致密砂岩储层流体参数核磁共振实验研究

利用核磁共振技术对致密砂岩储层岩心流体参数进行研究,简述致密砂岩储层流体参数核磁共振测量原理及计算岩心流体参数方法。实验确定了岩心流体动用参数T2截止值方法,进行了可动流体致密砂岩储层分类评价研究。油田矿场核磁共振测量岩心含油饱和度、可动流体饱和度,并对可动流体饱和度、含油饱和度识别油水层方法进行研究。表明:实验测定红河区块岩心T2截止值为4.06ms,利用致密砂岩储层岩心可动流体等级划分标准,对致密砂岩储层岩心单井及不同层位、多井之间进行储层比较分类评价。油田矿场核磁共振技术测量计算的含油饱和度结果与常规方法测量的含油饱和度结果对比,表明油田矿场核磁测量含油饱和度是可行且可靠的。岩心含油饱和度与可动流体饱和度比值大小可识别油水层。      

胜利油田核磁共振测井技术应用回顾与展望

核磁共振测井以全新的原理,提供了一套全新的信息和响应关系,能够对地层油气评价的基本问题,进行全新的解答.胜利油田自1996年开始使用核磁共振测井以来,至今已经积累10余年的测井应用经验.总结核磁共振测井技术在胜利油田的发展应用,其发展经历了三个阶段:初步探索阶段,研究应用阶段和完善深化阶段.在初步探索阶段主要是以储层识别以及孔隙度、渗透率、饱和度等岩石物理参数为主;在研究应用阶段主要是利用T2分布形态进行流体识别和孔隙结构研究;完善深化阶段则是提高解释评价精度,针对勘探开发中的评价难题深化地质应用.目前,核磁共振测井技术在胜利油田的应用已经逐步完善成熟,已成为提高油田勘探开发效益必不可少的手段.在储层评价、参数计算、流体识别中发挥了重要作用,尤其是在单纯依靠常规测井难以进行流体识别的低电阻率/电阻率低差异、低孔隙度、低渗透率、砂砾岩体、复杂岩性等油气藏评价中发挥了独特的作用.     

低渗透储集层T2截止值实验研究

由于一个地区甚至一口井很难有一个统一的截止值,无法用单一的截止值方法区分束缚水和自由流体,因而核磁共振测井解释束缚水饱和度存在着实用上的困难．为此,本文借鉴已发表的实验方法对塔中地区低渗透储层岩心进行核磁共振实验．实验结果分析时充分考虑岩石孔隙结构的变化,发现T2截止值与孔隙结构综合指数(√κ/φ)密切相关,提出了一种应用于测井解释的变T2截止值方法,并在实际测井解释中获得了良好的应用效果。     

核磁共振在页岩储层参数评价中的应用综述

在常规储层中,核磁共振作为一种快速、无损和灵敏的技术,既可以准确评价储层的孔隙度、渗透率、饱和度三参数,还可以精细刻画储层岩石的孔隙结构.但由于页岩储层致密,干酪根发育,黏土含量高,孔隙类型和孔隙结构复杂,烃的赋存空间和赋存方式特殊,而且存在一定含量的黄铁矿和沥青,导致页岩储层核磁共振响应机理复杂,基于核磁共振的储层参数的准确评价存在困难.为了了解目前核磁共振技术在页岩油气储层参数评价中的研究现状,在参阅大量国内外相关文献的基础上,重点介绍了核磁共振技术在评价页岩储层孔隙度、孔隙结构、渗透率以及饱和度等方面的研究进展.同时,针对解决核磁共振技术在评价页岩储层参数中存在的局限性提出了个人认识,旨在为页岩储层相关研究提供借鉴与参考.     

二维核磁共振测井在柴达木盆地复杂储层流体识别中的应用

柴达木盆地低孔低渗储层、复杂岩性储层、高泥质含气疏松砂岩等复杂储层并存,常规及一维核磁共振测井方法难以进行储层流体的有效识别,二维核磁共振能够提供T_1、T2、D等多种测量信息.本文在阐述二维核磁共振测井基本理论、仪器参数、处理软件和解释评价方法基础上,分析了其T_1谱、T_2-T_1、T_2-D二维交会技术在台南和扎哈泉地区复杂储层流体识别中的应用,结果表明:二维核磁共振测井具有较好的实际效果,但对孔隙结构十分复杂的储层仍有局限性,存在一些问题与难点有待解决.     

基于核磁共振测井的致密砂岩储层分类方法研究（英文）

致密砂岩储层孔隙结构复杂,非均质性强,利用传统的常规测井计算孔隙度、泥质含量、J函数和流动单元指数等参数建立的储层分类方法很难有效地对致密砂岩储层进行分类。核磁共振T2分布与储层孔径分布密切相关,可用于表征储层孔隙结构特征。目前常用的方法是应用核磁共振T2分布与压汞毛管压力曲线建立线性函数或幂函数等经验公式,间接求取排驱压力、最大孔喉半径、中值孔喉半径等储层孔隙结构参数并用于储层分类,但经验公式存在地区适应性,且受限于实验样本的代表性,很难有效推广应用。对数正态分布常用来表示岩石孔径分布和粒度分布,通过计算小孔和大孔的体积、平均半径、标准差等参数定量表征储层的孔隙结构特性。本文采用双峰对数正态分布拟合核磁共振T2谱,得到表征岩石孔隙分布和非均质性的六个参数(小孔和大孔的体积、均值、标准差),结合核磁共振测井计算的总孔隙度,采用聚类分析方法进行储层分类。岩心实验测量数据及核磁共振测井数据处理结果表明,该方法可有效划分致密砂岩储层类型,具有较好的应用效果。     

用核磁共振测井资料评价碳酸盐岩等复杂岩性储集层

对于碳酸盐岩等复杂岩性油气藏,由于其储集空间复杂、非均质性强等因素,用常规测井技术难以进行准确描述.核磁共振测井测量的对象是储层空间中的流体,因而可以直接用来划分储集层,而且能提供几乎不受岩性影响的孔隙度和渗透率等参数;同时,由于其T2分布表征了岩石的孔隙结构,所以可以根据T2分布形态判断有效裂缝和溶蚀孔洞.通过多口井的岩心对比和成像测井对比,研究出了一套用MRIL和CMR 的T2分布形态评价储集空间的方法;此外,在特定条件下,根据核磁计算的有效孔隙度和可动流体体积给出了一个计算含油饱和度的公式.利用这些核磁测井技术及其分析方法对车古20古潜山碳酸盐岩储集层裂缝及溶蚀孔洞发育特征进行准确描述,还计算了埕北潜山复杂复杂岩性油气藏的饱和度,对于储量计算具有重要意义.     

特低渗储层测井评价技术综述与展望

特低渗储层的测井响应特征与常规储层不同。测井响应值难以有效表征孔隙中的油气,不同品质储层间的差异性不明显.利用单一的测井解释方法容易引起多解性和模糊性,测井参数解释难度大,油气识别非常困难.为了更好地实现特低渗储层的测井精细评价,提升测井解释的符合率,本文在大量文献调研的基础上,依托前人的研究成果,详细归纳总结了裸眼井和套管井的测井系列之后,对其特低渗储层的常规测井评价方法及其优缺点进行了系统梳理和深入剖析,并探讨了核磁共振测井、高分辨率阵列感应测井、电阻率成像测井等新技术和非线性数学方法在特低渗储层中应用状况.最后基于特低渗储层地球物理测井技术的发展现状,指出了当前测井评价技术面临的困难和问题,并展望了特低渗储层地球物理测井技术的发展趋势.     

核磁共振技术在二氧化碳地质封存与利用中的应用研究前景综述

二氧化碳地质封存与利用是推动“碳达峰、碳中和”的关键技术之一,研究CO₂注入-运移-封存全过程储层孔隙率、渗透率、饱和度、孔隙结构及岩石力学参数的变化规律是监测CO₂地质封存状态和泄露风险的核心工作.以分析核磁共振技术在研究孔隙结构、CO₂运移特征及岩石力学参数变化的应用现状和发展趋势为目标,在简要介绍核磁共振仪器设备和应用领域基础上,分析核磁共振技术在CO₂地质封存与利用中的应用现状和发展方向.分析表明：核磁共振技术在致密油、页岩气等非常规油气资源开发中应用广泛,在表征储层物性、饱和度和三维孔隙结构方面优势明显.目前,利用核磁共振技术研究原位CO₂封存条件下岩心动态参数成果较少,无论是CO₂驱油还是CO₂置换CH₄,均通过测量氢核的核磁共振特征或核磁成像特征来反推CO₂分布状态;在CO₂-EOR、CCS先导性实验中,时移测井资料十分有限,制约了原位CO₂     

磁场强度对T2-T1二维核磁共振实验的影响研究

多维核磁共振测井比一维核磁包含更多的观测信息,往往可以解决单独使用横向弛豫时间(T2)进行测井评价时遇到的困难,在非常规油气储层勘探开发中发挥着不可替代的作用.T2-T1二维核磁共振能够检测页岩中的类固体有机质等含氢化合物,对于确定页岩储层流体成分至关重要,已经成为核磁测井和岩石物理实验的研究热点.与一维核磁共振相比,T2-T1二维核磁实验结果对测量参数更加敏感,已有学者对回波间隔(TE)、等待时间(TW)、扫描次数(SCAN)、回波个数(NECH)对实验结果的影响开展了深入研究,但磁场强度对T2-T1二维核磁的影响尚未见报道.对不同种类样品分别进行0.5T、0.05 T两种磁场强度(对应共振频率分别为21 MHz、2 MHz)下的T2-T1二维核磁共振实验,分析了磁场强度对实验结果的影响,研究表明:对于自由溶液,纵向弛豫时间(T1)对磁场强度更加敏感,磁场强度增大时,自由溶液T1增大、T2不变,T2-T1谱流体信号向上移动;对于实际岩样,受内部磁场梯度的影响,磁场强度增大时,T1增大、T2减小,T2-T1谱中流体信号向左上方移动.定量刻画了不同弛豫组分在磁场强度变化时谱峰位置的变化规律,能够将实验室得到的页岩油高频核磁流体识别图版转换为测井资料的低频流体识别图版,为二维核磁共振测井表征储层流体成分信息提供了理论依据.     

CHOOSING THE AVERAGING INTERVAL WHEN CALCULATING PRIMARY REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS FROM WELL LOGS1

Most seismic data is processed using a sample interval of 4 ms two-way time (twt). The study of the statistical properties of primary reflection coefficients showed that the power spectrum of primaries can change noticeably when the logs are averaged over blocks of 0.5, 1 and 2 ms twt (block-averaging). What is a suitable block-averaging interval for producing broadband synthetics, and in particular how should the power spectrum of primaries be constructed when it is to be used to correct 4 ms sampled deconvolved seismic data for the effects of coloured primary reflectivity? In this paper we show that for a typical sonic log, a block-averaging interval of 1 ms twt should satisfy some important requirements. Firstly, it is demonstrated that if the reflection coefficients in an interval are not too large the effect of all the reflection impulses can be represented by another much sparser set at intervals of Δt twt, The coefficient amplitudes are given by the differences in the logarithmic acoustic impedances, thus justifying block-averaging. However, a condition for this to hold up to the aliasing (Nyquist) frequency is that Δt takes a maximum value of about 1 ms twt. Secondly, an event on a log should be represented in the seismic data. For this the acoustic impedance contrast must have sufficient lateral extent or continuity. By making some tentative suggestions on the relation between continuity and bed-thickness, a bed-thickness requirement of 0.15 m or more is obtained. Combining this requirement with the maximum number of beds allowable in an interval in order that multiple reflections do not contribute significantly to the reflections in the interval, again suggests a value of about 1 ms for the block-averaging interval. With this in mind an experiment was performed on three sonic logs. The logs were block-averaged at 1 ms, and primary reflection coefficients calculated. These primaries were then anti-alias filtered and resampled to get a series of primaries at 4 ms, followed by ARMA spectrum fitting. The same logs were also block-averaged at 4 ms directly and primaries computed, followed by ARMA spectrum fitting. In all three cases the first approach gave the ARM A model spectrum with greatest dynamic range, which strongly suggests that direct 4 ms block-averaging introduces significant aliased energy into low frequencies of the primaries spectrum. The conclusion is that routine computation of broadband synthetics (primaries only or primaries plus multiples) should be carried out using a block-averaging interval of 1 ms twt, followed by anti-alias filtering and thinning to the desired final sample interval. In theory it would be advantageous to go to even finer intervals-say 0.5 ms-but in practice at this level the averaging of slowness imposed by the somic logging tool appears to attenuate high-wave number fluctuations, i.e. it interferes with the‘real’data. The 1ms choice is thus a reasonable compromise which will help minimize non-trivial aliasing effects and should give better matches to the seismic data.     

Estimation of the apertures of water-saturated fractures by nuclear magnetic resonance well logging

Fracture aperture is an important transport property in subsurface hydrology because it influences well productivity and the volume of the water resource. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) well logging measures the hydrogen‐bearing fluid molecules in porous or fractured strata, and the NMR signal intensity increases with the amount of fluid in the sensed region of the NMR sonde. Fluid confined in a large fracture of >>0.2 mm in aperture has T2 (i.e. spin‐spin relaxation time) values as long as those of the bulk fluid. The bulk‐fluid porosity (i.e. porosity calculated using this long T2 component in a T2 histogram data) increases linearly with aperture. Therefore, NMR logging enables quantitative estimation of fracture apertures of >>0.2 mm using the bulk‐fluid porosity data if the calibration of the NMR sonde is performed adequately. We applied NMR logging to a borehole in a Holocene andesite lava at Sumikawa, Japan, to estimate the aperture of open fractures within the lava. A test well of 100 m depth and 20 cm diameter, filled with bentonite drilling mud, was scanned with an NMR sonde to obtain a profile of the porosity and the T2 histogram of the andesite. The bulk‐fluid porosity was calculated from the T2 histogram data, as the porosity at which the T2 value is larger than or equal to a threshold T2 of bulk bentonite mud. The bulk‐fluid porosity of a specific inclined fracture responsible for the total loss of circulation at 61.2 m depth during drilling was calculated assuming a threshold or T2 cut‐off of 33 ms, and again for a cut‐off of 100 ms. Calibration of the NMR sensor in a laboratory and measurement of the fracture dip angle by electrical microimaging logging enabled us to estimate the fracture aperture as 1.7 cm, assuming a T2 cut‐off of 33 ms, or 1.6 cm for a T2 cut‐off of 100 ms. The method of aperture determination described in this study is independent of fluid species and lithology, and is applicable to various hydrogen‐bearing borehole fluids (clean water, mud and oil) and geological settings.     

基于核磁共振双截止值的致密砂岩渗透率评价新方法

对比分析致密砂岩岩心在完全含水状态和束缚水状态下的核磁共振T₂谱,明确了致密砂岩孔隙中流体的赋存状态和渗流规律,指出常规核磁共振方法预测渗透率的局限性并提出核磁共振双截止值的概念.基于核磁共振双截止值,将储集空间细分为完全可动、完全束缚、部分可动等三部分,分析不同孔隙组分对渗透率的影响,并应用三组分法建立了核磁共振渗透率表征新模型.研究表明：致密砂岩渗透率与完全可动流体饱和度、部分可动流体T₂几何平均值、核磁孔隙度成正比,与完全束缚流体饱和度成反比.在此基础上,结合完全含水核磁共振T₂谱的二阶差分得到了双截止值的自适应确定方法,可以连续地计算储层双截止值.将该研究成果应用于生产实践,渗透率计算精度有较大的提高.     

磁共振T2加权低信号机理及临床诊断价值

目的：对Ｔ２加权低信号产生机理及临床诊断价值进行探讨。方法：应用ｐｈｉｌｉｐｓ １．０Ｔ磁共振成像仪,采用ＴＲ１８００－２０００ｍｓ／ＴＥ８０－１５０ｍｓ获取Ｔ２加权像。结果：３０例急性出血;６０例慢性出血;２例黑色素瘤;１０例肝硬化结节;视网膜母细胞瘤５例,其它１５例,结论：Ｔ２加权低信号对疾病的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要意义。     

冠脉CTA联合磁共振T1 mapping评估STEMI患者可挽救心肌的应用价值

目的:应用冠状动脉血管造影（CTA）与磁共振纵向弛豫时间定量（T1 mapping）成像联合评估ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）患者心肌缺血后血管复流水平及再灌注损伤心肌可挽救程度。方法:收集临床确诊的30例STEMI患者（实验组）和符合纳入标准的20例健康人（对照组）。实验组行冠脉CTA检查和磁共振T1 mapping序列,CTA评估血管复流水平,T1 mapping定量测量心肌危险区体积与可挽救心肌指数。计算实验组与对照组心肌不同节段水平T1值,进行统计学分析。结果:冠脉CTA显示实验组LAD,LCX,RCA责任血管全部复流（100%）;T1 mapping测得STEMI患者心肌危险区30.2±8.8（% LV）,心肌核心梗死4.7±1.7（% LV）,其可挽救指数为67±16%。实验组危险心肌节段T1值（1 395±108 ms）>远端心肌节段T1值（1062±93 ms）>正常对照组心肌节段T1值（967±78 ms）（P<0.05）。但实验组三支责任血管所支配心肌节段平均T1值无显著性差异（P=0.79）。结论:冠脉CTA技术与磁共振T1 mapping序列可全面、定量评估STEMI患者缺血再灌注损伤心肌可挽救程度,为临床提供影像支持。      

Petrophysical inversion of AVA data

We investigate the interactions between the elastic parameters, V_P, V_S and density, estimated by non-linear inversion of AVA data, and the petrophysical parameters, depth (pressure), porosity, clay content and fluid saturation, of an actual gas-bearing reservoir. In particular, we study how the ambiguous solutions derived from the non-uniqueness of the seismic inversion affect the estimates of relevant rock properties. It results that the physically admissible values of the rock properties greatly reduce the range of possible seismic solutions and this range contains the actual values given by the well. By means of a statistical inversion, we analyse how approximate a priori knowledge of the petrophysical properties and of their relationships with the seismic parameters can be of help in reducing the ambiguity of the inversion solutions and eventually in estimating the petrophysical properties of the specific target reservoir. This statistical inversion allows the determination of the most likely values of the sought rock properties along with their uncertainty ranges. The results show that the porosity is the best-resolved rock property, with its most likely value closely approaching the actual value found by the well, even when we insert somewhat erroneous a priori information. The hydrocarbon saturation is the second best-resolved parameter, but its most likely value does not match the well data. The depth of the target interface is the least-resolved parameter and its most likely value is strongly dependent on a priori information. Although no general conclusions can be drawn from the results of this exercise, we envisage that the proposed AVA–petrophysical inversion and its possible extensions may be of use in reservoir characterization.     

OSL and radiocarbon dating of a core from the Bohai Sea in China and implication for Late Quaternary transgression pattern

The Bohai Sea is a semi-enclosed continental shelf sea in northern China. Three transgression layers have been identified from the Late Quaternary strata in the western Bohai Sea and the coastal regions, which provide critical information on Late Quaternary sea-level fluctuations and landscape development. The three transgression layers were previously assigned to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 1 (transgression 1, T1), MIS 3 (T2) and MIS 5 (T3), respectively, mainly based on ¹⁴C dating. However, this chronological framework aroused an enigma that the regional sea level in MIS 3 was even higher than that of MIS 5, conflicting with the context of global sea-level pattern. In order to clarify this issue, here quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating (four samples) was used to constrain the T2 chronology of borehole TJC-1 from the western Bohai Sea. Radiocarbon samples (eight) of peaty sediments were also measured for reference and comparison. All the four OSL samples showed saturation ages of >80 ka, suggesting that the T2 layer should have formed at least in MIS 5, instead of in MIS 3. Radiocarbon ages in T2 should have been severely underestimated, with a saturation age range of 22–30 cal ka BP, similar to all the previous published radiocarbon ages. The renewed OSL chronological framework for Late Quaternary transgressions in the western Bohai Sea is in better compliance with the history of global sea-level change.     

2D MRI和3D MRI序列对直肠癌术前分期诊断的价值研究

目的:评估磁共振二维T2加权自旋回波成像序列(2D-T2WI TSE)与三维T2加权自旋回波成像序列(3D-T2WI TSE,VISTA)两种成像方法在直肠癌术前分期的准确性。方法:采用飞利浦3.0T MR机扫描,由两位放射科医师独立评估,回顾性分析从2016年1月至2016年4月间经病理确诊的33例直肠癌患者的2D-MRI序列及3D VISTA扫描序列图像。运用SPSS统计软件分别分析2D序列及3D VISTA序列对直肠癌术前T、N分期的准确性,并检验诊断结果的一致性。结果:33例病例,医师1与医师2其常规2D和3D VISTA检查序列T分期的准确性分别为70%和85%(P=0.274)及73%和82%(P=0.454),Kappa分别为0.576和0.790及0.618和0.746,3D VISTA序列评估T分期与病理结果的一致性优于2D序列;其N分期的准确性分别为58%和70%(P=0.182)及58%和67%(P=0.218),Kappa分别为0.252和0.407及0.267和0.376,N分期2D及3D VISTA分期与病理结果的一致性较差。结论:2D与3D VISTA序列对直肠癌TN分期的准确性无统计学差异,但是3D VISTA较2D序列在鉴别T2与早期T3及N分期方面有一定潜在优势。      

极光区离子分布函数视线方向上的解析解及其饱和现象

以弛豫碰撞模式下Boltzmann方程的解为基础，从极光区视线方向上离子的非Maxwell一维速度分布函数的Raman等人的积分解出发，导出了一维速度分布函数的解析形式解，给出了它的一些特性，并研究了该分布函数随电场增强而出现的饱和现象，给出了物理解释，计算了几种情况下的饱和电场值．