东南亚及哀牢山红河构造带构造演化的讨论

通过对东南亚和哀牢山红河构造带演化已有模式的分析,在近年来本区海上研究资料的了,结合滇西地质情况,认为东南亚的构造格局是由印度洋、太平洋和欧亚三大构造体系共同作用形成的。６０￣１５ＭａＢＰ,欧亚构造体系分别与太平洋和印度洋构造体系作用在东南亚东、西部形成两个弧后盆地扩张体系。两体系扩张强度和方向的不同,形成转换调节构造带－哀牢山红河构造带。东部较强的扩张作用使扬子板块向北运动,形成哀牢山以东的逆冲     

Tectonic Evolution of the Himalayan Collision Belt

This paper discusses the tectonic divisions of the Himalayan collision belt anddeals with the tectonic evolution of the collision belt in the context of crustal accretion in thefront of the collision belt, deep diapirism and thermal-uplift extension and deep material flow-ing of the lithosphere-backflowing. Finally it proposes a model of the tectonic evolution-progressive intracontinental deformation model-of the Himalayan belt.     

Mineralogy and fluid inclusion studies of the Au-Cu quartz veins in the Hamash area, South-Eastern Desert, Egypt

Summary Field relations, petrographic observations and fluid inclusion data are used to characterize the mineralizing fluids of gold-copper bearing quartz veins, which are spatially associated with a granite-porphyry, metavolcanics and metagabbro in the Hamash area, South Eastern Desert of Egypt. Four generations of genetically related quartz veins occur in the Hamash mine area. Two types of alteration are developed in vicinity of quartz veins; i.e., sericite-quartz-pyrite and chlorite-epidote-pyrite-sericite alteration. Fe-Cu sulfides in the veins were precipitated in two stages, early pyrite (PI) and chalcopyrite were altered to secondary chalcocite, bornite and digenite and a second generation of pyrite (PII and PIII). PI pyrite and quartz contain inclusions of gold as well as remobilized gold along cracks and microfractures. Two types of fluid inclusions are distinguished: 1) primary H₂O-CO₂-CH₄-NaCl inclusions (type I) and 2) primary and secondary aqueous inclusions (type II). Type II is further subdivided by the inclusions occurrence within different vein types. Type I inclusions entrapped the endmembers of an unmixed fluid which consists of an aqueous phase and a CO₂-rich gas phase, respectively. The entrapment conditions of approximately 250°C and 200 bars were estimated by intersecting the isochores of the two coexisting aqueous and CO₂-rich fluids and indicate a shallow crustal level. The salinity of type IIa inclusions is generally low (< 9 wt.% NaCl_eq), they homogenize above 234°C and included heterogeneous and homogeneous fluids over a wide pressure range. Homogenization temperatures of type IIb inclusions vary between 102° and 284 °C, their assumed entrapping temperatures are 200°C and 110°C, respectively. The four generations of quartz veins are related with different inclusion types. The metals including primary gold were probably transported as bisulfide complexes and precipitated due to wallrock sulfidation, fluid mixing and phase separation. The Hamash Au-Cu mineralization shows a combination of porphyry- and epithermal-deposits characteristics.

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Mineralogie und Flüssigkeitseinschlußuntersuchungen an Au-Cu Quarzgängen im Hamash Gebiet, Südöstliche Wüste, Ägypten

Zusammenfassung Geländebeziehungen, petrographische Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen an Flüussigkeitseinschlüssen erlauben die Charakterisierung der mineralisierenden Fluide in Gold-Kupfer-führenden Quarzgängen, die mit einem Porphyr-Granit und einem Gabbro im Hamash Gebiet der südöstlichen Wüste von Ägypten assozüert sind. Vier Generationen von Quarzgängen kommen im Gebiet der Hamash Mine vor. Zwei Alterationstypen sind in der Nähe der Quarzgänge ausgebildet: Serizit-Quarz-Pyrit und Chlorit-Epidot-Pyrit-Serizit Alteration. Die Fe-Cu-Sulfide in den Gängen wurden in zwei Etappen ausgefällt, früh kristallisierter Pyrit (PI) und Kupferkies wurden zu sekundärem Chalkosin, Bornit und Digenit sowie einer zweiten Generation von Pyrit (PII und PII) umgewandelt. PI Pyrit und Quarz enthalten sowohl Gold-Einschlüsse als auch remobilisiertes Gold entlang von Spalten und Mikrobrüchen. Zwei Typen von Flüssigkeitseinschlussen wurden unterschieden: 1) primäre H₂O-CO₂-CH₄-NaCl Einschlusse (Typ 1), 2) primäre und selcundäre wäßrige Einschlusse (Typ II). Typ I Einschlusse schlossen die Endglieder eines entmischten Fluides ein, das aus einer wässrigen bzw. einer CO₂-reichen Gasphase bestand. Die Einschlußedingungen von ungefähr 250°C und 200 bar wurden durch den Schnittpunkt der Isochoren der beiden koexistierenden Fluide bestimmt und zeigen einen seichten Krustenbereich an. Die Salinität von Typ Ila Einschlussen ist generell niedrig (<9 Gew.% NaCl_eq), sie homogenisieren uber 234 °C und schlossen heterogene und homogene Fluide über einen großen Druckbereich ein. Die Homogenisationstemperaturen von Typ IIb Einschlussen variieren zwischen 102° und 284°C, ihre angenommenen Einfangtemperaturen liegen bei 200 °C bzw 110 °C. Die vier Generationen von Quarzgängen stehen in Zusammenhang mit den verschiedenen Typen von Flussigkeitseinschlussen. Die Metalle, einschließlich des primaären Goldes, wurden wahrscheinlich als BisulphidKomplexe transportiert und auf Grund von Sulfidisierung der Nebengesteine, Fluidmischung und Phasenseparation ausgefällt. Die Hamash Au-Cu Mineralisation zeigt eine Kombination von Porphyr- und Epithermal-Lagerstätten Charakteristika.

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With 6 Figures     

Evolution of the Pan-African Wadi Haimur metamorphic sole, Eastern Desert, Egypt

By comparison with the general features of metamorphic soles (e.g. vertical and lateral extension, metamorphic grade and diagnostic mineral parageneses, deformation and dominant rock types), it is inferred that the amphibolites, metagabbros and hornblendites of the Wadi Um Ghalaga–Wadi Haimur area in the southern part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt represent the metamorphic sole of the Wadi Haimur ophiolite belt. The overlying ultramafic rocks represent overthrusted mantle peridotite. Mineral compositions and thermobarometric studies indicate that the rocks of the metamorphic sole record metamorphic conditions typical of such an environment. The highest P – T conditions ( c . 700 °C and 6.5–8.5 kbar) are preserved in clinopyroxene amphibolites and garnet amphibolites from the top of the metamorphic sole, which is exposed in the southern part of the study area. The massive amphibolites and metagabbros further north (Wadi Haimur) represent the basal parts of the sole and show the lowest P – T  conditions (450–620 °C and 4.7–7.8 kbar). The sole is the product of dynamothermal metamorphism associated with the tectonic displacement of ultramafic rocks. Heat was derived mainly from the hot overlying mantle peridotites, and an inverted P – T  gradient was caused by dynamic shearing during ophiolite emplacement. Sm/Nd dating of whole-rock–metamorphic mineral pairs yields similar ages of c . 630 Ma for clinopyroxene and hornblende, which is interpreted as a lower age limit for ophiolite formation and an upper age limit for metamorphism. A younger Sm/Nd age for a garnet-bearing rock ( c . 590 Ma) is interpreted as reflecting a meaningful cooling age close to the metamorphic peak. Hornblende K/Ar ages in the range 570–550 Ma may reflect thermal events during late orogenic granite magmatism.     

蒙古-鄂霍次克构造带的形成与演化

蒙古-鄂霍次克洋于志留纪打开,志留纪-二叠纪该大洋板块向其两侧地块持续俯冲,形成与俯冲相关的古生代岩浆岩带,同时在大洋北侧的杭盖-肯特-达斡尔地区形成巨厚复理石建造,并不断有海山与其发生拼贴;二叠纪末,蒙古-鄂霍次克洋在其西段杭盖地区发生闭合,形成依旧具有大洋性质的喇叭状蒙古-鄂霍次克大海湾,此时,杭盖地区磨拉石建造大范围不整合覆盖于二叠纪之前复理石建造之上;三叠纪-中侏罗世,杭盖以东地区,蒙古-鄂霍次克洋板块继续向其两侧地体俯冲,在北蒙古-外贝加尔地区及中蒙古-额尔古纳地区形成与俯冲相关的中生代岩浆岩带;中-晚侏罗世-白垩纪,蒙古-鄂霍次克洋迅速闭合,大洋两侧地块发生碰撞拼贴,产生强烈构造变形,最终形成蒙古-鄂霍次克构造带。伴随蒙古-鄂霍次克构造带的形成,其中段的艾伦达瓦地区发生强烈的韧性剪切变形,形成艾伦达瓦韧性剪切带,该剪切带面理平均产状为327°/22°,线理平均产状为322°/19°,带内S-C组构及不对称旋转碎斑,指示上盘由北西往南东强烈的推覆型剪切运动。同时,通过确定该剪切带原岩及后期侵入剪切带的未变形伟晶岩脉锆石U-Pb年龄,限定了蒙古-鄂霍次克构造带的形成时代约为174~163Ma;白垩纪,伴随造山后的构造垮塌,外贝加尔地区广泛发育拉张盆地和变质核杂岩,并伴随大规模的岩浆活动。志留纪-二叠纪末,蒙古-鄂霍次克洋的演化与古亚洲洋的演化密切相关;三叠纪-早侏罗世,大洋板块主要为正常俯冲阶段;中-晚侏罗世,蒙古-鄂霍次克洋迅速关闭,主要与"东亚汇聚"事件有关;白垩纪岩浆岩,拉张盆地和变质核杂岩的形成,与造山带增厚地壳的垮塌及地幔岩浆上涌有关。     

兴蒙造山带的基底属性与构造演化过程

为了解兴蒙造山带基底属性和多个构造体系演化与叠加历史,系统总结了近年来在基础地质研究中取得的新成果,并利用这些成果讨论了兴蒙造山带的基底属性与演化历史.兴蒙造山带是指我国东北地区古生代构造作用影响的地区,这些地区也遭受了中生代构造作用的叠加与改造.兴蒙造山带主要由微陆块和其间的造山带组成.虽然传统上认为属于前寒武纪结晶基底的地质体主要已解体为古生代和早中生代,但随着新太古代和古元古代地质体的相继发现,以及新生代玄武岩中幔源古元古代橄榄岩包体的发现,可以判定兴蒙造山带内微陆块应具有古老的前寒武纪基底,并且壳幔是耦合的.微陆块内部地壳增生以垂向增生为主,且主要发生在新元古代和中元古代,以及次要的新太古代和古生代.相反,陆块间造山带或岛弧地体的陆壳则以侧向增生为主,且主要发生在新元古代和古生代.额尔古纳地块与兴安地块的拼合发生在早古生代早期;兴安地块与松嫩地块的拼合发生在早石炭世晚期;松嫩地块与佳木斯地块的拼合发生在早古生代晚期,中生代早期又经历了裂解与再闭合的构造演化过程;华北克拉通北缘增生杂岩带与北方微陆块群的最终拼合发生在晚二叠世-中三叠世,古亚洲洋的最终闭合发生在中三叠世,且为剪刀式闭合.晚古生代晚期蒙古-鄂霍茨克大洋板块南向俯冲作用的发生以及早中生代(三叠纪-早侏罗世)的持续南向俯冲,控制了大兴安岭-冀北-辽西地区的岩浆活动,蒙古-鄂霍茨克大洋的闭合发生在中侏罗世,晚侏罗世-早白垩世主要表现为闭合后的伸展环境.古太平洋板块中生代的俯冲起始时间为早侏罗世,晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期东北亚陆缘主要表现为走滑的构造属性和陆缘地体从低纬度到高纬度的构造就位过程,早白垩世晚期-古近纪岩浆作用的向东收缩揭示了古太平洋板块的持续俯冲和俯冲板片的后撤过程,古近纪晚期日本海的打开标志着东北亚陆缘从活动陆缘已经转变为沟-弧-盆体系,并且标志着东亚大地幔楔的形成.     

滇西哀牢山构造带:结构与演化

哀牢山构造带是藏东(东南亚)地区的一条重要线性构造,它分隔了扬子—华南地块与印支地块,并保存了多阶段复杂大地构造演化的记录。哀牢山构造带内由东向西依次发育了晚太古代—新元古代深变质岩系、新生代构造-岩浆活动带(剪切带)、金平—沱江晚二叠—早三叠世裂谷带残余和哀牢山早石炭世—早三叠世混杂岩带。具有不同特点的地质单元间被以新生代为主发育的断裂构造所间隔;而不同时期异地就位或混合岩化成因的花岗质岩石在构造带中普遍存在。哀牢山构造带在不同地质历史阶段具有多重大地构造属性,总体上经历了3个重要大地构造演化阶段:前特提斯演化、特提斯演化和新生代陆内演化阶段。前特提斯演化时期,主体部分(尤其是其东部带)具有亲扬子地块的属性,保留了自晚太古代到新元古代地壳演化的记录。一直到早古生代时期,哀牢山构造带的大地构造属性与扬子—华南地区依然具有密切的亲缘关系。自晚古生代—早中生代时期古特提斯洋打开之后,该带与华南-扬子板块之间分化成2个属性不同的构造域,始于早石炭世打开的哀牢山洋与始于早二叠世打开的金平—沱江洋依次消亡。特提斯洋的闭合,一方面形成了古哀牢山造山带,同时使得扬子—华南地块与印支地块回复到一个统一的陆内环境中;印度—欧亚板块之间的交互作用,对这一地区有着深刻的影响,相继形成了早新生代哀牢山造山带、晚渐新世—早中新世造山后区域性伸展与高钾碱性岩浆活动性和晚渐新世—早中新世印支地块的大规模南东向逃逸、哀牢山大型左行走滑剪切作用及伴生的钙碱性岩浆活动性。     

中国桐柏大别构造带变质演化的岩石学证迹

桐柏大别构造带是秦岭造山带的东延部分，经历过多期次不同体制的构造运动，现今的桐柏大别山区是由一系列变质地体拼合而成，地体与地体之间为断层或韧性剪切带所围限各地体有自身变质变形史和PTt轨迹，但却有着碰撞造山带所共有的后造山抬升过程。本文揭示了随县群、红安岩群及大别杂岩中柯石英榴辉石、蓝晶铝直闪石片岩及紫苏石榴黑云母片麻岩的退变质再平衡结构特点。报道了大别山麻粒岩相变质年龄为1699Ma。各类岩石减压退变质再平衡结构，标志着后造山的隆升过程及其对桐柏大别构造带变质演化的启示。     

Strain geometry,microstructure and metamorphism in the dextral transpressional Mubarak Shear Belt,Central Eastern Desert,Egypt

Mubarak shear belt provides an opportunity to investigate quantitative finite strain (Rs), proportions of pure shear and simple shear components, sense of shear indicators, subhorizontal to steeply plunging mineral lineations, in a dextral transpressional zone. The structural style of the Mubarak shear belt is consistent with dextral transpression within the Central Eastern Desert where dextral and reverse shear have developed simultaneously with the regional foliation. The high strain zone of the Mubarak shear belt is characterized by steeply dipping foliation with sub-horizontal stretching lineation (simple shear) surrounded by thrust imbrications with slightly plunging stretching lineations. Strain estimates from the Mubarak shear belt are used to determine how pure and simple shear components of deformation are partitioned. The axial ratios in XZ sections range from 1.16 to 2.33 with the maximum stretch, S _X , ranges from 1.06 to 1.48. The minimum stretch, S _Z , ranges from 0.65 to 0.92 indicating a moderate variation in vertical shortening. Volcaniclastic metasediments and metagabbros were subjected to prograde low-grade regional metamorphism in the range of greenschist to lower amphibolite facies (450–650°C at 2–4 kbar). Medium pressure (6–8 kbar at 530°C) was estimated from the high strain zone within the dextral strike-slip shear zones. Retrograde metamorphism occurred at a temperature range of 250–280°C. There is a trend towards decreasing the ratio of 100Mg/(Mg + Fe_tot + Mn) away from the high strain zone of the Mubarak shear belt. Integrated strain and temperature estimates indicate that the simple shear (non-coaxial) components of deformation played a significant role in formation and exhumation of the Mubarak shear belt during the accumulation of finite strain and consequently during progressive transpression and thrusting.     

纳米比亚达马拉造山带地质、构造演化特征与铀成矿作用

纳米比亚达马拉造山带是新元古代—早古生代泛非造山活动在西南非洲的体现,笔者系统梳理达马拉造山带内地质单元、岩浆作用、变质活动、构造动力学机制和铀矿成矿作用特征。该造山带主要由北部地体、北带边缘、北部带、中央带、南部带、南带边缘及南部前陆7个地质单元组成。依据板块运动特征,将其构造演化划分为板内裂谷期（750 Ma）、持续扩张期（730～600 Ma）、洋陆俯冲期（580～560 Ma）、俯冲碰撞期（550～540 Ma）及碰撞晚期（530～460 Ma）5个阶段。造山带内赋存大量的铀矿资源,主要形成于510～490 Ma,其成因与碰撞晚期构造及岩浆活动密切相关,成矿专属性特征明显。根据对现有资料的分析及总结,笔者认为富U的前达马拉基底是白岗岩型铀矿成矿物质的主要来源,成矿母岩浆是同化混染与分离结晶共同作用的结果,构造活动为富U岩浆的侵位及富集沉淀提供有利场所。     

Deformation Characteristics and Tectonic Evolution of the Eastern Qinling Orogenic Belt

The Qinling Mountains separating the northern from the southern China plate is a key region for the study of structural evolution of eastern Asia. It is composed of the Palaeozoic fold belt in its northern part and the Variscan and Indosinian fold belts in its southern part. The evolution of the former is marked by the closure of a northward subducting oceanic basin in the early stage, followed by southward obduction of ophiolites and intracontinental thrusting during the Variscan; whereas that of the latter is represented by intracontinental, shallow crustal deformation on the basis of a large-scale detachment structure(with a horizontal slip of at least of 100 km). Since the late Palaeozoic, however, both of the belts have been cut by a series of east-west sinistral strike-slip faults.     

Geochronology and Tectonic Evolution of the West Section of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt

As an important part of South China Old Land, the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt plays a significant role in explaining the assembly and the evolution of the Upper Yangtze Block and Cathaysia, as well as the structure and growth mechanism of continental lithosphere in South China.The Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups are the base strata of the west section of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt.Thus, the research of geochronology and tectonic evolution of the Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups is significant.The maximum sedimentary age of the Lengjiaxi Group is ca.862 Ma, and the minimum is ca.822 Ma.The Zhangjiawan Formation, which is situated in the upper part of the Banxi Group is ca.802 Ma.The Lengjiaxi Group and equivalent strata should thus belong to the Neoproterozoic in age.The Jiangnan Orogenic Belt consisting of the Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups as important constituents is not a Greenville Orogen Belt(1.3 Ga–1.0 Ga).The Jiangnan Orogenic Belt is a recyclic orogenic belt, and the prototype basin is a foreland basin with materials derived from the southwest and the sediments belong to the active continental sedimentation.By combining large amounts of dating data of the Lengjiaxi and the Banxi groups as well as equivalent strata, the evolutionary model of the western section of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt is established as follows: Before 862 Ma, the South China Ocean was subducted beneath the Upper Yangtze Block, while a continental island arc was formed on the side near the Upper Yangtze Block.The South China Ocean was not closed in this period.From 862 Ma to 822 Ma, the Upper Yangtze Block was collided with Cathaysia; and sediments began to be deposited in the foreland basin between the two blocks.The Lengjiaxi Group and equivalent strata were thus formed and the materials might be derived from the recyclic orogenic belt.From 822 Ma to 802 Ma, Cathaysia continued pushing to the Upper Yangtze Block, experienced the Jinning-Sibao Movement(Wuling Movement); as result, the folded basement of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt was formed.After 802 Ma, Cathaysia and the Upper Yangtze Block were separated from each other, the Nanhua rift basin was formed and began to receive the sediments of the Banxi Group and equivalent strata.These large amounts of dating data and research results also indicate that before the collision of the Upper Yangtze Block with Cathaysia, materials of the continental crust became less and less from the southwest to the east in the Jiangnan Orogeneic Belt; only island arc and neomagmatic arc were developed in the eastern section.Ocean-continent subduction or continent-continent subduction took place in the western and southern sections, while intra-oceanic subduction occurred in the eastern section.Comprehensive analyses on U-Pb ages and Hf model ages of zircons, the main provenance of the Lengjiaxi Group is Cathaysia.     

新疆库鲁克塔格成矿带主要矿床类型及成矿系列划分

库鲁克塔格是新疆前寒武纪出露较全的地区,然而该区区域成矿规律研究程度非常低.通过对研究区已有资料进行总结分析,系统阐述研究区矿床类型,并对其成矿系列进行划分.研究区从太古代到早古生代形成了7个主要的岩浆构造演化阶段:古太古代陆核形成阶段(3.3~3.0 Ga)、新太古代-古元古代陆壳增生改造阶段(2.6~2.3 Ga)、古元古代中晚期陆壳改造阶段(2.1~1.8 Ga)、中元古代晚期-新元古代早期造山运动阶段(1.1~0.86 Ga)、新元古代中期后碰撞伸展阶段(830~800 Ma)、新元古代中晚期陆内裂解阶段(770~600 Ma)和早古生代造陆运动阶段.成矿作用主要发生在古元古代、新元古代及早古生代.依据各构造演化阶段、含矿建造特征及矿床成因特征,将库鲁克塔格成矿作用类型总结为以下6个主要成矿系列,即形成于古元古代陆壳增生改造环境下的Fe-P-Cu-Au系列、新元古代俯冲碰撞环境下的Cu-Au系列、新元古代后碰撞环境下的Cu-Mo-Au-Fe-P-REE系列、新元古代裂解环境下的Cu-Ni系列、早古生代沉积盆地中Ag-V-Mo-Au-U-P系列和早古生代俯冲岛弧环境下的Cu-Au系列.      

Fluid Activity and Tectonic Evolution in the Northern Qilian High-pressure Metamorphic Belt

The Northern Qilian high-pressure metamorphic belt has experienced multiple deformation-metamorphism, which consists of at least four stages.In 550.8-526 Ma, eclogites were formed. High temperature and pressure caused the escape of a large quantity of gas-liquid fluids from rocks while silicate melt was generated. In the late stage, small amounts of CO2 and H2O infiltrating along fractures were introduced.In the formation of glaucophane schist (447-362 Ma), devolatilization reactions were dominated during the subduction-uplift stage of the paleoplate.In the uplift-exhumation stage (400-380 Ma) the increase of internal space of fractures in the rocks favoured fluid infiltration and concentration. These fluids participated in hydration reactions in the retro-metamorphism. The fluids participating in the mineral reactions have the compositions of CaCl2-NaCl-H2O.In subsequent thrusting (<380 Ma), the metamorphic terrain was uplifted to the shallower crust and ductile-shearing deformation took place, which c     

Tectonic Evolution of the Middle Frontal Area of the Longmen Mountain Thrust Belt, Western Sichuan Basin, China

By analyzing the balanced cross sections and subsidence history of the Longmen Mountain thrust belt,China,we concluded that it had experienced five tectonic stages:(1)the formation stage (T3x) of the miniature of Longmen Mountain, early Indosinian movement, and Anxian tectonic movement created the Longmen Mountain;(2)the stable tectonic stage(J1)where weaker tectonic movement resulted in the Longmen Mountain thrust belt being slightly uplifted and slightly subsiding the foreland basin;(3)the intense tectonic stage(J2-3),namely the early Yanshan movement;(4) continuous tectonic movement(K-E),namely the late Yaushan movement and early Himalayan movement;and(5)the formation of Longrnen Mountain(N-Q),namely the late Himalayan movement. During those tectonic deformation stages, the Anxian movement and Himalayan movement played important roles in the Longmen Mountain'S formation.The Himalayan movement affected Longmen Mountain the most;the strata thrust intensively and were eroded severely.There are some klippes in the middle part of the Longmen Mountain thrust belt because a few nappes were pushed southeastward in later tectonic deformation.     

Tectonic Evolution of the Middle Frontal Area of the Longmen Mountain Thrust Belt,Western Sichuan Basin,China

By analyzing the balanced cross sections and subsidence history of the Longmen Mountain thrust belt, China, we concluded that it had experienced five tectonic stages: (1) the formation stage (T3x) of the miniature of Longmen Mountain, early Indosinian movement, and Anxian tectonic movement created the Longmen Mountain; (2) the stable tectonic stage (J1) where weaker tectonic movement resulted in the Longmen Mountain thrust belt being slightly uplifted and slightly subsiding the foreland basin; (3) the intense tectonic stage (J2-3), namely the early Yanshan movement; (4) continuous tectonic movement (K–E), namely the late Yanshan movement and early Himalayan movement; and (5) the formation of Longmen Mountain (N–Q), namely the late Himalayan movement. During those tectonic deformation stages, the Anxian movement and Himalayan movement played important roles in the Longmen Mountain’s formation. The Himalayan movement affected Longmen Mountain the most; the strata thrust intensively and were eroded severely. There are some klippes in the middle part of the Longmen Mountain thrust belt because a few nappes were pushed southeastward in later tectonic deformation.     

Mapping the Dyke Swarms of the Eastern Desert,Egypt

正The Eastern Desert of Egypt hosts numerous undeformed to slightly deformed mafic dyke swarms which have previously been poorly characterized.Systematic use of full resolution Google Earth?images yields an initial