Methane Content and Emission in the Typical Tundra and the Southern Tundra of the Western Russian Arctic

Doklady Earth Sciences - The results of studying the emission, content, and isotopic composition of methane in soils of the active layer in the zones of typical and southern shrubby tundra of the...     

国际温室气体减排情景方案比较分析

在整理、介绍主要国际组织、国家、研究机构和一些学者所提出的温室气体减排情景方案、减排目标和设想的基础上,对当前国际上主要的温室气体减排情景方案的温室气体减排目标、大气温室气体浓度目标和温度控制目标进行了归纳、比较和综合分析。研究结果表明：①国际组织和主要国家对温度升高的控制目标总体以2℃为主,即到21世纪末,将大气温度控制在不高于工业革命前2℃的范围内;②国际组织和主要国家的温室气体减排方案一般都倾向于在2050年将大气温室气体浓度控制在450×10^-6~550×10^-6CO₂e（二氧化碳当量）的范围内,但各个方案中有关具体的减排责任分配、减排措施和减排量分歧仍然较大;③在确定温室气体减排目标和减排配额时,国际组织和主要国家一般都按照“共同但有区别”的原则,倾向于为发达国家制定减排目标,但也有个别方案认为发展中国家也应承担量化的减排义务。     

高寒草地植被覆盖变化对土壤水分循环影响研究

土地覆盖变化对流域水平衡的影响是流域水学和生态水学研究的关键问题之一。以黄河源区两个典型小流域为研究对象，通过对流域不同植被类型与植被覆盖土壤的水分含量、入渗过程、蒸散发特征的测定，研究了高寒草地植被覆盖变化对土壤水分循环的影响．结果表明：广泛分布于青藏高原河源区的高寒草甸草地，植被覆盖度与土壤水分之间具有显的相关关系，尤其是20cm深度范围内土壤水分随植被盖度呈二次抛物线性趋势增加；在保持其原有的植物建群和较高覆盖度时，土壤上层具有较高持水能力，降水通过表层向深层土壤的渗透速度缓慢，且具有较均匀的土壤水分空间分布，水源涵养功能明显；高寒草甸草地退化后的高山草甸土壤趋于干燥，持水能力减弱，即使进行人工改良以后，土壤水分含量与持水能力也不会有明显改善．保护河源区原有高寒草甸草地对于河源区水过程意义重大。     

中国地质源温室气体释放近十年研究概述

地质源温室气体是指固体地球通过各种地质作用向大气圈释放的温室气体,是固体地球与大气之间物质交换(地气交换)的重要形式,主要包括火山喷发和地热活动、断裂带构造运动、油气渗漏、天然气水合物分解、煤自燃、碳酸盐岩风化等多种地质作用过程所释放的二氧化碳、甲烷等气体.实际上,地气交换是重要的地质作用,是地球各圈层物质循环和能量交换的基本载体和重要动力学机制.全球气候变化和温室效应是人类面临的巨大挑战,地质源温室气体的类型与来源、释放机理与过程、释放通量与大气温室效应等的调查和研究已成为当今地球系统科学的研究热点和发展方向之一,对于应对全球变化和温室效应具有重要的科学意义.中国科学家积极参与和适时开展地质源温室气体调查研究,对中国大陆部分火山和地热区、地震断裂带、含油气区和泥火山等释放的温室气体进行了初步观测与调查,在地质源温室气体的地球化学组成、释放通量等方面取得了一些成果,这些工作为进一步的深入研究奠定了良好基础.     

基于全生命周期的褐煤制气与发电温室气体排放对比研究

我国褐煤资源较为丰富,主要分布于内蒙古东部、云南省和黑龙江省。褐煤主要的传统利用方式是直接燃烧发电,但其存在能效低、污染重等问题。除发电外,褐煤新型利用方式逐渐成熟,制取天然气以及提质后发电就是其中的代表。本文基于全生命周期评价法,计算了褐煤制取天然气与褐煤提质后发电在终端利用能效相同的情况下,产生1 GJ有效能量的温室气体排放量,分别为158.173/e kg/GJ、480.68/e kg/GJ(e为能源终端使用能效)。显然,从温室气体排放角度,褐煤制取天然气优于提质褐煤发电技术。     

Methane Concentration and Emission in Dominant Landscapes of Typical Tundra of Western Yamal

Doklady Earth Sciences - Methane concentration in dominant landscapes of typical tundra of Western Yamal has been measured. The highest methane content in the active layer was measured in tundra...     

岩溶关键带植被对水循环过程的影响作用研究

随着农村能源结构的调整和多项林草植被保护政策的实施,我国西南石漠化趋势得到初步的遏制.岩溶作用过程是由水循环驱动的碳循环过程.岩溶区森林植被的水文效应,不仅促进植被自身的生长,还能进一步促进岩溶作用过程.在西南岩溶区选择了2个不同植被覆盖条件的地下水系统为研究对象,通过地下水系统降水量、地下水径流量、水化学组分和同位素组分等监测指标的对比分析,发现岩溶关键带中,森林植被对水循环过程具有明显的影响.植被通过蒸腾作用而在林区激发二次降水,使林区降水量明显增大;森林植被对强降水的截流消洪作用比较明显,在降水-径流曲线上表现为森林覆盖区降水洪峰产生比较滞后而排泄过程中退水曲线上较为平滑;森林植被对岩溶关键带地下水中无机碳的贡献比较大,并能有效的增强岩溶作用.     

陆地硅的生物地球化学循环研究进展

地球表层硅(Si)的生物地球化学循环与大气CO2浓度变化、大洋生物泵作用以及海岸带富营养化等过程密切相关,因此成为全球环境变化研究的核心问题之一。在地质时间尺度上,硅酸盐矿物的化学风化是地球表层所有次生Si的来源。陆地生态系统各次生Si库具有不同的形成机制和驱动因子,这导致各Si库的贮存量和循环周期存在明显差异。土壤Si库中的黏土矿物Si、溶解硅(DSi)和淀积在其他矿物表面的无定形Si都源自硅酸盐矿物的化学风化过程;植物生长过程中吸收土壤中的DSi形成生物Si,然后经微生物分解过程返还给土壤;地表径流将流域陆源Si以悬移质Si和DSi的形式输入河流、海洋。迄今,陆地不同形态Si库的大小及其对全球Si循环的贡献仍不确定。因此,在研究陆地Si的生物地球化学循环过程中,综合考虑各种地表过程及其耦合作用是非常必要的。     

Long-Term Dynamics of NDVI-Vegetation for Different Classes of Tundra Depending on the Temperature and Precipitation

Doklady Earth Sciences - The tundra was divided into different classes depending on the temperature and precipitation in accordance with the Holdridge classification. Dry, moist, wet, and rainy...     

Influence Mechanism of Mine Pressure on Coal Seam Gas Emission During Mining

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - Gas is one of the main factors causing coal mine accidents in China. Understanding the mechanism of the influence of mine pressure on coal seam gas...     

植被和气候对阿拉斯加和加拿大北部北极苔原地区多年冻土活动层厚度的影响

The active layer is the top layer of permafrost soils that thaws during the summer season due to increased ambient temperatures and solar radiation inputs. This layer is important because almost all biological activity takes place there luring the summer. The depth of active layer thaw is influenced by climatic conditions. Vegetation has also been found to have a strong impact on active layer thaw, because it can intercept incoming radiation, thereby insulating the soil from ambient conditions. In order to look at the role of vegetation and climate on active layer thaw, we measured thaw depth and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI; a proxy for aboveground plant biomass) along a latitudinal temperature gradient in arctic Alaska and Canada. At each site several measurements of thaw and NDVI were taken in areas with high amounts of vegetation and areas with little to no vegetation. Results show that the warmest regions, which had the greatest levels of NDVI, had relatively shallow thaw depths, and the coldest regions, which had the lowest levels of NDVI, also had relatively shallow thaw depths. The intermediate regions, which had moderate levels of NDVI and air temperature, had the greatest depth of thaw. These results indicate that temperature and vegetation interact to control the depth of the active layer across a range of arctic ecosystems. By developing a relationship to explain thaw depth through NDVI and temperature or latitude, the possibility exists to extrapolate thaw depth over large scales via remote sensing applications.     

冻土区天然气水合物勘探低温钻井液理论与试验

天然气水合物是在特定的低温与高压条件下形成的产物。在天然气水合物勘探工作中,低温钻井液是获得天然气水合物真实样品的重要保证条件之一。低温钻井液应具有低的冰点、良好的抵制能力与良好的流动性。结合天然气水合物勘探工作的特点,在试验的基础上,对比分析了PAM、PHPA、PAC-141、Na-CMC与KHm的分子结构、官能团的种类与数量对钻井液的防塌能力和流动性的影响,得出了几种处理剂的耐低温能力大小的顺序为：PAC-141〈PHPA〈PAM〈Na-CMC〈KHm,为天然气水合物勘探中低温钻井液的配制与使用,奠定了重要的基础。     

The Influence of Hydromorphological Stressors on Estuarine Vegetation Indicators

Estuaries are one of the most threatened ecosystems, with a great number of stressors related to pollution, hydromorphological changes, and invasive species. However, the response of the biological indicators proposed for their ecological status assessment is not always well established. When using estuarine vegetation (saltmarshes and seagrasses) as an indicator, there are several theoretical concepts regarding the relationships between the variations of this indicator and hydromorphological stressors. It is precisely these relationships which are presented in this work. To carry out this objective, based on the first intercalibration process, a set of metrics for saltmarsh and seagrass taxonomic compositions (e.g., loss of number of taxa and richness) and abundance (e.g., relative coverage and relative extent) have been selected and applied to different estuaries located in Northern Spain. Additionally, a methodology for the hydromorphological status assessment, based on the analysis of the anthropogenic changes in the hydrodynamic and morphological estuarine characteristics (e.g., the extension of land claim areas or changes in the estuarine perimeter), has been developed and applied to these transitional water bodies in order to find a gradient of pressured sites in which we seek correlations between the vegetation metrics and hydromorphological stressors. As a result, the response of the different vegetation indicators is variable. In some cases, a negative correlation of the indicator with the pressure degree exists, whereas in other cases, the relationship is not as clear. Nonetheless, according to the results, it can be suggested that the placing of anthropogenic structures diminishes the quality of the estuarine vegetation. Therefore, to maintain a suitable environment for the estuarine vegetation seems necessary in order to reduce the number of the hydrodynamic structures which are no longer in use.     

莺歌海盆地高温高压气藏水溶气释放对气水界面的影响

莺歌海盆地X区属于高温高压气藏,水溶气含量大,水溶气释放对气水界面及水侵规律的影响不明.通过PVT物性分析仪,采用复配的天然气和地层水测试了X区不同区块水溶气溶解度变化规律.设计可视化填砂管实验,探索了水溶气释放对气水界面的影响规律.研究表明:水溶气溶解度受温度、压力、地层水矿化度和天然气组分的影响,随压力的增大逐渐增大,随温度的增大先减小后增大,拐点温度为80~90℃,地层温压条件下（145℃,54 MPa）X-1区块水溶气含量为22.5 m3/m3,X-2区块为8.7 m3/m3.可视化填砂管实验研究表明:衰竭开采过程中,水溶气不断释放且携带地层水运移,同时在地层水自身泄压及毛管力作用下,气水界面明显上升.在此基础上,数值模拟气藏衰竭开采表明:水溶气溶解度越大气水界面上升越快,气井见水越早.预测期10 a中,考虑水溶气时,X-1区要早800 d见水,平面上推进快800 m,纵向上推进快7.3 m;X-2要早300 d见水,平面上推进快近500 m,纵向上推进快7.0 m.      

页岩岩相分类表征及对建产区产能的影响

单井产气能力差异大,导致持续稳产困难是页岩气建产区面临的关键难题.围绕页岩气建产区特点,建立了考虑建产区产气能力影响的优质海相页岩岩相分类表征技术流程.首先,分析了建产区优质页岩产气能力差异主控因素,制定了建产区优质页岩岩相分类方案;然后,建立了TOC含量,孔隙度,泥质、硅质、钙质矿物含量等关键参数测井计算模型,结合页...     

哈尔滨气温增暖倾向和季节循环的年代际差异

用SSA方法分析了哈尔滨1909-2002年94 a月平均气温距平序列,其气温总的倾向是增温的,升温约1.54 ℃,主要的年代尺度增温时段是1918-1952年升温约0.53 ℃,1971-2002年升温约1.03 ℃,1962-1970年是降温时段.得到的准12个月周期振荡成分反映气温的季节循环有明显年代际差异,大致可分为3个时段:1909-1931年、1932-1983年和1984-2002年.第3时段冬季月份比第1时段高2.3～3.7 ℃,夏季月份比第1时段低约0.2 ℃,第2时段的季节循环接近94 a平均情况.最近20 a哈尔滨最强增温在2～3月.     

全球生态系统的状况与趋势

简要介绍了千年生态系统评估（MA）项目状况与趋势工作组的报告《生态系统与人类福祉：现状与趋势》中的第3部分，即“对提供生态系统服务的各类系统的评估”。评估结果表明，在20世纪的后50年，全球生态系统的变化幅度和速度皆超过了人类历史上有记录的任何一个相等时间段的情况，目前人类活动实际上已经显著地改变了地球上的所有生态系统。这些变化主要表现在：① 大约1/4的地球陆地表层已经转变为垦殖系统，而且在1950年之后的30年中，转变为农田的土地面积比1700—1850年这150年间转变的总和还要多；②全球大多数的重要流域，由于水资源利用造成的栖息地丧失与破碎化，以及由于养分、沉积物、盐分及有毒物质造成的污染，已经显著地破坏了河流、湖泊和盐水沼泽等湿地生态系统的功能与生物多样性；③ 旱区系统存在着水资源匮乏、过度垦殖、过度放牧和过度砍伐树木等问题，生态状况尤其令人担忧；④ 栖息地的丧失与破碎化、过度开发、污染以及气候变化，已经对海滨系统造成了严重的生态威胁；⑤ 不可持续的农业开发模式，已经严重地破坏了热带森林生态系统的结构与功能。     

腰坝绿洲地下水位动态特征及对植被变化影响

地下水资源是干旱半干旱地区绿洲主要的供水水源,随着绿洲发展规模的不断扩大,为了满足日益增长的供水需求,加大了对地下水资源的开采导致了地质环境生态问题。本文结合实地调查、访问与统测方法,收集相关资料,测定地下水位,分析地下水位动态年内与年际变化特征,认为腰坝绿洲地下水位动态变化主要受人工开采影响,总体趋势表现为持续下降,并在开采期局部地区形成地下水位降落漏斗,受地下水位动态变化影响,绿洲防护林及周边荒漠植被处于衰退阶段,出现退化或大面积死亡现象。     

Research on Humidity Measurement Error of Radiosonde and Its Influence on Cloud Recognition

Sounding observation of humidity is an important means of obtaining the atmospheric humidity data. The measurement results of humidity and accuracy of cloud recognition based on that are directly affected by the performance of the radiosonde humidity sensor. In order to better understand the accuracy of the current measurement of the radiosonde at home and abroad, a large number of research results are reviewed. The types of radiosonde and the performance of its humidity sensor are briefly introduced. Moreover, the influence of humidity measurement error on cloud recognition is also discussed. The results show that the error sources of radiosonde humidity measurement are various and it’s a comprehensive result of many factors. In general, accuracy of humidity measurement is more reliable in the low troposphere with high temperature and so with the cloud identification by the humidity. However, the response time is longer and sensitivity of humidity sensor is lower at low temperature, which results in the accuracy of cloud bottom recognition being higher than that of cloud top while the medium and high cloud recognized by radiosonde being less than the reality. Moreover, under high-humidity conditions, the humidity sensors are easily wetted, which leads to the abnormally high value of humidity and resulting in thicker cloud. Furthermore, the radiosonde generally has low humidity anomalies, especially when the synoptic station with high humidity, resulting in missing report of cloud.     

引黄泥沙对鲁北平原内河生态影响分析

引黄对鲁北工农业及社会带来效益的同时,带来泥沙淤积等生态问题,在分析内河泥沙特征的同时,计算出1970-2000年进入鲁北内河的泥沙量为1．531亿m3,年均494万m3;全面分析了引黄尾沙对鲁北平原内河的影响,认为引黄尾沙是鲁北内河主要泥沙来源,不但使内河实测泥沙资料代表性发生变化,而且加剧了内河淤积,改变了断面形状和河流形态,对鲁北内河水生态环境的健康与稳定造成了一定的影响。