扎龙湿地研究进展

湿地是陆地生态系统生态过程的重要组成部分,扎龙湿地作为世界最大的芦苇湿地,正处于全球变化的敏感区域,总结了2000年以来扎龙湿地的土地覆盖、湿地环境、生态评估等方面的研究成果,并提出了其中存在的问题和未来发展趋势。结果如下:(1)扎龙湿地土地覆盖研究以遥感手段为主,从景观生态学角度研究认为,核心湿地趋于破碎,土地利用趋于多样化和均匀化,湿地景观完整性较差,有湿生景观向旱生景观转变的趋势,但湿地整体仍处在稳定状态;(2)近几十年来的湿地退化造成土壤有机碳流失严重;(3)湿地在自然条件下的蓄水量呈下降趋势,天然补水量小于生态需水量,而且水体已呈现出富营养化状态,个别水体重金属元素的污染已达到极强的潜在生态危害程度;(4)自然因素对扎龙湿地的总体变化影响显著,但人类活动对一些典型区域的退化起主导作用;(5)扎龙湿地研究近期应注重长时间序列湿地监测资料的积累和遥感研究工作,在耦合水文、生态、气象、土壤等多环境因素下,开展湿地生态系统功能参数的定量研究、湿地生态服务价值研究和管理决策支持系统构建,以及探讨定量方式在扎龙湿地生态系统变化分析中的应用。     

扎龙保护区湿地扰动因子及其影响研究

扎龙湿地的扰动因子有气候、洪水、火、水利工程、农业活动等因子。这些扰动因子给湿地带来了正反两方面的作用,而扎龙湿地在扰动因子的作用下,导致湿地面积减小、生物多样性降低、水质污染、景观破碎等,进而导致湿地功能下降,生态环境严重恶化。对湿地扰动因子进行分析,掌握它们的作用过程和发生机理,对湿地的利用、保护以及恢复重建具有重要的意义。     

扎龙国家级自然保护区湿地质量评价北大核心CSCD

在扎龙国家级自然保护区湿地野外调查的基础上,从水资源、土壤、生物、景观和湿地保护5个方面,选取了13项指标,建立了扎龙湿地生态系统质量评价指标体系;采用专家打分方法和层次分析方法,评价了扎龙国家级自然保护区湿地的质量。研究结果表明,扎龙国家级自然保护区湿地的综合得分为74.57分,其质量处于较好水平。     

扎龙湿地水质净化机理分析

降解污染和净化水质是湿地的重要功能。利用现场调查和水质监测资料,分析扎龙湿地水化学场特征,研究水质现状、净化机理及其与湿地水化学形成条件之间的关系。结果表明,扎龙湿地对TP、NH4-N、CODcr和悬浮物的净化率达到90%以上,对TN和NO3-N净化率可达到75%以上。水质净化功能对生态环境的自然修复作用明显,主要的水质净化机理为吸附沉淀作用、植物吸收作用、生物降解作用、反硝化作用,净化能力大小与溶液化学条件的整体特征、湿地的地质背景、水文化学循环和生物作用过程有关。     

扎龙河滨湿地水系统脆弱性特征及影响因素分析

在总结分析国内外水资源脆弱性研究成果的基础上，提出了湿地水系统脆弱性概念，湿地水系统脆弱性表征了在湿地水文-生态系统耦合演化背景下水系统的生态水文功能满足程度，并以著名湿地-扎龙湿地为靶区，分析了湿地水系统脆弱性内涵和特征，详细讨论了降水量、气温、土地开发、水利工程建设及工农业污染对扎龙河滨湿地水系统脆弱性的影响，相应提出了减轻脆弱性程度的扎龙湿地水系统恢复措施和管理建议。     

扎龙湿地的形成背景及其生态环境意义

扎龙湿地位于黑龙江省西部, 为乌裕尔河下游尾闾湖形成的苇草湖沼。作者通过野外调 查、表土样品粒度对比和遥感影像分析, 探讨了湿地形成演化的地质环境背景, 分析了扎龙湿地 与嫩江、沙地的成因联系。研究认为齐齐哈尔- 大庆沙地由北西走向的纵向沙垄和低洼盐碱带组 成, 与科尔沁沙地一起构成了一个NE 向展布的沙带, 可能主要形成于末次冰期时期。其后嫩江 进入沙地, 对沙地进行改造, 在扎龙地区留下众多牛轭湖。后期由于构造抬升嫩江河道西迁, 乌裕 尔河成为内流河, 其尾闾湖最后演化成为现在的扎龙湿地。因此扎龙地区的环境演化过程为: 风 成沙地形成→嫩江改造、破坏沙地→嫩江西迁、乌裕尔河分流→扎龙尾闾湖形成→扎龙尾闾湖退 化、湿地形成。因此扎龙湿地与连环湖是在风成沙丘上形成的沼泽地, 是整个嫩江流域生态环境 最脆弱的一个关键区。一旦湿地消失, 将导致这个地区的盐碱化和沙漠化, 对附近的齐齐哈尔和 大庆两市的生态环境造成严重影响。     

扎龙湿地生态系统变化过程及影响因子分析

随着区域气候变化及人类活动的影响,扎龙湿地生态系统发生了深刻变化。利用20世纪50年代以来扎龙湿地区域的气象数据、1986～2002年间8个时段的Landsat TM影像及2006年的SPOT4影像数据和扎龙国家级保护区管理局的资源调查数据,分析了近20a来扎龙湿地生态系统的变化过程。结果显示,20世纪80年代和90年代该地区的年平均气温分别比1951～1980年的年平均气温高出1．2℃和1．8℃。与1986年相比,2002年扎龙湿地的湖泊及水库面积减少了15．17％;明水面面积下降了49．36％。这一期间,扎龙湿地芦苇（Phragmites australis）产量、渔类产量、鸟类的种类和数量都明显减少,湿地退化程度十分严重。气候变化对湿地生态系统影响的同时,扎龙湿地上游地区也建设了60余座水库,并在湿地内部兴建了大量的人工沟渠、堤坝和道路。高强度的人类活动不仅截留了大量本应直接流人湿地的水体,使湿地蓄水量明显下降,也使湿地破碎化程度加剧。根据扎龙湿地生态系统面临的现状,就扎龙湿地保护与恢复提出了相应的建议。     

扎龙湿地水环境可持续性度量研究

湿地水环境的持续性度量的指标体系是从湿地水环境系统结构、功能状态和人为因素三个方面构建的。扎龙湿地水环境可持续综合指数的数学模型是:可持续综合指数P＝0.14P₁+0.47P₂+0.3P₃+0.09P₄。分指数(PI)分别是:水质指数、水资源量指数、生物指数和土地利用变化指数。计算过程运用了灰关联分析法、层次分析法和分段线性函数等方法,结果表明,扎龙湿地水环境可持续性的总体趋势在减弱,其影响因子已经不利于扎龙湿地生态系统的持续发展。     

扎龙湿地表层沉积物磷的赋存形态及空间分布特征

沉积物中不同形态的磷具有不同的地球化学行为和生物有效性,其含量和分布特征包含着许多环境地球化学信息。该文利用SMT法对扎龙湿地表层沉积物中总磷(TP)及各形态磷进行了分析,探讨其空间分布特征及控制因素。结果表明,扎龙湿地表层沉积物TP含量高,接近于富营养化严重的太湖和巢湖,主要分布于核心区和东北部;无机磷(IP)含量稍高于有机磷(OP),其分布特征都与TP相似。IP中的钙结合态磷(Ca-P)和铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)空间分布差异性较小,Ca-P含量占IP的59.2%。TP及各形态磷含量受粒度、有机质、pH及溶解氧等环境因子的影响,造成扎龙湿地水体富营养化的污染物质主要来自外源;但随着湿地盐碱化加重、生态环境破坏及植被覆盖度下降,沉积物内源磷的释放将成为扎龙湿地水体富营养化的重要来源,将直接加剧水体富营养化程度,尤其增加核心区水体富营养化的风险。     

气候变化对扎龙湿地景观破碎化过程的影响

扎龙湿地位于黑龙江省西部,是我国东北最大的湿地自然保护区。近年来湿地景观破碎化程度日趋严重,因此探究该湿地景观破碎化的原因和影响机制尤为重要。基于扎龙湿地区域1903-2017年植被生长期气候资料,从影响湿地蒸发量的气象要素入手,采用小波分析和对比分析法分析了扎龙湿地气候变化的背景和影响扎龙湿地蒸发量变化的气象要素的变化规律。结果表明:20世纪80年代以来的气候变暖事件以及在这一变暖事件下发生的水汽环境变化是湿地景观破碎化的影响机制;25 a左右的降水量周期变化是湿地景观破碎化明显波动变化过程的主要原因。该研究揭示了气候变化对扎龙湿地景观破碎化过程的影响机制,提高了应对气候变化对湿地生态环境影响的预防能力。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,