大孔隙与大孔隙率矿石的石蜡法体重测定中的修正问题

以伽玛测井解释含量确定铀矿储量时，矿石体重应该是天然状态下的体重，当矿心孔隙度较大而有部分失水，并存在表面大孔隙时，封蜡法所测得的体重系统偏小。对此，本文改进了测定方法，提出了修正方案，并以某矿床为例分析了产生表面孔隙的原因及修正后的具体结果。     

大孔隙与大孔隙率矿石的石蜡法体重测定中修正问题

以伽玛测井解释含量确定铀矿储量时，矿石体重应该是天然状态下的体重，当矿心孔隙度较大而有部分失水，并存在表面大隙时，封蜡法所测得的体重系统偏小。对此，本文改进了测定方法，指出了修正方案，并以某矿床为例分析了产生表面孔隙的原因及修正后的具体结果。     

湖相软粘土力学特性的试验研究

为研究结构性对软粘土力学特性的影响,对江苏宝应湖相沉积软粘土原状样与不同重塑样进行一系列的压缩、剪切试验研究。根据单向压缩试验得到的压缩曲线,得到不同土体的压缩指数Cc、回弹指数Cs,并确认了结构性对土体变形特性的影响。根据三轴剪切试验结果,比较原状样和不同重塑样的应力-应变-孔压曲线,确认了结构性和孔隙比对土体的强度特性具体有重要影响,并从孔隙比角度合理的解释了为什么高围压下原状样强度反而小于重塑样的强度。最后,提出简单量化土体组构的参数参考孔隙比e*10,将试验结果用参考孔隙比e*10归一化整理后,发现原状样和不同重塑样的Cc-e*10、ef/e*10-log pf,ef/e*10-log qf曲线基本一致。据推断出原状样在结构屈服应力后,结构中的胶结已基本破坏,原状样和重塑样的变形、强度差异主要是由于组构的差异引起的,且土的组构参数可用参考孔隙比e*10表示。     

海堤下软基超孔隙水压力值的修正方法

当潮位的涨落引起上部堆载容重变化时，海堤下软基的超孔隙水压力将随潮位呈周期性变化．为了解软基的固结情况，必须对现场测试到的总孔隙水压力值减去静水压力后再进行潮位修正，即把任意时间任一潮位测得的超孔降水压力值修正到一个指定的同一潮位上，这样才能得到一个有规律性的观测曲线．本文提出了一种实用的修正方法，并在连云港庙岭围堰软基工程中应用，结果令人满意。     

上海浅部黏土渗透系数及其各向异性

为研究上海浅部黏土的渗透系数及其各向异性,沿水平及竖直方向对上海浅部主要黏土层进行了不同压力下的固结试验,联合使用时间平方根法和时间对数法获取了试样的渗透系数,探讨了渗透系数与孔隙比及渗流方向之间的关系,并通过电镜扫描,从微观角度分析了水平和竖直方向渗透系数存在差异的原因。研究结果表明：上海浅部主要黏土层的渗透系数均随着孔隙比的增加而增大。对于单组试验来说,渗透系数k与孔隙比e在e lgk坐标系中呈现很好的线性关系,且渗透变化指数Ck大致呈现Ck = 0.5e0的规律;但对于整体试验而言,渗透系数与孔隙比在e lgk坐标系中大致呈现出曲线关系。通过扫描电镜观察,揭示了沉积形成的絮状微观结构是竖直和水平渗透系数差异较小的主要原因。     

天然沉积饱和黏土渗透系数试验研究与预测模型

为研究天然沉积土的物理特性、结构状态与应力水平对其渗透特性的影响,采用固结渗透联合试验,对太湖湖沼相粉质黏土原状样与具有不同前期固结压力的重塑样的渗透系数变化规律进行了测定。原状样和重塑样的渗透系数均随固结压力的增大呈非线性减小,且两者的孔隙比与渗透系数的变化模式相一致;而前期固结压力仅影响渗透系数大小。试验结果表明：土体渗透系数随孔隙比的变化规律不受土结构性（颗粒间胶结作用）和应力历史的影响;对于同一土体,渗透系数大小主要由孔隙比决定,进而对试验和相关文献中不同土体渗透系数在压缩过程中变化规律进行了分析,建立了线性的lg(1+e)-lgkv渗透模型,并考虑了液限的影响,对渗透指数 的经验关系进行了修正,修正后的 计算结果更接近于实测值。研究结果对准确分析原位地基实际受荷过程中非线性固结性状具有重要意义。     

安哥拉红砂与中国马兰黄土渗透特性对比研究

通过室内变水头渗透试验和现场双环注水试验，测试了安哥拉罗安达红砂的渗透系数。基于试验结果并参考相关文献，对比分析了安哥拉红砂与中国马兰黄土的渗透特性。结果表明，室内试验测得的天然红砂渗透系数为现场试验测试结果的1/8，室内试验测得的压实红砂渗透系数与现场试验测试结果相近。红砂渗透系数的对数与孔隙比正相关，随孔隙比增加而线性增加，工程建设中可按孔隙比估算红砂渗透系数。天然状态下红砂渗透系数约为马兰黄土渗透系数的10倍，且现场试验结果均大于室内试验结果。红砂和马兰黄土均存在水平入渗和竖直入渗，但红砂的入渗距离大于马兰黄土。红砂入渗过程主要为非饱和渗透，而马兰黄土入渗过程主要为饱和渗透。研究结果可为红砂地区工程建设提供参考。     

粗粒土渗透试验边壁孔隙特征及处理层最优厚度研究

室内渗透试验的边壁效应对粗粒土渗透系数的测定影响显著。从颗粒与边壁间孔隙V_b的组成特征出发,根据V_b与构成V_b的颗粒关联体积V_s之比,定义了试样边界孔隙比e_b;基于等直径圆堆积原理,确立了边壁颗粒的堆积模式,构建了考虑边壁处理层厚度的边界孔隙比平面几何计算模型,并通过空间和颗粒级配修正导出了e_b表达式;以e_b与试样孔隙比e相等为原则,提出了确定边壁处理层最优厚度h_(opt)的“等效孔隙比法”,探讨了渗透仪直径D与边壁效应的关系。研究表明:边壁引起的多余孔隙将提高边壁处的渗流速度;边壁颗粒存在两颗粒、三颗粒锐角以及三颗粒钝角3类典型平面堆积模式,与此对应的e_b依次增加;h_(opt)由试样级配、密实程度、颗粒密度、边壁颗粒堆积模式以及D等因素决定,其估算值与试验结果吻合;D超过8倍试样最大粒径后,边壁效应对渗透试验结果的影响不再显著。     

粗粒土渗透试验边壁孔隙特征及处理层最优厚度研究

室内渗透试验的边壁效应对粗粒土渗透系数的测定影响显著。从颗粒与边壁间孔隙V_b的组成特征出发,根据V_b与构成V_b的颗粒关联体积V_s之比,定义了试样边界孔隙比e_b;基于等直径圆堆积原理,确立了边壁颗粒的堆积模式,构建了考虑边壁处理层厚度的边界孔隙比平面几何计算模型,并通过空间和颗粒级配修正导出了e_b表达式;以e_b与试样孔隙比e相等为原则,提出了确定边壁处理层最优厚度h_(opt)的“等效孔隙比法”,探讨了渗透仪直径D与边壁效应的关系。研究表明:边壁引起的多余孔隙将提高边壁处的渗流速度;边壁颗粒存在两颗粒、三颗粒锐角以及三颗粒钝角3类典型平面堆积模式,与此对应的e_b依次增加;h_(opt)由试样级配、密实程度、颗粒密度、边壁颗粒堆积模式以及D等因素决定,其估算值与试验结果吻合;D超过8倍试样最大粒径后,边壁效应对渗透试验结果的影响不再显著。     

孔径分布对软黏土渗透特性的影响分析

用单向固结仪对取自不同地区的三种软黏土原状样和重塑样分别开展了固结渗透试验,得到不同土样的固结曲线和压缩曲线,推算土样在不同固结压力下的渗透系数。试验结果表明:相同应力时,土体的结构性使原状样的渗透系数明显大于相应重塑样的渗透系数,且随着固结压力的增大,两者的差距逐渐减小;原状样和重塑样的渗透系数与孔隙比的变化模式基本一致,但同一孔隙比下原状样的渗透系数大于相应的重塑样的渗透系数,比较浦东软黏土原状样和重塑样在相近孔隙比下的孔径分布曲线后确认:这是由于它们的孔径大小及分布存在明显差异引起的,且通过比较相同孔隙比下原状样和重塑样的大孔隙体积含量可合理地解释上述试验结果。最后,用简单表述土体的孔径大小及分布(土体的组构)的参考孔隙比e*10对多种软黏土的渗透指数Ck进行整理后,发现多种软黏土的原状样和重塑样均为一条相关度极高的ck-e*10直线,说明用参考孔隙比e*10可很好地反映土体的组构对软黏土渗透特性的影响。     

延安压实黄土土−水特征曲线的快速预测方法

传统测试土−水特征曲线（soil-water characteristic curve,简称SWCC）方法耗时较长,开发快速确定非饱和土的SWCC具有重要的实践意义。为了实现压实黄土SWCC快速预测,对不同干密度压实黄土进行了水势和水分测试,并且运用核磁共振（nuclear magnetic resonance,简称NMR）技术对其孔径分布曲线进行了测试。根据测试结果建立了基于孔隙比的延安压实黄土土−水特征曲线快速预测方法,并利用实测数据验证了方法的准确性。结果表明：预测模型中的分形维数D可用孔径分布曲线上两点（峰值点和半幅点）的累计孔隙体积与孔径在双对数坐标中连成直线的斜率确定;基于孔隙比和优势孔径在双对数坐标中的线性关系,D可用孔隙比进行表示。SWCC进气值受大孔隙直径控制;过渡段斜率受中孔隙体积控制;压实黄土存在一个临界孔径,而残余含水率主要受孔径小于临界孔径的孔隙体积控制,并且提出了求取残余体积含水率的经验方法。与传统方法相比,所提出的方法可以在确定SWCC时节省大量时间。     

A new and simple stress-dependent water retention model for unsaturated soil

The water retention curve (WRC) is an important hydraulic property of unsaturated soil needed for seepage analysis. Experimental evidence shows that the WRC is affected by various factors such as net stress and soil type. Many attempts have been made to describe the effects of net stress by including the void ratio in a water retention model. But the void ratio (i.e., soil density) is not the only parameter altered by the application of net stress. The pore structure, including the pore size distribution, pore shape and pore orientation, is also changed. Thus the influence of net stress on the WRC should not be treated as equivalent to density effects. In this study, it is verified that the inclusion of the void ratio cannot adequately capture the effects of net stress on the water retention behaviour. A new and simple water retention model is thus developed by considering the stress effects on the void ratio as well as the pore structure. The model is then applied to simulate the WRCs of three different soils tested over a wide range of stress conditions, including isotropic and anisotropic stress conditions. The results show that better predictions of experimental data can be made by incorporating the effects of net stress on both the void ratio and the pore structure.     

Consequences on water retention properties of double-porosity features in a compacted silt

The paper deals with an experimental investigation aimed at studying microstructural features and their consequences on water retention properties of statically compacted unsaturated silt. The evolution of the microstructure of the aggregate fabric induced by compaction is investigated by studying the pore size distribution changes under different initial conditions (void ratio and water content). The material used is low plasticity silt from Jossigny near Paris, France. A series of mercury intrusion porosimetry tests (MIP) were performed at different void ratios and water contents to provide microstructural information. The arrangement of aggregation/particles and pore network was also investigated with environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The MIP data were used to determine the water retention curve on drying for the specific pore network configuration induced on compaction. The MIP data were used to formulate and calibrate a multimodal water retention model for a specific pore network configuration, which is obtained by linear superposition of subcurves of a modified van Genuchten type. The study is then complemented with controlled suction oedometer tests on compacted samples to obtain the water retention properties of the material at two different void ratios. Finally, we compare the water retention properties obtained by the simulated progression of the different pore network configurations induced on the hydraulic path with the water retention properties under suction-controlled conditions. Good agreement between the two methods for the drying path is reached.     

考虑粒组分类影响的最小孔隙比分布及模型验证

最小孔隙比是确定岩土体的密实程度与孔隙特征的有效物理指标,如何快速有效地确定岩土体的最小孔隙比,可为岩土体的固结与稳定提供可靠参数。多数估算细粗混合材料最小孔隙比的模型参数与细粗粒径比一一对应,导致估算困难。在分析尾矿粒度组成、沉积规律和固结稳定的基础上,以8种不同粗细粒径,7～9种不同细粒含量尾矿为试验对象,拟合得到不同粒组尾矿最小孔隙比分布模型参数的函数关系;基于混合尾矿颗粒的粒组特征,给出了确定参数幂函数关系的指数值。分别采用模型参数要求粒组范围内的其他6组岩土材料和非粒组范围内的3组岩土材料进行验证。结果表明,考虑粒组分类影响下的模型,参数简单,对不同材料的最小孔隙比估算准确率较高,给出的最小孔隙比的分布规律合理,可为岩土工程领域最小孔隙比估算提供可靠的计算方法。     

Laboratory Investigation of the Resistance of Tailings and Natural Sediments to Cyclic Loading

A number of cyclic triaxial tests were carried out on mine tailings and natural sediment samples under undrained conditions to investigate their resistance to cyclic loading. The tests were performed on more than 100 samples with a cyclic shear stress ratio ranging from 0.10 to 0.40 under varying void ratio and the same confining pressure. It was observed that the axial strain and excess pore water pressure increased with the number of loading cycles while the effective stress decreased with increasing number of loading cycles. The liquefaction resistance of the tailings was also observed to be higher than that of natural soils with similar particle size distribution, void ratio and plasticity index. It was observed that the influence of specific gravity on the cyclic strength of mine tailings is significant. The results showed that the cyclic resistance of the tailings was not strongly influenced by plasticity index for low plasticity tailings. A boundary relationship between void ratio and normalized cyclic resistance ratio was established based on the results.     

Unsaturated characteristics of undisturbed expansive shale from Saudi Arabia

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the soil water characteristic curves (SWCC) of undisturbed expansive shale identified at different locations of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The SWCCs were evaluated for suction ranging from 0.5 to 400 MPa. Based on test results, all SWCCs reveal a bimodal curve indicating the presence of two distinct pore size distributions referred to as small and large micropores. Volume change measurements were performed to evaluate void ratio–suction relationships which confirmed the expansive nature of shale. Similarities between measured SWCCs and void ratio–suction relations developed for expansive shale originating from same geological formation suggests the impact of geological and environmental conditions on the unsaturated behavior of shale samples. Finally, a modified approach based on Mckeen’s classification methodology was proposed to assess the swelling potential using bimodal SWCCs. The modified approach was used to assess the relative contribution of different micropores on the swelling potential of shale.     

利用EVP模型确定堆载预压法的卸载时机

在Bjerrum等时 曲线图的基础上,利用殷建华和Graham的一维EVP模型,在考虑土体次固结沉降的情况下,依据运行期限和运行期允许的沉降量等参数获得等载预压卸载时的临界孔隙比,进而求得控制超载预压和欠载预压卸载时的临界孔隙比,由此可计算出控制堆载预压卸载时机的临界沉降量,克服传统堆载预压依据主固结理论无法反映堆载预压降低次固结变形的缺陷。根据欠载预压的临界孔隙比公式,可计算出最小预压荷载。在推导欠载预压临界孔隙比的过程中,提出新假说A理论,证明了新假说A与假说B近似等价的充分条件。算例表明,由于考虑了软土预压期的次固结变形,堆载预压地基的总沉降量和卸载时的临界沉降量要比有效应力面积比法的大。     

颗粒级配及初始干密度对路基翻浆冒泥特性的影响

重载铁路路基翻浆冒泥病害广泛存在且危害性极大,严重影响了轨道的稳定性和列车运行的安全性。铁路路基土体性质,如颗粒级配、孔隙比等对列车荷载作用下路基翻浆冒泥特性有显著的影响。利用自主研发的试验模型对粉质黏土与不同含量高岭土重塑试样进行翻浆冒泥试验,研究了不同颗粒级配（高岭土含量）、不同初始干密度（孔隙比）对循环荷载作用下试样的轴向应变、超孔隙水压力以及细颗粒迁移特性的影响。研究结果表明：随着高岭土含量以及初始干密度的增加,动荷载作用下试样产生的轴向应变、超孔隙水压力均减小,细颗粒迁移的平均高度降低,路基翻浆冒泥的程度减轻。通过试验发现,动荷载作用下试样内部的超孔隙水压力梯度是驱动路基土体细颗粒迁移的主导因素,试样产生的夹层对路基翻浆冒泥病害的发展具有一定的促进作用。     

Vertical ground motion analysis for submerged pore-elastic media with random void ratios

Recently, very strong vertical ground motions have been recorded during several earthquakes. The vertical motions are the consequence of compressional stresses which are mainly transmitted by pore fluids. For linear elastic analysis of a submerged soil layer, the permeability has a very minor effect on shear-wave response for which pore fluids are not taken into account. But on compressional-wave response, the permeability dominates the damping effect and is thought as the principal influential factor from pore fluids. In this study, the effect of changing permeability on damping is explored. In practice it is harder to obtain the coefficient of permeability, κ, than to measure the void ratio, e. In order to evaluate the permeability and explore its influence on vertical shaking, the formula relating κ–e for the saturated soil is selected for a 1D submerged pore-elastic model subjected to vertical sine-wave loading. The random, linear, linear-plus-random, logarithmic, and log-plus-random depth functions of void ratio are taken into account in this study. The intrinsic error due to the use of the arithmetic mean of permeability for a certain area with a heterogeneous distribution of permeability has also been assessed. Numerical simulations show that the five depth distributions of void ratio all result in the extra viscous forces. The damping effect on vertical shaking is mainly controlled by the harmonic mean of permeability and spatial distribution of permeability rather than the arithmetic mean of permeability. The harmonic mean is more appropriate than the arithmetic mean to be the representative permeability, because the damping coefficient is inversely proportional to permeability.