汶川地震发震断层破裂触发过程

2008年汶川大地震造成北川断裂、彭灌断裂、小渔洞断裂等多条断裂的破裂,呈现出复杂的破裂过程. 对此,以往地震学的研究没有对于各个发震断层的破裂先后顺序给出充分论证. 本文计算由于断层破裂在其他断层段上造成库仑应力的变化,根据其相互触发关系确定断层可能的破裂顺序. 结果表明,各断裂带可能的发震顺序为:主震在北川断裂南端(小渔洞断裂以南的北川断裂虹口段)起始,造成北川断裂的后续段落龙门山镇—清平段和彭灌断裂同时破裂,进而触发小渔洞断裂发生破裂.     

汶川8.0级地震触发与余震活动空间分布研究

文中分析研究了2008年汶川8.0级地震发震构造即龙门山断裂带历史和现今地震活动情况, 并计算主震发生后产生的库仑破裂静应力变化, 讨论了地震触发与余震空间分布之间的联系。 结果表明, 龙门山断裂带以虎牙—北川—安县为界分为二段, 西南段和东北段在地震活动性方面存在着较大的差异。 虽同处一条断裂带上, 但两者之间地震活动没有联系。 汶川8.0级主震发生之后, 在空间上产生的库仑破裂静应力变化具有很明显的分区特征。 龙门山断裂带北川至青川之间库仑破裂应力变化值大于+0.05 MPa, 主震对该地区后续M_L≥5.0余震的发生存在着触发作用。     

汶川8.0级地震的余震触发作用和对断层的应力加卸载作用

采用可变滑动震源模型,计算和研究了汶川M_S 8.0地震产生的应力变化及对后续6次强余震的应力触发作用,并定量分析了汶川地震对附近活动断裂带的库仑应力加卸载作用。结果显示:汶川地震产生的库仑破裂应力变化分布图案复杂性强,主要由发震断裂复杂的空间展布形态以及震源断层活动具有逆冲兼右旋走滑两种性质决定。汶川地震产生的库仑破裂应力变化对多数强余震存在一定的触发作用。汶川地震的发生对附近的断裂带有不同程度的影响,其中青川断裂中段和北段、岷江断裂南段和灌县-江油断裂南段,主要是以强烈的库仑破裂应力加载作用占主导地位,有利于强余震序列的孕育、加速以至于发生;东昆仑断裂带和鲜水河断裂带受到了轻微的应力加载作用;龙泉山断裂带、华莹山断裂带和西秦岭北缘断裂带主要受到了轻微的卸载作用。     

汶川Ms8．0巨震产生的完全库仑破裂应力变化及其强余震群

计算和研究了2008年5月12日四川汶川Ms8.0巨震在其强余震断层面上产生的完全库仑破裂应力变化,分析了该变化对强余震的动态和静态应力触发作用.结果显示,汶川主震后15天内发生的7次Mw≥5.5强余震均受到了动态和静态库仑破裂应力的综合触发作用.     

几次复杂地震中不同破裂事件之间的应力触发问题

很多地震都具有复杂的震源破裂过程,作为一个近似,可以用两次或两次以上子破裂事件来描述,子破裂事件之间的时间间隔从几秒到数十天．为探讨不同的子破裂事件之间的关系,计算了邢台地震、唐山地震、青海共和地震和云南丽江地震的第一次子破裂事件所产生的静态库仑破裂应力变化．与断层滑动有关的静态应力的计算采用Okada（1992）给出的公式．结果表明:上述地震中第一次子破裂事件所产生的静态库仑应力变化均对后续的子破裂事件有触发作用,即后续的子破裂事件落在第一次子破裂事件引起的库仑破裂应力增加的区域中．      

2008年5月12日Mw7.9汶川地震导致的周边断层应力变化

2008年5月12日,四川龙门山断裂发生Mw7.9强烈地震,导致重大的人员伤亡和经济损失.据预测,汶川地震余震将持续至少1年,并且不排除发生强余震可能.因此,判断余震可能发生区域,圈定震区周边未来可能发生地震活动的范围,对灾区人员安置、灾后恢复重建以及加强震灾及次生灾害防御具有重要的参考价值.同时,汶川地震及邻区地震活动性为将来研究板内逆冲型地震的同震应力变化,并检验地震的应力触发作用提供了一个非常难得的机会.根据地震的静态触发原理,利用弹性位错理论和分层地壳模型计算了汶川地震引起的周边断层同震应力变化,分析了汶川地震对龙门山及周边各主要活动断层地震活动性的作用和影响.结果表明,汶川地震增加了鲜水河断裂（道孚-康定段）、东昆仑断裂（玛曲-南坪段）、青川断裂、岷江断裂南端以及彭县-灌县断裂、江油-广元断裂、江油-灌县断裂上库仑应力的积累,将提升这些断层上地震发生的概率.由于这些地区人口密集,应加强这些地区的地震监测和灾害预警.青川断裂上记录到的余震表明主震已经触发了该断层的地震活动,余震有向该区迁移的趋势,应密切关注地震向北迁移的态势.彭县-灌县断裂、北川-映秀断裂南段目前发生的余震很少,所积累的构造应力未充分释放,同震库仑应力的加载有可能在今后触发该区较强余震,应对该区实施重点监测.汶川地震有效降低了抚边河断裂、虎牙断裂、哈南-青山湾断裂、龙泉山断裂以及迭部-白龙江断裂上库仑应力的积累,这些区域的地震发生概率将因库仑应力减小而降低.汉中一带、西秦岭北缘断裂上库仑应力变化微小,汶川地震的静态触发效应不足波及此处.     

2008年5月12日M_w7.9汶川地震导致的周边断层应力变化

2008年5月12日,四川龙门山断裂发生Mw7.9强烈地震,导致重大的人员伤亡和经济损失.据预测,汶川地震余震将持续至少1年,并且不排除发生强余震可能.因此,判断余震可能发生区域,圈定震区周边未来可能发生地震活动的范围,对灾区人员安置、灾后恢复重建以及加强震灾及次生灾害防御具有重要的参考价值.同时,汶川地震及邻区地震活动性为将来研究板内逆冲型地震的同震应力变化,并检验地震的应力触发作用提供了一个非常难得的机会.根据地震的静态触发原理,利用弹性位错理论和分层地壳模型计算了汶川地震引起的周边断层同震应力变化,分析了汶川地震对龙门山及周边各主要活动断层地震活动性的作用和影响.结果表明,汶川地震增加了鲜水河断裂(道孚-康定段)、东昆仑断裂(玛曲-南坪段)、青川断裂、岷江断裂南端以及彭县-灌县断裂、江油-广元断裂、江油-灌县断裂上库仑应力的积累,将提升这些断层上地震发生的概率.由于这些地区人口密集,应加强这些地区的地震监测和灾害预警.青川断裂上记录到的余震表明主震已经触发了该断层的地震活动,余震有向该区迁移的趋势,应密切关注地震向北迁移的态势.彭县-灌县断裂、北川-映秀断裂南段目前发生的余震很少,所积累的构造应力未充分...     

汶川MS 8.0地震库仑破裂应力变化及断层危险性初步研究

利用四川省汶川MS8.0地震的震源机制解及滑动分布模型,反演了由汶川地震造成的同震库仑破裂应力变化;从余震效应与断层相互作用的角度对库仑破裂应力变化进行了分析。结果显示:基于滑动分布模型反演的库仑破裂应力变化能较好地反映与余震分布的对应关系,以最大余震断层面参数(走向/倾角/滑动角:204°/56°/98°)为接收断层,反演结果最佳,83%M>4的余震均发生于库仑应力增加约0.01MPa的区域;库仑破裂应力变化的主要特征为断层北盘大部分区域为库仑破裂应力下降区,断层南盘主要为增加区,断层两端均显示库仑破裂应力变化增加,且分别沿NE和SW两个方向发展。最后,基于活断层分布模型,计算由此次地震造成的已存断层面上的库仑破裂应力变化,结果显示多条左旋走滑断裂库仑破裂应力变化值增加     

从库仑破裂应力和余震分布角度探讨汶川地震和芦山地震的关系

本文以龙门山及周边地区为研究对象,考虑区域地质构造差异、主要活动断裂带、地表附加重力影响,建立能反映地表起伏和岩石圈分层结构的龙门山地区三维粘弹性有限元模型。以地壳水平运动速率观测值为约束条件重建研究区现今构造背景应力场,在此基础上分别模拟了汶川地震和芦山地震的发生机理。通过分析同震库仑破裂应力变化与余震空间分布的关系,探讨了2次地震主震对余震的触发作用以及汶川地震对芦山地震的影响。研究表明,汶川地震和芦山地震的余震大部分由其主震触发,汶川地震对芦山地震的余震有约6.78%的触发作用。汶川地震的同震库仑破裂应力在芦山地震主震位置的增加值约为0.016MPa,如果龙门山断裂带南段库仑破裂应力年累积速率按照0.4×10-3-0.6×10-3MPa·a-1计算,汶川地震使芦山地震提前了约27-40年。计算还表明汶川地震和芦山地震的发生使鲜水河断裂带南段和虎牙断裂的库仑破裂应力增加,这些断裂带在未来发生地震的可能性增加。     

2008年汶川Ms8.0地震在2013年芦山Ms7.0地震和2014年康定Ms6.3地震破裂区引起的库仑破裂应力

2008年5月12日四川汶川发生M_S8.0地震发生之后, 先后于2013年4月20日和2014年11月22日分别在汶川M_S8.0地震震中西南约80 km的芦山县和约178 km的康定县发生了M_S7.0和M_S6.3地震。 芦山地震位于龙门山前主边界处, 康定地震位于鲜水河断裂带上。 芦山地震发生前有几位作者先后计算了汶川M_S8.0地震引起的库仑破裂应力, 分析了其对周围断层的影响。 本文对这些研究结果进行了简要回顾, 并根据芦山地震和康定地震的实际发震断层面参数, 计算了汶川M_S8.0地震在芦山地震和康定地震震源深度处的水平面上以及其发震断层面上产生的库仑破裂应力, 还给出了其震中处库仑破裂应力随深度的变化。 结果表明, 汶川M_S8.0地震发生使芦山地震震源断层面上有利于其错动发震的应力大面积增加而使康定地震震源断层面上有利于其错动发震的应力大面积减小。 在芦山地震初始破裂点处引起的库仑破裂应力达0.245 MPa, 在康定地震初始破裂点处引起的库仑破裂应力为-0.00063 MPa。 因此, 汶川M_S8.0地震的发生对芦山地震具有明显的促进作用, 而对康定地震的作用不明显。 在目标断层面参数已知的情况下, 根据库仑破裂应力在目标断层面上的分布, 可能为未来地震发生的地点提供线索, 进而对地震发生的危险性进行预测。 若一次地震的发生使目标断层面上有利于其错动发震的应力大面积显著增加, 这种情况下库仑破裂应力对未来地震具有预测意义。     

2008年汶川大地震对周围断层的影响

2008年5月12日的汶川地震明显地改变了区域地震的应力场．理解这种应力场的改变对周围断层构造加载进程和区域地震危险性的改变非常重要．本文以汶川地震的破裂为驱动源,计算了该地震造成周围断层上的静态库仑破裂应力变化．结果表明,汶川大地震的发生使得龙门山断裂北部和最南端、鲜水河断裂最南端、东昆仑断裂、陇县——宝鸡断裂、鄂拉山断裂、白玉断裂、日月山断裂南端、马边——盐津断裂南部、班公错——嘉黎断裂西部、则木河断裂的库仑破裂应力增加,量值达0.00001——0.06MPa．库仑破裂应力增加尤为显著的断裂量值分别为:龙门山断裂的地震断层南端最大增加0.01MPa、北端0.03MPa,秦岭南缘断裂的西南部最大增加0.03MPa,东昆仑断裂的东南部为0.007MPa,地震破裂断层西南部的鲜水河断裂为0.005MPa,西秦岭北缘断裂的天水——宝鸡段为0.004MPa,陇县——宝鸡断裂为0.0003MPa．该地震还使得龙日坝断裂、怒江断裂、西秦岭北缘断裂西部、秦岭北缘断裂、庄浪河断裂、日月山断裂北部、海原断裂、岷江断裂、玉树——玛曲断裂、金沙江断裂的库仑破裂应力减少;减少尤为显著的断裂为龙门山断裂的断层破裂段、岷江断裂和鲜水河断裂的炉霍段,其库仑破裂应力减少分别达0.04——0.7MPa,0.001——0.1MPa和0.008——0.01MPa．本次地震在小金河、安宁河和大凉山断裂面上产生的库仑应力变化很小,对断层地震活动没有显著影响．      

co-seismic coulomb stress changes and its influences on aftershock distribution and surrounding faults caused by 2014 ludian earthquake,yunnan

The studies of earthquake stress transfer and its influence on regional seismicity have found that earthquake occurrences are highly interactive and correlated rather than isolated and random in traditional point in recently years. A lot of phenomena in earthquake observations such as aftershock distribution, stress shadow, earthquake interaction and migration were well explained based on the theory of earthquake stress interaction. It is important that understanding the process of earthquake interaction could give an insight into the physical mechanism of earthquake cycle, and could help us assess the seismic hazard in future.It has long been recognized that regional stress accumulated by tectonic motion is released when earthquake occurs. When earthquakes occur, the accumulated stress does not vanish completely, but is redistributed through the process of stress transfer, and then the redistributed stress may trigger potential earthquakes. The increment of Coulomb failure stress loading in the certain regions may improve the seismic activities. By contrast, the decrement of Coulomb failure stress in the areas of stress shadow where the stress on faults may unload could lead to the decrement of seismic activities.On August 3, 2014, an M_S6.5 earthquake occurred in Zhaotong-Ludian region, Yunnan Province, China, killing and injuring hundreds of people. Therefore, it is critical to outline the areas with potential aftershocks before reconstruction and re-settlement so as to avoid future disasters. Based on the elastic dislocation theory and multi-layered lithospheric model, we calculate the co-stress changes caused by the Zhaotong-Ludian earthquakes to discuss its influences on aftershock distribution and surrounding faults. It is shown that the Coulomb stress changes based on the rupture in the NNW direction can explain better the aftershock distribution. It indicates that the NNW direction may represent the real rupture. The aftershocks mainly distribute in the regions with increased stress along main rupture and west to the rupture. In other regions with increased stress, the distributions of aftershock are rare which may indicate the low tectonic stress accumulation in these regions. The stress accumulation and corresponding seismic hazard on the southern part of Zhaotong Fault, Qiaojia segment of Zemuhe-Xiaojiang Fault and northeastern part of Lianfeng Fault are further increased by the Zhaotong-Ludian earthquake. We should pay special attention to the southern part of Zhaotong Fault where seismic activity is very high in recently years and the increment of Coulomb failure stress in this area is more than 0.1bar(0.1bar is the threshold of earthquake triggering). In order to make a more objective and comprehensive discussion, we calculate the sensitivity of the parameters such as effective coefficient of friction, the calculated depth and multilayered crustal model.     

用余震确定2008年汶川M_w7.9地震的震源位置与发震时刻

利用同一地点的2个地震在相同台站记录的P波到时差是一个常数这一原理,找到了与汶川主震位置相近的余震,并利用台站距震中近,且记录波形清晰、完整的优势,对余震进行了定位,依此确定了汶川主震的位置和发震时刻.结果是震中位于31°1.26′N、103°22.50′E;震源深度7.9km;发震时刻(北京时间)为2008年5月12日14时27分58.80秒.     

Stress changes on major faults caused by M_w7.9 Wenchuan earthquake,May 12,2008

On May 12,2008,a magnitude 7.9 earthquake ruptured the Longmenshan fault system in Sichuan Province,China,collapsing buildings and killing tens of thousands people.As predicted,aftershocks may last for at least one year,and moreover,large aftershocks are likely to occur.Therefore,it is critical to outline the areas with potential aftershocks before reconstruction and resettling people as to avoid future disasters.It is demonstrated that the redistribution of stress induced by an earthquake should trigger su...     

Spatio-temporal rupture process of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake

Focal mechanism and dynamic rupture process of the Wenchaun M _s8.0 earthquake in Sichuan province on 12 May 2008 were obtained by inverting long period seismic data from the Global Seismic Network (GSN), and characteristics of the co-seismic displacement field near the fault were quantitatively analyzed based on the inverted results to investigate the mechanism causing disaster. A finite fault model with given focal mechanism and vertical components of the long period P-waves from 21 stations with evenly azimuthal coverage were adopted in the inversion. From the inverted results as well as aftershock distribution, the causative fault of the great Wenchuan earthquake was confirmed to be a fault of strike 225°/dip 39°/rake 120°, indicating that the earthquake was mainly a thrust event with right-lateral strike-slip component. The released scalar seismic moment was estimated to be about 9.4×10²⁰-2.0×10²¹ Nm, yielding moment magnitude of M _w7.9–8.1. The great Wenchuan earthquake occurred on a fault more than 300 km long, and had a complicated rupture process of about 90 s duration time. The slip distribution was highly inhomogeneous with the average slip of about 2.4 m. Four slip-patches broke the ground surface. Two of them were underneath the regions of Wenchuan-Yingxiu and Beichuan, respectively, with the first being around the hypocenter (rupture initiation point), where the largest slip was about 7.3 m, and the second being underneath Beichuan and extending to Pingwu, where the largest slip was about 5.6 m. The other two slip-patches had smaller sizes, one having the maximum slip of 1.8 m and lying underneath the north of Kangding, and the other having the maximum slip of 0.7 m and lying underneath the northeast of Qingchuan. Average and maximum stress drops over the whole fault plane were estimated to be 18 MPa and 53 MPa, respectively. In addition, the co-seismic displacement field near the fault was analyzed. The results indicate that the features of the co-seismic displacement field were coincident with those of the intensity distribution in the meizoseismal area, implying that the large-scale, large-amplitude and surface-broken thrust dislocation should be responsible for the serious disaster in the near fault area. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB418404-4) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40574025 and 40874026)     

Stress changes on major faults caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>w</Subscript>7.9 Wenchuan earthquake,May 12, 2008

On May 12, 2008, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake ruptured the Longmenshan fault system in Sichuan Province, China, collapsing buildings and killing tens of thousands people. As predicted, aftershocks may last for at least one year, and moreover, large aftershocks are likely to occur. Therefore, it is critical to outline the areas with potential aftershocks before reconstruction and re-settling people as to avoid future disasters. It is demonstrated that the redistribution of stress induced by an earthquake should trigger successive seismic activity. Based on static stress triggering theory, we calculated the coseismic stress changes on major faults induced by the Wenchuan earthquake, with elastic dislocation theory and the multilayered crustal model. We also discuss the stress distribution and its significance for future seismic activity under the impact of the Wenchuan earthquake. It is shown that coulomb failure stress (CFS) increases obviously on the Daofu-Kangding segment of the Xianshuihe Fault, the Maqu and Nanping segment of the Eastern Kunlun Fault, the Qingchuan Fault, southern segment of the Minjiang Fault, Pengxian-Guanxian Fault, Jiangyou-Guangyuan Fault, and Jiangyou-Guanxian Fault. The increased stress raises the probability of earthquake occurrence on these faults. Since these areas are highly populated, earthquake monitoring and early disaster alarm system are needed. CFS increases with a magnitude of 0.03–0.06 MPa on the Qingchuan Fault, which is close to the northern end of the rapture of Wenchuan earthquake. The occurrence of some strong aftershocks, including three events with magnitude higher than 5.0, indicates that the seismic activities have been triggered by the main shock. Aftershocks seem to migrate northwards. Since the CFS change on the Lueyang-Mianxian Fault located on the NEE of the Qingchuan Fault is rather small (±0.01 MPa), the migration of aftershocks might be terminated in the area near Hanzhong City. The CFS change on the western Qinling Fault is around 10 Pa, and the impact of static triggering can be neglected. The increment of CFS on the Pengxian-Guanxian Fault and Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault southwest to the main rupture is 0.005–0.015 MPa, which would facilitate earthquake triggering in these areas. Very few aftershocks in these areas indicate that the accumulated stress has not been released sufficiently. High seismic risk is predicated in these areas due to co-seismic CFS loading. The Wenchuan earthquake released the accumulated CFS on the Fubianhe Fault, the Huya Fault, the Ha’nan-Qingshanwan Fault, and the Diebu-Bailongjiang Fault. The decrement of CFS changes on the Longquanshan Fault east to Chengdu City is about 0.002 MPa. The seismic activity will be depressed by decrement of CFS on these faults. Supported by Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX-SW-153), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40574011 and 40474028)     

利用三维孔隙弹性模型探讨紫坪铺水库对汶川地震的影响

本文基于三维孔隙弹性理论,建立了紫坪铺水库及周边地区的有限元模型.根据紫坪铺水库开始蓄水到汶川地震发震时刻的水位变化情况,计算了整个区域的孔隙压力和库仑应力.详细讨论了断层及周围地层的弹性模量和扩散系数对计算结果的影响.计算结果表明:从弹性角度看,断层的弹性模量对汶川地震震源处的库仑应力影响很小;震源处的库仑应力随着断层和周围地层的扩散系数增大而增大.当给定弹性模量和扩散系数代表性值的时候,计算结果表明在汶川地震发震时刻,震源处的库仑应力变化量为+1 kPa左右,这表明紫坪铺水库使得汶川地震发震断层更加危险.是否这个量级的库仑应力就能够触发汶川地震还需要进一步探讨.通过分析库区周边小震的分布,发现小震分布区域均是库仑应力增加的地区,因此紫坪铺水库周边的小震应该与紫坪铺水库蓄水有直接关系.     

利用三维孔隙弹性模型探讨紫坪铺水库对汶川地震的影响

本文基于三维孔隙弹性理论,建立了紫坪铺水库及周边地区的有限元模型.根据紫坪铺水库开始蓄水到汶川地震发震时刻的水位变化情况,计算了整个区域的孔隙压力和库仑应力.详细讨论了断层及周围地层的弹性模量和扩散系数对计算结果的影响.计算结果表明:从弹性角度看,断层的弹性模量对汶川地震震源处的库仑应力影响很小;震源处的库仑应力随着断层和周围地层的扩散系数增大而增大.当给定弹性模量和扩散系数代表性值的时候,计算结果表明在汶川地震发震时刻,震源处的库仑应力变化量为+1 kPa左右,这表明紫坪铺水库使得汶川地震发震断层更加危险.是否这个量级的库仑应力就能够触发汶川地震还需要进一步探讨.通过分析库区周边小震的分布,发现小震分布区域均是库仑应力增加的地区,因此紫坪铺水库周边的小震应该与紫坪铺水库蓄水有直接关系.