辽宁瓦房店金刚石矿床50号岩管地质特征及找矿预测

以辽宁瓦房店金刚石矿床50号岩管为例,系统分析了该矿床的地质特征.通过对斑状富金云母金伯利岩、含围岩角砾斑状金伯利岩和金伯利凝灰角砾岩进行岩石地球化学分析发现:碳酸盐化金伯利凝灰角砾岩超基性成分较少,滑石化、蛇纹石化及碳酸盐化混合金伯利凝灰角砾岩超基性成分较多;铬、镍、钛在金伯利凝灰角砾岩中的含量较低,在含围岩角砾斑状金云母金伯利岩中的含量略高,在斑状富金云母金伯利岩和斑状金伯利岩中的含量最高.该矿床主要为含围岩角砾斑状金伯利岩和斑状富金云母金伯利岩,其次为金伯利凝灰角砾岩、含围岩角砾斑状金云母金伯利岩和含金伯利物质角砾岩.含铬镁铝榴石、铬铁矿和碳硅石是金刚石的伴生矿物.水平方向上,金伯利岩含矿品位西部较富,东部较贫;垂直方向上,金伯利岩含矿品位变化较小.通过三维建模,推测50号岩管不是根部相,而是受EW向推覆构造作用影响发生的断层错位,在其东侧600 m深处存在50-1号金伯利岩体.     

中国金伯利岩中的钛铁矿

本文研究了金伯利岩中,作为巨晶和粗晶,基质相矿物,与金云母、镁铝榴石、铬尖晶石等矿物的连生体,金刚石中包裹体矿物及金伯利岩地幔岩包裹体矿物产出的钛铁矿的大小,形态、皮壳及化学成分、端元组分、环带及成分变异趋势。并与其他岩类中的钛铁矿作了对比。探讨了不同产状、共生组合类型的钛铁矿的成因。指出了与金刚石紧密伴生的钛铁矿的标型特征及找矿意义。     

金伯利岩:地球深部探测的重要探针

金伯利岩是一种偏碱性的超基性岩,来源于地幔深部,富含挥发份和钾质,属于火成岩类,金伯利岩中主要含有镁铝榴石、金刚石、橄榄石、铬铁矿、铬透辉石、镁钛铁矿,锆石、碳硅石等造岩矿物.同时金伯利岩也被认为是含金刚石最主要的岩石.本文通过文献调研方法,野外现场表明金伯利岩中含有深源包裹体;全球金伯利岩主要分布在俄罗斯、博茨瓦纳、加拿大、安哥拉、南非、刚果民主和纳米比亚;中国金伯利岩主要分布在华北地台,在山东、辽宁、吉林、山西、河南和新疆等地.这些金伯利岩常常与深大断裂甚至地幔深部地质作用关系密切,常出现标志性矿物橄榄石、石榴石、高铬磁铁矿,伴有烃类或氢气.但含金刚石金伯利岩主要沿郯庐断裂带分布,如辽宁瓦房店、山东蒙阴等地.从时代上看,以往认为的早古生代的金伯利岩,更可能都是在早期形成于华北地台之岩石圈底部,而在中生代白垩纪时期才在大规模岩石圈拆沉的地质背景下的以快速上升的,尤其是那些含金刚石的金伯利岩岩管更是快速上升的典型代表,其标型矿物是镁铝榴石、高铬磁铁矿、钙钛矿等.国内辽宁瓦房店含金刚石金伯利岩产于郯庐断裂带东侧,有着与同期金伯利岩相同的岩石矿物学特征,其中的以50号岩管为代表的金刚石矿床是我国重要的战略矿产.金伯利岩及其中的金刚石带来众多直接的深部地幔信息,中国瓦房店、蒙阴一带的金刚石来自上地幔,而一些含硼蓝色金刚石则来自下地幔,不同层圈的金刚石携带不同的标志矿物,以橄榄石为例:来自上地幔金刚石携带的橄榄石为橄榄石;过渡带金刚石携带的主要为瓦兹利石和林伍德石;下地幔的金刚石则为布里奇曼石,它们是深部探测的重要探针.     

金伯利岩含金刚石性的矿物学判别标志

金刚石及其紧密伴生的镁铝榴石、铬尖晶石、钛铁矿、单斜辉石及橄揽石,形成于高温,尤其是高压的上地幔条件下,被快速上升的金伯利岩浆携带至地表,这些矿物形成的特殊的地质条件和环境,必然反映到它们的矿物学特征上来。文章通过对我国金伯利岩中金刚石伴生矿物的研究,探讨了金伯利岩含金刚石性的矿物学标志。     

江苏徐州西村金伯利岩管地质特征及其找矿意义

西村岩管是在苏北地区发现的第一个金伯利岩管,颠覆了苏北地区无金伯利岩的历史。从岩石学、地球化学和伴生矿物等方面分析了西村岩管的地质特征,并进一步探讨其金刚石找矿意义。从区域背景和金刚石形成条件看,西村地区具备了金伯利岩侵位和金刚石矿形成的基本地质条件,而西村岩管为金刚石矿就位提供了母岩条件;西村金伯利岩与山东、辽宁金伯利岩具有相似的地球化学特征,是幔源岩浆低程度部分熔融的产物,且在岩浆上升过程中普遍遭受了壳源物质的混染,后期碳酸盐化现象普遍发育;其相容元素含量与山东金伯利角砾岩相似,均为典型的金伯利岩型配分模式,稀土元素表现为轻、重稀土元素强烈分馏的特征;伴生指示矿物主要为榴辉岩型含铬镁铝榴石、富铬透辉石和富镁铬尖晶石,其特征均表现出含矿金伯利岩的特点。     

我国金伯利岩中镁铝榴石的化学成分特征及找矿意义

镁铝榴石是金刚石的重要伴生矿物,而在许多非金伯利岩中也含有镁铝榴石,因此深入研究金伯利岩中与非金伯利岩中镁铝榴石的物理、化学特征,找出它们之间的差异进而确立金伯利岩中镁铝榴石的标型特征,对利用重砂法寻找金刚石原生矿具有重要意义。本文仅对我国已发现的金伯利岩中镁铝榴石的化学成分特征及与非金伯利岩中镁铝     

华北克拉通金伯利岩型金刚石矿床含矿性判别

金伯利岩型金刚石原生矿床含矿性评价是了解金刚石成矿规律和指导区域性找矿的重要依据。华北克拉通是我国重要的金刚石成矿远景区,目前已发现了两个重要的含金刚石金伯利岩岩区(山东蒙阴和辽宁瓦房店)。近年来,对岩区内不同品位金刚石典型矿床的研究表明金伯利岩中的金刚石品位取决于以下两个重要的地质过程:金伯利岩岩浆对金刚石的捕获作用和金伯利岩岩浆对金刚石的熔蚀作用。在华北克拉通下方存在一个金刚石稳定区,温度为950～1200℃,压力为4.4～6.1 GPa。山东蒙阴和辽宁瓦房店金伯利岩岩浆在上升过程中穿过该区域并捕获其中的金刚石,成为含矿岩浆;而铁岭和鹤县等金伯利岩岩浆在上升过程中不穿过该区域,成为不含矿岩浆。在穿过金刚石稳定区时,富矿的金伯利岩捕获了更多的金刚石以及金刚石的伴生指示矿物(如镁铝榴石,镁铬铁矿);而贫矿的金伯利岩则相对捕获了少量的金刚石和指示矿物。这些指示矿物往往参加了金刚石的形成过程,有些作为缓冲剂控制了反应(岩浆或熔体)的氧化还原状态,有些则作为反应物或者生成物参与到反应中。部分指示矿物(如镁铝榴石)还进一步地记录了金刚石形成后金伯利岩岩浆对金刚石的交代作用。金伯利岩岩浆温度(T...     

我国金伯利岩中富铬镁钛铁矿的标型特征及找矿意义

钛铁矿在金伯利岩中为金刚石的董要伴生矿物之一,它在非洲及苏联雅库特地区金伯利省印广泛分布,成为寻找金刚石原生矿的主要标志矿物。在我国金伯利岩中由于钦铁矿含量较少,对其研究也不够深入。两年多来笔者对我国金伯利岩中的钦铁矿进行了一些研究,取得了一些初步的结果,现综述如下。一、产状我国金伯利岩     

瓦房店30号岩管金伯利岩中尖晶石成分特征及其意义

与金刚石伴生的尖晶石,常作为指示矿物来评价金伯利岩的含矿性。为了解瓦房店30号岩管金伯利岩中尖晶石特征,本文对其进行了细致的形态学观察和电子探针分析。结果表明,尖晶石呈椭圆状-次棱角状,粒径大(500~1000μm),部分被熔蚀成港湾状。尖晶石中Cr_2O_3(最高达66.56%)和MgO(8.88%~16.68%)含量高,Ti含量低(大部分1%),为镁铬铁矿。尖晶石成分变化受Al~(3+)-Cr~(3+)类质同象作用控制。尖晶石为地幔捕掳晶,原地幔岩为橄榄岩。尖晶石成分特征表明30号岩管金伯利岩具有一定地携带金刚石的能力,但与50号岩管和蒙阴常马庄金伯利岩相比,30号岩管金伯利岩金刚石含矿性弱。     

鲁西蒙阴地区含金刚石金伯利岩的岩浆侵入序列及成矿模式

鲁西蒙阴地区是我国金刚石原生矿重要产地之一,其含金刚石金伯利岩命名为常马庄单元。本文对该区金伯利岩地质特征进行了梳理,按岩石命名原则对该地区含金刚石金伯利岩不同岩石类型进行了重新划分和命名,共划分了细斑微粒金伯利玢岩类、粗斑细微粒金伯利玢岩类和含碎屑细斑或中细斑微粒金伯利玢岩类3个岩石类型和13个亚类型,同时首次从早至晚划分了细斑微粒金伯利玢岩类→含围岩角砾中细斑微粒金伯利玢岩类→粗斑细微粒金伯利玢岩类的侵入序列。通过对前人研究资料的综合分析并结合野外实地考察认为:以前套用南非金伯利岩型金刚石原生矿中心式火山喷发型成矿模式作为蒙阴地区含金刚石金伯利岩的成矿模式不符合该区实际地质特征。提出了该区金刚石金伯利岩新的成矿模式为中心式—裂隙式复合潜火山隐爆岩浆序次侵入充填型岩浆侵入角砾岩筒及其伴生的岩脉、岩床模型。     

坦桑尼亚恩泽加绿岩带玛汀杰金矿地质特征及成因初析

通过对坦桑尼亚恩泽加绿岩带玛汀杰金成矿区的4个金矿（化）体的成矿背景和地质特征进行分析,初步了解该区金矿体地质特征及矿床成因。玛汀杰金矿为产自韧性剪切带的石英脉型金矿,赋矿层位为太古代尼安兹超群绿片岩,矿体由NW向和EW向两组构造控制,矿石类型包括石英脉型、蚀变岩型和构造角砾岩型。普遍发育黄铁绢英云化。矿石w（Au）=0.62×10^-6~3.04×10^-6,部分矿石w（Au）值大于100×10^-6。玛汀杰地区金矿为典型的产自绿岩带韧性剪切带的石英脉型金矿,矿床成因为热液成因。     

Growth of bultfonteinite and hydrogarnet in metasomatized basalt xenoliths in the B/K9 kimberlite, Damtshaa, Botswana: insights into hydrothermal metamorphism in kimberlite pipes

Metamorphic assemblages within Karoo basalt xenoliths, found within volcaniclastic kimberlite of the B/K9 pipe, Damtshaa, Botswana, constrain conditions of kimberlite alteration. Bultfonteinite and chlorite partially replace the original augite-plagioclase assemblage, driven by the serpentinisation of the kimberlite creating strong chemical potential gradients for Si and Mg. Hydrogarnet and serpentine replace these earlier metamorphic assemblages as the deposits cool. The bultfonteinite (ideally Ca₂SiO₂[OH,F]₄) and hydrogarnet assemblages require a water-rich fluid containing F⁻, and imply hydrothermal alteration dominated by external fluids rather than autometamorphism from deuteric fluids. Bultfonteinite and hydrogarnet are estimated to form at temperatures of ca. 350–250°C, which are similar to those for serpentinisation. Alteration within the B/K9 kimberlite predominantly occurs between 250 and 400°C. We attribute these conditions to increased efficiency of mass transfer and chemical reactions below the critical point of water and a consequence of volume-increasing serpentinisation and metasomatic reactions that take place over this temperature range. A comparison of the B/K9 kimberlite with kimberlites from Venetia, South Africa suggests that the composition and mineralogy of included xenoliths affects the alteration assemblages within kimberlite deposits.     

Post-emplacement serpentinization and related hydrothermal metamorphism in a kimberlite from Venetia, South Africa

The common serpentine–diopside matrix assemblage in volcaniclastic kimberlite (VK) at the Venetia Mine, South Africa is ascribed to a secondary origin, because of post‐emplacement serpentinization and associated hydrothermal metamorphism. Volcaniclastic deposits with 20–30% porosity infill kimberlite pipes in the waning stages of kimberlite eruptions. Olivine macrocrysts are typically rimmed by talc and are pseudomorphed by lizardite, with minor magnetite. The fine matrix consists of mixtures of lizardite, chlorite, smectite, brucite, calcite, titanite and andradite, an assemblage which either pseudomorphed microcrysts or in‐filled voids. Locally we recognize microcryst pseudomorphs rich in sub‐microscopic mixtures of lizardite with smectite, and other microcryst pseudomorphs and void‐filling matrix rich in chlorite and lizardite. Interstitial lizardite and associated phyllosilicates (brucite, smectite and chlorite) crystallized progressively from meteoric or hydrothermally derived pore waters, and Si⁴⁺ and Mg²⁺ released into the fluid phase during serpentinization of olivine macrocrysts. Radial‐fibrous fringes of diopside microlites around crystals display void‐filling textures because of unrestricted growth into pore spaces. Secondary diopside is attributed to Si⁴⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ cations released into the fluid phase by interaction with olivine, calcite and plagioclase in siliceous xenoliths. The paucity of primary, fine‐grained groundmass phases resistant to alteration, for example, perovskite and spinel, precludes an origin for the intergrain matrix as altered interstitial ash, glass or a late‐stage kimberlite melt. Isovolumetric replacement of olivine results in a volume increase of 60% so that pore spaces in the original deposit can be easily filled up with serpentine. The source of Al³⁺ to form chlorite and smectite is attributed to alteration of plagioclase in xenoliths which comprise 20–30 vol.% of the deposit. Titanite, hydro‐andradite and second‐generation diopside precipitate as hydrothermal minerals from calcium‐bearing serpentinizing fluids in replacement reactions and as void‐filling minerals. Consideration of mineral equilibria in the CaO‐MgO‐SiO₂‐H₂O‐CO₂ system constrains the common matrix assemblage of lizardite and diopside in X_CO2)–T space. At 300 bar, the assemblage is stable only at temperatures below 370 °C and X_CO2 < 0.01. This upper limit on temperature is well below the plausible solidus of ultrabasic magmas. Furthermore, the requirement of trace CO₂ in the fluid phase implies a post‐emplacement external source rather than ‘autometamorphism’ from kimberlite‐derived fluids, because of high P_CO2 commonly inferred for kimberlite magmas.     

热液体系氩同位素示踪研究

 采用分阶段加热爆裂法测定了不同成因热液矿床脉石英流体包裹体的氩同位素,计算出各温度段内大气氩的相对含量,从而,总结出大气降水热液矿床、再平衡岩浆水热液矿床等成矿流体的氩同位素组成特征及其演化规律。典型的大气降水热液矿床,其成矿流体以具有高大气Ar组分(约95%-100%)为特征;再平衡岩浆水热液矿床成矿流体的Ar同位素组成特征取决于与其有成因关系的初始岩浆水的Ar同位素组成及矿源层和围岩的性质,产于古老变质岩中的,一般以具有低大气Ar组分(约6%-20%)为特征,其它的再平衡岩浆水热液矿床在主成矿温度范围内一般为50%-60%左右。     

香炉山地区水系沉积物铂·钯地球化学异常特征

香炉山地区采用1个样/km²的水系沉积物测量,在苏家营-则家坪地区圈出1个Pt、Pd、Au异常带,异常带明显受NNW向或近SN向构造控制,从异常规模和强度推测苏家营-则家坪Pt、Pd、Au地球化学异常具有找寻铂钯矿的远景.     

The genetic relationship between Habo alkaline intrusion and its surrounding deposits,Yunnan Province,China: geological and S–Pb isotopic evidences

The Habo alkaline intrusion, which is located in the south of the Sanjiang area, Yunnan Province, China, is a typical Cenozoic alkaline intrusion. There are a series of small to medium-sized Au and Pb–(Zn) deposits around this intrusion. Those deposits are spatially associated with the Habo alkaline intrusion. (1) The δ³⁴S values of sulfides from Au deposits range from ?1.91 ‰ to 2.69 ‰, which are similar to those of Pb–(Zn) deposits (?3.82 ‰ to ?0.05 ‰) and both indicate a much greater contribution from magma. (2) The Habo alkaline intrusion has relatively homogeneous Pb isotopic compositions with ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ranging from 18.608 to 18.761, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 15.572 to 15.722 and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 38.599 to 39.110. These Pb isotope ratios are similar to those of Au deposits, whose ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb range from 18.564 to 18.734, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 15.582 to 15.738 and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 38.592 to 39.319. Pb ratios in both the intrusion and Au deposits suggest that Pb mainly derived from the depth, probably represents a mixture of mantle and crust. Pb–(Zn) deposits, however, show a decentralized trait, and most of them are similar to that of the alkaline intrusion with ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ranging from 18.523 to 18.648, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 15.599 to 15.802, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 38.659 to 39.206. (3) In the plumbotectonic diagram ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb versus ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, almost all of Au and Pb–(Zn) deposits have the same projection area with the Habo alkaline intrusion, which indicates that those deposits almost share the same source with the alkaline intrusion. (4) Isotopic age of the Habo alkaline intrusion is 36–33 Ma, which is similar to that of Beiya, whose ore-related alkaline porphyries age is 38–31 Ma and molybdenite Re–Os age is 36.9 Ma. Therefore, along with S–Pb isotope traits, we suggest that the Habo Au and Pb–(Zn) deposits should be typically Ailaoshan-Red RiverCenozoicalkaline-related deposits and ore-forming ages of these deposits should be later than that of the Habo alkaline intrusion.     

The Junggar Immature Continental Crust Province and Its Mineralization

According to the study on the peripheral orogenic belts of the Junggar basin and combined with the interpretation of geophysical data, this paper points out that there is an Early Paleozoic basement of immature continental crust in the Junggar area, which is mainly composed of Neoproterozoic-Ordovician oceanic crust and weakly metamorphosed covering sedimentary rocks. The Late Paleozoic tectonism and mineralization were developed on the basement of the Early Paleozoic immature continental crust. The Junggar metallogenic province is dominated by Cr, Cu, Ni and Au mineralization. Those large and medium-scale deposits are mainly distributed along the deep faults and particularly near the ophiolitic melange zones, and formed in the Late Paleozoic with the peak of mineralization occurring in the Carboniferous-Permian post-collisional stage. The intrusions related to Cu, Ni and Au mineralization generally have low Is, and positive εNd(t) values. The δ34S values of the ore deposits are mostly near zero, and t     

The isotopic composition of strontium in some South African kimberlites

Strontium isotopic studies of kimberlites reveal no significant differences between the respective whole-rock Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratios of fissure and pipe kimberlites. Kimberlites from the Swartruggens fissure (calcareous micaceous kimberlite) have Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratios of from 0.709 to 0.716, whilst those from the Wesselton pipe have Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratios of from 0.708 to 0.715. Other kimberlites range from 0.706 to 0.715. Samples are considered to be late Cretaceous to early Tertiary and thus the ratios are approximately initial ratios. The Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratios bear no relation to the Rb or Sr content of individual kimberlite bodies. The high initial ratios are not due to bulk assimilation of granitic material in either a kimberlite or carbonatitic magma. Rb-Sr data for garnet peridotites and eclogite xenoliths in kimberlite are not compatible with production of kimberlite by eclogite fractionation from a melt derived from garnet lherzolite. The Sr isotopic composition of kimberlite is compatible with partial melting of garnet mica peridotite. The isotopic composition of liquids formed by partial melting of this rock can be modified by (i) gross contamination with material of low Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratio or (ii) selective diffusion of material of high Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratio into kimberlitic fluids.     

Diverse metal sources of Archaean gold deposits: evidence from in situ lead-isotope analysis of individual grains of galena and altaite in the Ross and Kirkland Lake deposits,Abitibi Greenstone belt,Canada

Lead isotope compositions for individual grains of galena and altaite (PbTe) were determined in situ using a secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS). Galena was collected from the Ross deposit and altaite from the Kirkland Lake (KL) deposits in the southern Abitibi greenstone belt, Superior Province of Canada. The samples from KL are more radiogenic than those from the Ross deposit. Isotopic compositions vary significantly between different grains in each deposit and form broad linear arrays in ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb-²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb-²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb diagrams. The linear arrays of Pb-isotope data are attributed to mixing of Pb from different sources. At least two sources are required for individual deposits: one with low U/Pb and Th/Pb ratios and the other with high ratios. Lead minerals occurring with Au are less radiogenic than those that are not obviously associated with Au, suggesting that Au was supplied from low U/Pb sources such as sulphides or older ultramafic-mafic rocks. While most data are consistent with the derivation from local rocks, highly radiogenic Pb with relatively low ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios recorded at KL require post-Archaean mineralization or derivation of the Pb from an unusual crustal source with low . The latter interpretation is favored because of the lack of textural evidence and because it is difficult to dissolve and precipitate altaite at low temperatures. The presence of a Pb reservoir with low is also inferred from the data of Archaean banded iron formations and volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits. Different isotopic patterns of the two deposits suggest different sources of metals in the two deposits. While this conclusion does not reject the derivation of fluids from the lower crust or mantle, the data are not in accord with conceptual models invoking a common source reservoir for metals. The study suggests that fluids, which may have a common origin, leached metals and other constituents from the upper crustal rocks during their ascent. The proposed model, different origins for different constituents, explains much of the conflicting evidence presented by Archaean Au deposits, including provinciality of mineralogy and relatively uniform fluid inclusion and C-isotope data from many Au deposits.     

辽东地区前寒武纪地体金矿化特征

辽东地区金矿床主要分布在丹东、青城子、营口－盖县、清原等4个金矿化集中区（带）。S，Pb同位素特征显示金矿的成矿物主要来源于下地壳和上地幔。成矿流体中的CO2与金矿成矿关系密切，在成矿过程中流体的盐度较低，且由弱酸性向弱碱性变化，金矿多为中低温矿床。韧性剪切带对金矿化的空间分布显示出多级有序的控制作用，同时对金矿的矿床类型和矿化类型也表现出显著的控制作用，构造应变场和地球化学场的改变，促使成矿元素迁移富集而形成金矿。研究认为，在元古宇分布区，在深部寻找脆韧性变形带中的金矿仍然具有较大远景，同时要注意寻找与BIF建造有关的金矿新类型。