煤系岩石物理力学参数与声波速度之间的关系

通过超声-时间动态测试方法系统地分析了煤系沉积岩石纵波和横波速度,计算了煤系岩石动弹性力学参数,同步测试了煤系岩石的静态力学参数,建立了煤系沉积岩石动弹性力学参数与静弹性力学参数之间和煤系岩石物理力学参数与其声波速度之间的定性定量关系.研究结果表明,煤系岩石的动弹性模量与岩石的纵波或横波速度具有很好的正相关关系,而与泊松比不具有这种正相关关系.煤系岩石的动弹性模量要大于其静弹性模量,而动泊松比要小于其静泊松比,它们之间呈线性相关关系.煤系岩石密度、单轴抗压和抗拉强度与其纵波或横波速度之间也呈正相关关系,它们分别服从二次函数、指数函数和线性函数分布.     

Seismic doublets and multiplets at Polish coal and copper mines

The following criteria for selection of doublets at Polish coal mines were accepted: the difference in magnitude (based on seismic moment) of two events not larger than 0.15, the distance between their hypocenters not greater than 150 m, and the time interval between their occurrence not longer than 10 days. Similarly, the criteria for seismic events at copper mines are: the difference in magnitude not exceeding 0.15, the distance not greater than 200 m, and the time interval not longer than 20 days. Seismic events from the Wujek and Ziemowit coal mines that occurred between 1993 and 1995, and seismic events from the Polkowice copper mine that occurred between 1994 and 1996 and from the Rudna copper mine that occurred between 1994 and 2004 were considered. Their source parameters and focal mechanisms were known in most cases from previous studies. Altogether 108 seismic pairs from coal mines and 118 pairs from copper mines were found, forming doublets, triplets and quadruplets, within the magnitude range from 0.7 to 3.5. The distance and time intervals between two events forming pairs are not dependent on magnitude of these events. The focal mechanism of seismic events forming pairs is similar in over 60 percent of pairs at coal mines and in about one third of pairs at copper mines. Spatial distributions of doublets in particular sections of coal and copper mines display dominant linear trends, characteristic for a given area, which are often in conformity with the direction of nodal planes determined by fault plane solution of one or both the events forming a doublet. In such cases, the rupture plane can be discriminated among the nodal planes.     

扰动位能与大气环流异常的耦合关系及机理研究

本文在前期局地扰动位能理论工作基础上,进一步着眼于扰动位能与大气环流异常的关系和机理问题,采用奇异值分解(SVD)方法分析了扰动位能与高、中、低层大气动能的耦合相关模态以及年际变率情况,同时考察它与作为大气质量分布的海平面气压之间的相关关系,并从物理上初步探讨了扰动位能与大气动能以及质量的相关机理问题.结果表明,扰动位能自身变率的第一模态同时也是与大气环流异常场耦合变化的主要模态,与之相对应的大气动能和质量场的主模态也是其自身变率的支配模态,说明它们之间存在相互制约的物理机制.而且,热带外地区大气环流主模态特征的形成,与扰动位能兼具全球尺度纬向对称结构和局地尺度纬向非对称性密不可分.另外,冬季南北半球环状模指数与扰动位能的前两阶矩存在非常好的相关关系,而在夏季这种关系明显削弱,仅存在于南半球.     

Reconstructions of the Campbell Plateau and the Lord Howe Rise

Reconstructions of the southeastern margin of Gondwanaland require either a separation of East and West Antarctica or movement between the Lord Howe Rise and the Campbell Plateau. Previous plate tectonic reconstructions based on sea-floor spreading data eliminated the Lord Howe Rise-Campbell Plateau separation prior to 36 m.y. ago because of overlap. This conclusion is dependent on the reconstruction of Australia and Antarctica, interpretation of magnetic anomalies between Antarctica and the Campbell Plateau and the nature of the plate boundary in New Zealand. Revised reconstructions of the fit between Australia and Antarctica, and a reinterpretation of the magnetic anomalies between the Campbell Plateau and Antarctica suggest that there is no problem of overlap between the Lord Howe Rise and the Campbell Plateau, and that continued motion between these plates prior to 36 m.y. ago is a more plausible alternative to separation between East and West Antarctica.     

Separation and sliding between soil and structure during strong ground motion

This paper presents an approach to the problem of separation and sliding between soil and structure in the finite element analysis of dynamic soil-structure interaction problems. Joint elements are arranged along the contact surface between soil and structure and they have a property such that tensile forces are not transmitted between the planes representing structure and soil in the finite element analysis. The dynamic properties governing the sliding are determined by the Mohr-Coulomb failure law determined from the cohesion and the friction angle between soil and structure. The proposed method is applied to (i) a model of a reactor building resting on the free surface of layered ground and (ii) a buried foundation structure. The numerical computations reveal the following results: that the translation is dominant in the motion of the structure when sliding is taking place between soil and structure, and that the rocking is dominant in the rest of the response. The amplitude of the response during sliding is increased on any one point of the structure and decreased on any one point of the ground compared with that of the fixed condition at the interface. In the case of the buried structure, it is observed in the computed results that the structure and soil move in the opposite direction along the vertical contact surface and are separated from each other in the near surface region during the strong phase of the excitation.     

地壳变形与地下水相互作用及其异常关系初探

地壳变形与地下水之间既相互作用又相互影响。 文中首先借助扩容串通模型研究了地壳变形与地下水相互关系, 讨论了两者之间的相互作用、 相互影响; 然后从地壳变形和地下水位异常是否为主要控制因素进一步分析了地壳变形与地下水相互作用、 相互影响以及对地震的触发作用; 最后通过震例进行佐证。     

Processes of initial collision and suturing between India and Asia

The initial collision between Indian and Asian continents marked the starting point for transformation of land-sea thermal contrast, uplift of the Tibet-Himalaya orogen, and climate change in Asia. In this paper, we review the published literatures from the past 30 years in order to draw consensus on the processes of initial collision and suturing that took place between the Indian and Asian plates. Following a comparison of the different methods that have been used to constrain the initial timing of collision, we propose that the tectono-sedimentary response in the peripheral foreland basin provides the most sensitive index of this event, and that paleomagnetism presents independent evidence as an alternative, reliable, and quantitative research method. In contrast to previous studies that have suggested collision between India and Asia started in Pakistan between ca. 55 Ma and 50 Ma and progressively closed eastwards, more recent researches have indicated that this major event first occurred in the center of the Yarlung Tsangpo suture zone (YTSZ) between ca. 65 Ma and 63 Ma and then spreading both eastwards and westwards. While continental collision is a complicated process, including the processes of deformation, sedimentation, metamorphism, and magmatism, different researchers have tended to define the nature of this event based on their own understanding, an intuitive bias that has meant that its initial timing has remained controversial for decades. Here, we recommend the use of reconstructions of each geological event within the orogenic evolution sequence as this will allow interpretation of collision timing on the basis of multidisciplinary methods.     

台湾的地震和地球物理研究

概述自１８９１年以来台湾的地震和地球物理研究的历史发展与当前状况，简要回顾自７０年代以来海峡两岩地震学和地球物理学学术交流的发展。指出，两岸地震和地理物理学界的交流和合作有着广阔的前景，应当而且能够对促进两岸关系的良性发展做出更多的贡献。     

Relationships between moment magnitude and fault parameters: theoretical and semi-empirical relationships

Fault parameters are important in earthquake hazard analysis. In this paper, theoretical relationships between moment magnitude and fault parameters including subsurface rupture length, downdip rupture width, rupture area, and average slip over the fault surface are deduced based on seismological theory. These theoretical relationships are further simplified by applying similarity conditions and an unique form is established. Then, combining thc simplified theoretical relationships between moment magnitude and fault parameters with seismic source data selected in this study, a practical semi-empirical relationship is established. The seismic source data selected is also to used to derive empirical relationships between moment magnitude and fault parameters by the ordinary least square regression method. Comparisons between semi-empirical relationships and empirical relationships show that the former depict distribution trends of data better than the latter. It is also observed that downdip rupture widths of strike slip faults are saturated when moment magnitude is more than 7.0, but downdip rupture widths of dip slip faults are not saturated in the moment magnitude ranges of this study.     

Linking ground motion measurements and macroseismic observations in France: a case study based on accelerometric and macroseismic databases

Comparison between accelerometric and macroseismic observations is made for three M _w?=?4.5 earthquakes, which occurred in north-eastern France and south-western Germany in 2003 and 2004. Scalar and spectral instrumental parameters are processed from the accelerometric data recorded by nine accelerometric stations located between 29 and 180 km from the epicentres. Macroseismic data are based on French Internet reports. In addition to the single questionnaire intensity, analysis of the internal correlation between the encoded answers highlights four predominant fields of questions bearing different physical meanings: (1) “vibratory motions of small objects”, (2) “displacement and fall of objects”, (3) “acoustic noise” and (4) “personal feelings”. Best correlations between macroseismic and instrumental observations are obtained when the macroseismic parameters are averaged over 10-km-radius circles around each station. Macroseismic intensities predicted by published peak ground velocity (PGV)–intensity relationships agree with our observed intensities, contrary to those based on peak ground acceleration (PGA). Correlation between the macroseismic and instrumental data for intensities between II and V (EMS-98) is better for PGV than for PGA. Correlation with the response spectra exhibits clear frequency dependence for all macroseismic parameters. Horizontal and vertical components are significantly correlated with the macroseismic parameters between 1 and 10 Hz, a range corresponding to both natural frequencies of most buildings and high energy content in the seismic ground motion. Between 10 and 25 Hz, a clear lack of correlation between macroseismic and instrumental observations exists. It could be due to a combination of the decrease in the energy signal above 10 Hz, a high level of anthropogenic noise and an increase in variability in soil conditions. Above 25 Hz, the correlation coefficients between the acceleration response spectra and the macroseismic parameters are close to the PGA correlation level.     

Contrasting responses of dimictic and polymictic lakes to environmental change: a spatial and temporal study

Although comparative analyses between dimictic and polymictic lakes have noted the key role of mixing regime in governing water quality, limnologists have historically focused on dimictic lakes, leaving polymictic lakes relatively understudied. In this study, we investigated whether the effects of agricultural development on water quality differed between dimictic and polymictic lakes in a naturally nutrient-rich region of Alberta, Canada. Through a spatial limnological analysis of 36 sites, we found that the relationship between surface water total phosphorus concentration and the percent of agriculture (% Agr) in the catchments differed between dimictic and polymictic lakes, where the proportion of variance explained was much more pronounced in the dimictic (79% explained) than in the polymictic systems (7% explained). Paleolimnological analyses of subfossil chironomids in surface sediment samples (0–1 cm) from 18 of the 36 study lakes, and in sediment core profiles from the dimictic and polymictic basins of a eutrophic lake, showed that water quality differed between mixis groups. We found that the surface sediment chironomid assemblages differed significantly between polymictic and dimictic lakes. Detailed analyses of the sediment cores demonstrated that the two basin types differed in their responses to land-use change through time, as only the dimictic basin showed a parallel increase in anoxia with increasing agricultural development. We suggest that in naturally-fertile landscapes, external nutrient loading exerts a more notable effect on dimictic lakes, whereas internal nutrient loading is more important in polymictic systems.     

Correlation coefficients and concentration factors of copper and lead in seawater and benthic algae

Raritan Bay, which is adjacent to the New York metropolitan area, served as a study site to investigate the relationship between copper and lead concentrations in water and in seaweeds. Correlation coefficients of 0.98 for copper and 0.97 for lead indicate a high degree of correspondence between levels of these metals in water and in algal tissue. Concentration factors of 18.4 × 10⁴ for copper and 8.2 × 10⁴ for lead are among the highest reported to date.     

中国大陆活动地块边界带与强震活动

本文在前人对中国大陆及周边活动地块研究和划分的基础上，系统研究了6个Ⅰ级活动地块区和22个Ⅱ级活动地块之间共26个活动边界带的构造变形与强震活动，包括强震分布与活动边界带的关系，边界带构造活动速率与地震活动水平及强震复发期等的关系. 给出了边界带强震活动水平与构造活动速率之间的线性关系和强震复发期长短与构造活动速率的反向变化关系. 从而进一步揭示了中国大陆活动地块构造及其块体运动特征，以及块体边界带的构造变形对强震的控制作用.     

Spectral analysis of body waves for earthquakes and their source parameters in the Himalaya and nearby regions

The source characteristics of 33 earthquakes with magnitude m_b between 4.4 and 6.0, which occurred in the Himalayan and nearby regions, are investigated using the records of the Hyderabad seismograph station. The P- and S-wave spectra of these events are interpreted in terms of Brune's seismic source model for estimating the source parameters, i.e., seismic moment, source dimension, stress drop, average dislocation, apparent stress and the radiated energy. Seismic moments, M₀, vary between 0.3 × 10²⁴ and 9.0 × 10²⁶ dyne cm; source dimensions, r, between 4.3 and 18.6 km; stress-drops, Δσ between 0.3 and 151.6 bar; average dislocations, $\text{u}$ between 0.6 and 381 cm; apparent stresses, $\text{η}\text{σ}$ between 0.1 and 73.2 bar. The radiated energy, E_R is estimated by the spectrum integration method and is found to vary between 0.2 × 10¹⁸ and 9.3 × 10²² erg. In general, the stress drop and apparent stress are found to be high, indicating high stresses in these regions.     

Correlation analysis and causality test between Ludong-Huanghai block and South Japan

In this paper, we make a comparative analysis and correlation test for the seismic activities in the South Japan and the Ludong-Huanghai block (a secondary tectonic unit in the North China) and approach the relationship between the energy release processes of these two areas by using co-integration analysis and Granger causality test for the time series of random variables. The results show that the seismic activities in these two areas are correlative and synchronous to a certain extent, and their release series of cumulative strain energy are contemporaneously cor-relative. Both energy series are first-order difference stationary processes and there is secular and steady co-integration between them. We make a positive analysis on the first-order difference energy series through Granger causality test based on vector error correction (VEC) model and find there is unilateral Granger causality and prominent co-integration between the two energy release processes.     

江苏及邻近地区地震电磁辐射异常与地震关系

对这20多年来江苏及其邻区的地震前的电磁波观测资料进行了整理,对出现的异常信息和地震的对应关系进行了统计分析,分析结果表明,电磁波异常信息与地震三要素有一定的对应关系,并对电磁波的性质从电磁波产生的机制和传播方式两个方面进行了探讨。     

夏季西北太平洋大气环流异常及其与热带印度洋-太平洋海温变化的关系

本文分析了夏季西北太平洋大气环流异常特征及其与海温变化的关系,发现夏季西北太平洋异常反气旋/气旋(WNPAC/WNPC)是西北太平洋地区对流层中低层存在的重要大气环流异常现象,与东亚-西北太平洋低纬度至高纬度的经向PJ波列及欧亚中高纬度东西纬向波列的变化有关,通过与中高纬度环流变化的联系,对东亚及欧亚中高纬度气候有重要影响.夏季WNPAC/WNPC与热带海温变化的关系存在明显的不对称性,显著的WNPAC一般出现在El Niño衰减年夏季,与前期El Niño成熟年冬季的赤道东太平洋暖海温异常和El Niño衰减年春夏季印度洋海盆尺度的暖海温异常有明显的正相关关系,进一步表明了WNPAC在El Niño事件影响夏季气候中的重要桥梁作用;而夏季显著的WNPC与前期和同期热带海温变化的关系存在明显的不确定性,主要与夏季热带印度洋和赤道中东太平洋之间东暖西冷的热力差异异常引起的孟加拉湾-赤道西太平洋西风异常有关.进一步分析WNPAC/WNPC与海温变化关系不对称的可能原因,发现El Niño和La Niña衰减年夏季热带印度洋和太平洋海温变化所引起的印-太之间海温(热力)差异的一致性特征可能是导致WNPAC/WNPC与海温变化关系不对称的主要原因.     

拇外翻足正位X线片负重与非负重HVA和IMA变化趋势及临床意义

目的：通过研究拇外翻足在拍摄足正位X线片时负重、非负重HVA、IMA变化的趋势,寻找一种通过非负重角度推算负重角度的简易方法。方法：搜集40例69足拇外翻足负重、非负重正位X线片,测量HVA、IMA值进行比较研究。结果：拇外翻足负重与非负重HVA比较无差异、负重与非负重IMA比较存在显著性差异,具有统计学意义,且IMA...     

甲状腺癌和腺瘤的CT诊断及鉴别诊断

本文分析了２３例甲状腺癌和腺瘤的ＣＴ表现，讨论了ＣＴ诊断和鉴别诊断，甲状腺癌呈分界不清的软组织密度包块，密度不均匀，甲状腺腺瘤要据其ＣＴ表现为二个类型：（１）囊性型，（２）实质型。甲状腺癌和囊性型腺瘤鉴别不难，但是在实质型腺瘤的ＣＴ表现相类似，有时鉴别诊断困难。     

Concentrations,coexisting forms,and features of silicon distribution and migration in surface waters of Ukraine

The results of studying silicon concentrations and coexisting forms in surface water bodies of Ukraine with different hydrological regime, hydrophysical and hydrochemical characteristics are presented. Silicon distribution between its dissolved and suspended forms, as well as the relationship between the concentration of suspended silicon and the weight of suspended matter and its nature are discussed. The dominating form of silicon migration is shown to be its dissolved form (70.1–99.4% of its total content), while suspended form of silicon dominates in river waters with higher concentration of suspended matter of mineral origin, (56.1–81.5%). The results of studying silicon distribution between abiotic and biotic components of suspended matter, as well as between its dissolved forms with different charge signs are given. Dissolved silicon in the water bodies under study is shown to account for 93.0–99.0% of neutral fraction, where its compounds with molecular weight <0.2 kDa dominate.