等参数的测量,它具有高的灵敏度,使用频率范围为2～50赫兹,经现场实测,效果良好。     

下沉剂沉降堵水规律的研究

根据苏里格西区上气下水型储层的气水分布特征,该区适合下沉剂堵水压裂工艺。目前常用的下沉剂控缝高技术是在压裂时先将下沉剂通过携带液带入裂缝,随着下沉剂的下沉在裂缝的尖端处形成低渗透或不渗透的人工隔层,增加裂缝末梢的阻抗值,降低裂缝尖端的扩展应力,从而有效控制裂缝的垂向延伸。因此研究下沉剂在牛顿流体、非牛顿流体及裂缝内的沉降规律,通过合理的工艺优化设计,有利于提高堵水增气的效果。     

太平洋环流速度减慢的原因

对南极气温资料、环南极海冰资料、太平洋海温资料、厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜资料的模拟验证，发现厄尔尼诺事件发生与德雷克海峡海冰减少在时间上有对应关系。南极半岛海冰减少是太平洋环流速度减慢的原因，德雷克海峡的海冰起重要作用。这一综合检验结果给出以日食—厄尔尼诺系数预测厄尔尼诺事件的有效性和准确性。两年周期的太平洋海温振荡使日食与厄尔尼诺之间存在12～24个月的位相差。     

高速库岸岩质滑坡运动过程及速度分析

基于滑坡气垫层学说,分析了大型岩质滑坡高速滑动的成因和整体滑动的动态过程,提出了判断滑坡产生高速的必要条件,即滑坡厚度大于临界厚度;并提出了库岸高速岩质滑坡运动过程分析模型,即将整个过程分为4个阶段:初始滑动阶段、开始运动至加速度增大至最大阶段、继续加速阶段和减速至停止阶段。运用分阶段运动过程分析模型,以千将坪滑坡为例,计算了其各个阶段的速度、加速度及滑动距离,并与前人已有的研究成果进行了对比,验证了模型的合理性。与动能定理相比,该计算模型可以较好地分析滑坡速度的动态变化,可以较直观地反映滑坡入水的最大速度,为滑坡涌浪的首浪分析奠定了基础。     

华北地区地壳P波三维速度结构

1968年邢台地震以后的30余年中, 中国地震局系统先后在大华北地区布置30余条、近20000km的人工地震宽角反射/折射深地震测深(DSS) 剖面, 用以研究地壳及上地幔顶部的速度结构, 取得了大量研究成果.但以往的研究明显的不足是未能形成华北区域性的地壳三维速度结构模型, 从大区域的角度为研究华北地区地壳深部构造特征提供地震学方面的依据.因此, 在现已发表的DSS剖面资料的基础上, 选择了14条测线的资料, 利用地理信息系统(ARC/INFO) 的“矢量化”功能, 以及克里格数据网格化技术构建华北区域性的地壳三维速度结构模型, 从而对华北研究区内地壳三维速度结构的特点得到如下认识: (1) 华北地区地壳表层P波速度变化幅度大, 平面结构较复杂, 大体上划分为相间排列、走向趋势以北西向为主的3个速度区.海河平原和渤海湾的低速带是研究区范围内速度最低的低速区.资料的情况说明, 研究区内沉积盖层的地质构造与上地壳构造之间虽有一定继承性, 但也存在较大差别. (2) 总体上看, 在华北研究区内地壳的P波速度随深度增大而增大, 但局部地区出现速度倒转的现象, 东区的海河平原低速异常逐渐消失, 而西区的山西地堑则以相对低速异常特征为主.区内地壳以太行山脉为界, 划分为东、西两区; 东部和西部, 结晶基底以上地层的构造方向不完全一致; 东部的黄淮海地块, 区域构造以北东向为主, 而西部包括山西地块和鄂尔多斯地块东缘, 其构造方向则以北西向为主. (3) 根据莫霍面的形态特征, 研究区地壳可大致划分为6个区块; 在山西地块范围内, 莫霍面呈近南北向的凹陷带, 地壳厚度大; 内蒙古地块南缘和燕山地块南部, 莫霍面表现出褶皱带的构造特征, 其延展趋势为近东西方向; 鄂尔多斯地块东缘, 莫霍面构造相对复杂, 呈近北西向凸、凹相伴的褶皱; 黄淮海地块(华北裂谷带中、北部) 为莫霍面隆坳区, 隆、坳相间排列, 构造较复杂, 但从整体上看, 这是全区莫霍面最浅的隆起区段; 鲁西台背斜主要为莫霍面断陷区, 其断陷带沿枣庄—曲阜一线向北西方向延伸.      

图像法水面流速测验方法简介

针对北方山溪性河流采用传统浮标法水面流速测验存在的不足，介绍了一种采用摄影测量技术进行水面流速测验的方法，阐述了坐标转换模型建立、浮标拟合的思路与步骤。     

TTI介质相速度理论研究

依据三维TTI介质的相速度表达式,模拟并分析了三维TTI介质相速度图像。并且考查了不同的各向异性系数对TTI介质相速度的影响,为三维的TTI介质相速度的分析提供了理论依据,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

海相碳酸盐岩储层成岩作用对岩石波速的影响

海相碳酸盐岩储层在孔隙度—波速转化关系中,对于给定的孔隙度,岩石波速呈现明显的波动。这种现象的根源在于碳酸盐岩的复杂成岩作用,它可引起储层地震解释和反演的多解性。因此,对于海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探而言,建立成岩作用与岩石波速之间的预测关系是极为重要的。综述了国内外有关成岩作用与地震波速之间关系的研究成果,为了解成岩作用过程中岩石波速的变化行为奠定了一定的基础。研究发现,成岩历史、孔隙类型、白云石类型的差异均可造成碳酸盐岩储层波速对于给定的孔隙度出现明显波动:在孔隙度一定的情况下,经历早期胶结作用的储层波速低于经历早期压实作用的储层波速,以微孔隙为主的储层波速明显低于以铸模孔隙或骨架内孔隙为主的储层波速,砂糖状白云石储层波速低于具有白云石胶结物的储层波速。在此基础上,以四川盆地飞仙关组鲕粒滩为例,通过地震剖面模拟实验发现,与优质储层形成有关的成岩相在地震剖面上响应明显,地震反射表现为连续性好、振幅强,这说明根据地震资料进行储层成岩相的预测是可行的。建议今后应加强成岩作用与岩石波速之间关系的研究,为国内深部海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探提供指导。