基于实测光谱指数法的ASTER遥感数据岩性信息提取

目前,光谱波段比值法可以用于岩性信息提取与识别。以新疆北山坡北造山带辉长岩、橄榄岩、橄榄辉长岩以及闪长岩为研究对象,深入分析这四种岩性在VNIR（可见光-近红外）-SWIR（短波红外）谱域的光谱差异。基于辉长岩、橄榄辉长岩、橄榄岩以及闪长岩在2 300 nm附近存在-OH的吸收特征,建立了第8波段的相对吸收深度RBD₈;基于橄榄辉长岩、橄榄岩以及闪长岩在400~700 nm出现的弱吸收特征,建立比值指数RI₂₁来反映四种岩性含Fe³⁺矿物的丰度;基于四种岩性在1 100 nm附近都存在由Fe²⁺引起的宽而强的吸收谱带,建立了比值指数RI₅₄来估计Fe²⁺含量。利用RBD₈、RI₂₁以及RI₅₄三个比值指数分别对影像进行增强处理,并对增强后的影像进行RGB彩色合成,不仅识别和提取出辉长岩、橄榄岩、橄榄辉长岩和闪长岩,还有效区分出片岩以及碳酸盐岩等岩性信息。     

Investigation of the Co-seismic Gravity Field Variations Caused by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake Using Monthly GRACE Data

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE) observations have been used to de-tect the co-seismic and post-seismic gravity field variations due to the Mw=9.3 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake that occurred on December 26,2004.This article focuses on investigating some gravita-tional effects caused by this huge earthquake.We computed the geoid height changes,the equivalent water height(EWH) changes,and the gravity changes using the GRACE Level-2 monthly spherical harmonic(SH) solutions released by University of ...     

玉树地震地表破裂调查与灾后重建避让选址研究

2010年4月14日07时49分40.7秒,青海省玉树县发生Ms7.1级地震。通过现场调查和分析,玉树地震的发震断裂是甘孜—玉树活动断裂的玉树段,地震产生的地表破裂长度为23km,走向北西西—北西,总体表现为左旋走滑特征,可进一步分为3段:西段呈连续延伸的左旋走滑破裂,在隆宝镇的"郭央烟宋多"附近(坐标:北纬33°03′11″、东经96°51′26″)最大水平位移达1.75m,可定为宏观震中;中段主要位于县城南侧,由多条右阶斜列的破裂组成;东段表现为逆冲兼左旋走滑。玉树地震除了造成大量房屋破坏外,次生地质灾害主要包括:地震砂土液化及其引起的公路变形、地震滑坡、地震诱发水渠破坏及其链生土质滑坡和泥石流等。通过对内外动力地质灾害的综合分析,初步提出了玉树地震灾区灾后重建避让选址的建议。     

场地条件对地震动和震害影响的研究进展与建议

场地条件对地震动和震害有重要影响。本文简要回顾了场地条件对地震动和震害影响的研究历史,总结和评述了这一领域的研究进展。重点对地形地貌、岩土类型、覆盖层厚度、土层结构、地下水、岩土动力性质及物理地质现象等对地震动和震害的影响进行了总结和评述。提炼和概括了目前场地条件对地震动和震害影响研究中比较一致的几点认识。在此基础上,提出了这一领域当前应进一步研究的问题,主要包括地震现场资料调查、局部地形几何尺度、场地分类、覆盖层安全厚度界限、近断层地震动参数分布规律、活断层避让距离,以及强震资料积累等关键问题。     

中分辨率成像光谱仪图像积雪反射特性的初步分析研究

通过对中分辨率成像光谱仪图像２６个连续波段的同点采样,获得从可见到红外光谱一个完整的积雪反射特性系列,在背景气候,气象数据信息的支持下,进行图像积雪反射特性与同类积雪实测反射特性的对比分析。结果表明：本研究所使用的中分辨率成像光谱仪图像积雪反射特性反映了积雪变化的过程,同时与地面光谱仪实测数据有一定的对应关系,同类积雪在可见光波谱区的光谱反射基本吻合,据此,反演积雪类型的图像分类是可行的。     

单层土模型场地地震反应分析中土层参数随机性的影响

土体的地震反应与结构震害密切相关,是地震工程中的一个重要问题,也是抗震设计的基础之一.然而目前的工程场地地震反应分析中存在着诸多不确定性因素,如何估计这些不确定的影响是一个亟待解决的问题.本文采用泰勒级数展开估计土层参数随机性对场地传递函数的影响,对单层土模型在土层参数服从独立高斯分布假定下进行公式推导和实例计算,比较了不同的泰勒级数阶次、土层参数变异系数以及阻尼比对传递函数随机性的综合效应,从而探讨了研究土层传递函数不确定性时采用各阶泰勒级数展开的精度和使用范围.     

Numerical Evaluation of Local Site Effects on Amplification of the 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol-e-Zahab,Iran, Earthquake Waves Using Near and Far-Field Records

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - This is the first study to quantitatively evaluate the local site effects in the most severely affected neighborhoods of Sarpol-e-Zahab city following the...     

The Investigation of Mass Transfer in the Karasu Karstic Aquifer, Konya, Turkey

In this study, the changes in the chemical composition of the groundwater along a flow path were examined by using the water samples collected from unconfined, semi-confined and confined parts of the Karasu karstic aquifer. It was determined that transport of bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium was dominant in unconfined and semi-confined parts of the aquifer, whereas calcite and dolomite precipitate in the confined parts. On the other hand, gypsum dissolution is present in all parts of the aquifer. In addition, the computed saturation indices explain the occurrences and precipitation of travertines in the Goksu Valley, which is the discharge area for the aquifer. Electronic Publication     

利用谱组合法实现GOCE卫星的SST和SGG数据融合处理

不同类型重力测量数据的融合处理,是地球重力场模型化研究的难点和热点问题之一.基于调和分析方法推导了由GOCE卫星SST和SGG数据构建地球重力场模型的谱组合公式及对应谱权的具体形式,给出了多种类型重力测量数据联合处理的谱权及谱组合的通用表达式.结果表明,SST数据能够有效改善SGG数据解算模型在低阶部分的精度,从而提高了解算的地球重力场模型的质量和可靠性并拓宽了其频谱范围,使其精度和空间分辨率有更进一步的提高.      

Taxonomical and Biogeochemical Investigation of Elements in Holocene Mollusk Shells in the South and Southwestern Marmara Basin, Turkey

Concentrations of some heavy metals and trace elements such as Cr,Ga,Ni,Zn,Mo,Cu, Pb,Yb,Y,Nb,Ti,Sr,Ba,Mn,Sc,Co,V,Zr,Fe,Al,W,Se,Bi,Sb,As,Cd in recent mollusk shells and factors affecting their distribution and deposits collected from various depths in the southern and southwestern parts of the Marmara Sea are investigated.The distribution of the elements in the shells is categorized into four groups.Of these,concentrations of 12 elements(As,Bi,Cd,Co,Ga,Mo,Nb, Sb,Se,Sc,W and Yb)are below zero [(0.053-0.79)×10~(-6)];concentrations of seven elements(Cr,Ni, Pb,V,Y,Zr and Cu)are(1.0-6.0)×10~(-6);concentrations of four elements(Ti,Mn,Ba and Zn)are 10- 20×10~(-6);and concentrations of five elements(Si,Al,Fe,Mg and Sr)are(47.44-268.11)×10~(-6).The taxonomic characteristics of the 29 elements were studied separately in mollusk shells such as Chamalea gallina(Linné),Pitar-rudis(Poll),Nassarius reticulatus(Linné),Venerupis senescens (Coocconi),Mytilus galloprovincialis(Lamarck),Mytilaster lineatus(Gemelin in Linné)and Chlamys glabra.It was found that,in mollusk taxonomy,the elements have unique values.In other words, element concentrations in various mollusk shells depend mainly on the taxonomic characteristics of mollusks.In various bionomic environments different element distributions of the same species are attributed to the different geochemical characters of the each environment.Data obtained in this study indicate that the organisms are the most active and deterministic factors of the environment.     

Taxonomical and Biogeochemical Investigation of Elements in Holocene Mollusk Shells in the South and Southwestern Marmara Basin,Turkey

Concentrations of some heavy metals and trace elements such as Cr, Ga, Ni, Zn, Mo, Cu, Pb, Yb, Y, Nb, Ti, Sr, Ba, Mn, Sc, Co, V, Zr, Fe, Al, W, Se, Bi, Sb, As, Cd in recent mollusk shells and factors affecting their distribution and deposits collected from various depths in the southern and southwestern parts of the Marmara Sea are investigated. The distribution of the elements in the shells is categorized into four groups. Of these, concentrations of 12 elements （As, Bi, Cd, Co, Ga, Mo, Nb, Sb, Se, Sc, W and Yb） are below zero [（0.053-0.79）×10^-6]; concentrations of seven elements （Cr, Ni, Pb, V, Y, Zr and Cu） are （1.0-6.0）×10^-6; concentrations of four elements （Ti, Mn, Ba and Zn） are 10- 20×10^-6; and concentrations of five elements （Si, Al, Fe, Mg and Sr） are （47.44-268.11）×10^-6. The taxonomic characteristics of the 29 elements were studied separately in mollusk shells such as Chamalea gallina （Linn6）, Pitar rudis （Poli）, Nassarius reticulatus （Linn6）, Venerupis senescens （Coocconi）, Mytilus galloprovincialis （Lamarck）, Mytilaster lineatus （Gemelin in Linne） and Chlamys glabra. It was found that, in mollusk taxonomy, the elements have unique values. In other words, element concentrations in various mollusk shells depend mainly on the taxonomic characteristics of mollusks. In various bionomic environments different element distributions of the same species are attributed to the different geochemical characters of the each environment. Data obtained in this study indicate that the organisms are the most active and deterministic factors of the environment.     

基于IKONOS数据的赣南离子吸附型稀土矿非法开采监测研究

随着稀土价值的不断攀升,稀土资源乱采滥挖现象日益严重,如何快速准确地进行稀土矿山非法开采监测成为相关政府部门管理的重中之重,高空间分辨率遥感技术为解决上述问题提供了思路。本文选取赣南寻乌地区离子吸附型稀土矿区为研究区,运用IKONOS遥感数据结合矿权资料建立了离子吸附型稀土矿山非法开采解译标志,结合地质岩体资料分析了稀土矿山开采重点监测区域。研究表明高空间分辨率遥感数据处理与分析为离子吸附型稀土矿矿山非法开采快速、准确、动态监测提供了良好的技术手段。     

电磁法在川南大坝地区岩溶勘查中的应用

四川宜宾长宁地区页岩气资源丰富,尤其是大坝区块,但该区块地表主要出露地层为嘉陵江组等碳酸盐地层,岩溶管道特别发育,区块内有大鱼洞、小鱼洞、鱼井等若干处暗河排泄点,是大坝乡(含周边村)及兴文县的饮用水源,因此在页岩气开发之前对岩溶及岩溶管道进行勘查工作,在施工过程中规避这些不良地质体,具有有重要意义。为了查明大坝地区地下岩溶、暗河(管道)特征,根据各物探方法勘探深度的不同,联合高密度电法和音频大地电磁法进行岩溶管道勘查。首先,对大坝地区区域地质特征和水文地质特征进行了简要介绍,根据勘探深度有针对性的选取高密度电法和音频大地电磁法进行联合勘探;将两种物探方法进行综合解释,推断出工区内岩溶管道发育情况;最后,采用连通试验对岩溶管道发育情况进行验证评价,为页岩气钻井平台选址提供技术支撑。     

Effect of Face Losses and Cover-to-Diameter Ratio on Tunneling Induced Settlements in Soft Clay,Using Transparent Soil Models

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Reliable prediction of surface and subsurface settlements induced by shallow tunnels is important to minimize the adverse effects which may take...     

The Effect of Heavy Tamping on Structured Residual Clay Site

This paper examines the effect of heavy tamping (dynamic compaction) on highly porous structured residual clayey soil. The aim of this study is to analyse the feasibility of this technique when applied on lightly bonded residual soil sites, which are commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. This soil has some interesting characteristics, such as high fine grain soil percentages (56% clay and 22% silt), a plastic index of 11%, high porosity (initial void ratio of 1.21), high hydraulic conductivity (about 10^?5 m/s) and a high stiffness at small strains (E?=?49.2-MPa). The research involves field [Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and the dynamic compaction] and laboratory (triaxial tests, characterization and hydraulic conductivity) investigation. According to laboratory tests, the void ratio decreased to 0.96, hydraulic conductivity decreased to 2.8?×?10^?7 m/s, the effective peak friction angle (?′) increased from 30.5° (in natural conditions) to about 35.5°, and the triaxial stiffness at small strains decreased to E?=?20-MPa due to dynamic compaction. CPT results have shown an improved depth in which CPT tip strength (q_t) increased from nearly 650-kPa to an average of 1700-kPa and CPT sleeve friction (f_s) increased from approximately 50-kPa to about 130-kPa. Horizontal displacements were observed up to about 4.0 m of depth (approximately the same depth at which CPT results showed soil improvement). It was concluded that heavy tamping reduces soil voids and substantially increases soil strength, but also breaks soil structure and decreases soil stiffness. It is thus not a suitable ground improvement solution for highly porous structured residual clayey soil.

     

试论动车积宽测流法的优越性

动车积宽测流法是“流速－面积”法流量模型积分法的一种,它的原理是流速仪沿垂直水流方向匀速移动,测定表层（或水面以下等深）水流与流速仪移动的合速度,据以推求断面平均流速,计算断面流量。指出了这种测流方法的突出特点,是改水上作业为桥上作业,保下测验安全,大幅度缩短测流历时,从而提高水文信息时效性,一套测流设备可取代多处水文站常规设备,有明显的经济效益,是开展站队结合和巡测的一种新方法。     

运用地球化学调查数据研究银川盆地土壤环境污染程度

重金属元素及其他元素在土壤圈中长期积累到一定程度后会对环境造成影响并对食物链产生危害,对土壤进行元素的污染程度划分有助于及时掌握土壤环境现状。运用多目标区域地球化学调查数据,将Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr等8项重金属元素按照土壤环境质量一级标准值、F元素一级推荐值,分别采用尼梅罗公式计算其污染指数,绘制污染程度图。将银川盆地划分为清洁区、基本清洁区、初始污染区、轻度污染区、中度污染区和重度污染区,并分析总结了污染来源。     

Effect of weathering on the geomechanical properties of andesite, Ankara – Turkey

Andesite exposed in different parts of Ankara has different weathering categories varying from fresh to residual soil. The geomechanical properties of the andesite are significantly affected by weathering. Buildings constructed especially in completely weathered and residual soil levels of the andesite have some geotechnical problems. In this study, the variation of the geomechanical properties of the andesite due to weathering is investigated in three selected sites of Ankara, through optical microscope, X-ray diffraction analyses, major element analyses, pressuremeter tests, physicomechanical tests, and seismic refraction method. The data gathered from the field and laboratory studies were used to assess the characteristics of the weathering zones. Based on the data obtained from this study, an idealized weathering profile is assessed. No bearing capacity and consolidation settlement problems exist in the area. However, care should be taken for immediate settlement of the buildings. Slopes with heights less than 8 m are not expected to cause any significant problems for buildings. There exists a ground amplification problem in the study area. The natural period of the building should not match that of the weathered rock. The ground response analyses reveal that the buildings with four to seven stories may be adversely affected from earthquakes due to resonance phenomenon. Therefore, this has to be taken into account when designing new buildings.     

Effect of salt crystallization on weathering of pyroclastic rocks from Cappadocia,Turkey

Salt crystallization is the most significant factor in the degradation of the natural stones used in cultural and historical structures. Stones decay partially or fully as a result of this exposure. This study is the investigation of the degradation of historical monuments (underground cities and semi-underground settlements) carved in pyroclastic rocks in Cappadocian Region which takes part in World Cultural Heritage List. Samples of pyroclastic rocks were collected from six different quarries in Cappadocia, Turkey. To understand the contribution of salt crystallization to this weathering, dry weight loss (DWL) tests were performed on these samples. To investigate the correlations between salt crystallization and other rock properties, porosity, water absorption, ultrasonic velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, and point load index were also measured. During the SC process of weathering, the results showed that porosity and water absorption increased for all the samples whereas ultrasonic velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength, and point load index values decreased. Evaluation of the data obtained from these tests showed very high logarithmic correlations between the dry weight loss values and the mechanical properties.     

Investigation of the deep structure of the Sivas Basin (innereast Anatolia, Turkey) with geophysical methods

Sivas Basin is the easternmost and third largest basin of the Central Anatolian Basins. In this study, gravity, aeromagnetic and seismic data are used to investigate the deep structure of the Sivas Basin, together with the well seismic velocity data, geological observations from the surface and the borehole data of the Celalli-1 well. Basement depth is modeled three-dimensionally (3D) using the gravity anomalies, and 2D gravity and magnetic models were constructed along with a N–S trending profile. Densities of the rock samples were obtained from the distinct parts of the basin surface and in-situ susceptibilities were also measured and evaluated in comparison with the other geophysical and geological data. Additionally, seismic sections, in spite of their low resolution, were used to define the velocity variation in the basin in order to compare depth values and geological cross-section obtained from the modeling studies. Deepest parts of the basin (12–13 km), determined from the 3D model, are located below the settlement of Hafik and to the south of Zara towns. Geometry, extension and wideness of the basin, together with the thickness and lithologies of the sedimentary units are reasonably appropriate for further hydrocarbon exploration in the Sivas Basin that is still an unexplored area with the limited number of seismic lines and only one borehole.