超细钠基膨润土的制备

以莱西的钙基膨润土为原料,研究了分散方法、分散时间、分散剂种类及分散剂用量对膨润土钠化的影响,确定了最好的分散设备,提出了以3％的碳酸钠为钠化剂,0．4％的焦磷酸钠为分散剂,制备超细钠基膨润土的新工艺,并制备出了平均粒径为0．496μm的超细钠基膨润土。     

掺入膨润土中的石墨最大粒径确定方法

核废料处置库缓冲层除要具备良好的隔离防渗外,还需要有卓越的导热性能。为此,论文以钠基膨润土为基础,混入高导热率天然石墨,配置兼具防渗-导热功能的缓冲材料。按照相同的石墨掺入率（20%,质量比）,把最大粒径为50目、100目、200目和325目的石墨分别掺入膨润土,形成均匀的石墨-膨润土混合物。开展膨润土-石墨混合物自由膨胀率、恒体积膨胀力和渗透等水-力特性试验,探讨石墨粒径对膨润土-石墨混合物水-力性能的影响。结果表明,相同石墨掺入率下,最大粒径100~200目的石墨和膨润土混合,可以形成更好的缓冲材料,其渗透系数最小,而膨胀力最大。究其原因,应与石墨-膨润土的接触方式相关。石墨呈扁平状结构,粒径较大时,石墨和膨润土被压实后,容易在扁平结构末端形成未被充填的孔隙;而石墨粒径较小时,石墨和膨润土颗粒接触面积增大,石墨属于憎水性材料,膨润土-石墨界面处提供了更多渗漏通道。研究结论为配置核废料处置库缓冲层材料提供了科学参考。     

刘房子钠基膨润土矿石质量研究及应用

刘房子钠基膨润土矿床是我国膨润土矿石质量优异的矿区,经过三年的详查与勘探,探明钠基膨润土矿石2 300万t,钠蒙脱石含量高可达98%,平均含量达63.74%。本文通过X射线衍射、红外吸收光谱分析、矿物的粒度分析,并结合电子扫描对矿石质量进行了研究,应用热分析方法,确定刘房子钠基膨润土矿石具有的优良特征。     

用于除硅的铝盐改性膨润土的制备与表征

改变了传统制备铝盐改性膨润土工艺中原料的添加顺序,增强了膨润土的膨胀性能。对制备的铝盐改性膨润土进行SEM、XRD、粒径分布以及红外光谱表征,并与原料-钠基膨润土进行了对比,得到了改性的机理。最后,利用钠基膨润土和铝盐改性膨润土吸附硅酸盐的现象以及性能对铝盐改性膨润土进行了评估。结果表明：铝盐改性膨润土的制备方法较为简单,省去了传统工艺中加碱调节pH值,采用先将水浴钠基膨润土混合,再加改性剂的添加顺序,得到的铝盐改性的膨润土有很好的除硅效果,最高可达99%。     

膨润土/丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺三元共聚物的合成与吸水性能研究

采用水溶液法聚合法制备膨润土/丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺三元共聚物,获得的复合材料的吸水倍率达到872倍。讨论了膨润土加入量、交联剂的用量、丙烯酸的中和度、丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺的质量比等制备条件对高吸水性复合材料吸水倍率的影响。FTIR研究证实膨润土已经有效地与高聚物结合,膨润土对共聚物的吸水速率和保水能力具有一定的影响。     

基于改进滤失试验的重金属污染膨润土渗透特性试验研究

通过改进滤失试验研究典型钠化改性钙基和天然钠基膨润土在重金属铅-镉以及铬作用下渗透系数的变化规律。研究发现,膨润土试样渗透系数在重金属铅-镉浓度小于6mmol/L时增幅较小,为2~3倍;当浓度超过10mmol/L时呈急剧增大的趋势。铬酸钾溶液作用下,钠化改性钙基膨润土的渗透系数低于未污染试样;天然钠基膨润土的渗透系数则增大2~8倍。两者差异归因于土-液相互作用下铬在不同pH-Eh环境中化学形态的不同。研究中钠化改性钙基膨润土浆液中铬以阴离子络合的六价铬形态存在,使得膨润土颗粒表面负电荷密度趋于增加,因而保持和促进膨润土的分散状态。天然钠基膨润土浆液中铬则出现以阳离子形态存在的三价铬,显著挤压膨润土颗粒双电层,导致膨润土颗粒团聚。综合国内外研究总结无机盐溶液作用下膨润土化学相容性随污染程度变化规律,发现渗透系数比与离子强度关系存在一临界值,当离子强度达到该临界值则渗透系数将呈数量级增大。     

HELOS/BF型激光粒度仪湿法测试条件的优化

激光粒度仪以测试速度快、操作方便、重复性好等优点得到越来越广泛的应用,但仪器技术参数和测试条件不同对样品粒度测试结果有着显著影响。本文通过实验得到了HELOS/BF型激光粒度仪的优化测试条件,结果表明:对于比重小或粒径小的样品,采用低搅拌速率、高超声强度和较长超声时间;对于粒径大或比重大的样品,应采用高搅拌速率、低超声强度和较短超声时间。分散剂能加快样品颗粒的分散,且对于粒径小的样品分散效果更好。测试时进样浓度(遮光度)过低,样品中的颗粒数过少,检测不到足够的信号,使样品不具有代表性,样品粒径测定结果偏高;进样浓度过高,出现多重散射而使粒度分布范围较宽,样品粒径测定结果偏低。研究认为,HELOS/BF型激光粒度仪的合适进样浓度为10%～25%。     

江西广丰李家膨润土压实性能研究--高放废物处置缓冲/回填材料压实性能初探

研究了广丰李家钠基膨润土的压实性能,得出了不同压实功作用下,膨润土干密度与含水率之间的关系．以及粒径、压实功等因素对压实性能的影响;在相同压实功和相同含水率条件下,膨润土粒径较小时相对应的干密度较小．当压实功为2684．9kJ／m^3时,钠基膨润土的最大干密度可达1．525g／cm^3,最优含水率为26．30％。首次选用石英砂作为添加荆,探索了添加荆对膨润土压实性能的改善作用,实验结果说明石英砂添加荆的加入可以大大提高膨润土的干密度。减小对应的最优含水率,并得出约10％的石英砂是添加剂的最佳用量。该研究结果为钠基膨润土作为高放废物处置库缓冲／回填材料的性能评价提供了重要的依据。     

青海大场矿区永冻层低温钻井液试验研究

针对大场矿区永冻层钻进过程中出现的冻钻、塌孔和钻井液絮凝等特点,结合矿场钻探地质资料,在粗分散抑制性抗低温钻井液体系基础上,利用正交实验法优选出了适宜大场矿区永冻层钻进的配方。配方:1 000mL水+2%Na2CO3(钠基膨润土的2%)+4%钠基膨润土+10%NaCl+2%KCl+5%乙二醇+0.15%Na-CMC(高黏)+0.3%LV-PAC(低黏)。实验表明该配方在-10℃条件下仍能保持良好的性能,未出现冻结、絮凝等现象;同时,运用DPS软件分析了该钻井液的流体类型,结果表明该钻井液为幂律流体,在低温下该钻井液的非牛顿性增强,流动性能较好。     

膨润土防水毯渗透性能的温度效应

以颗粒状钠基膨润土防水毯为研究对象,采用改造的GDS全自动环境岩土渗透仪开展渗透试验,研究温度和压力对渗透系数的影响。研究表明:低围压下膨润土防水毯的渗透系数随温度的增加而减小,温度较高时趋于平缓或略有增大;围压增为100 kPa时,渗透系数随温度的增加而增大。固有渗透率随温度的增加而减小;低围压下固有渗透率减小更显著,仅考虑流体物理性质变化的渗透系数估算值与实测值有很大差异。膨润土吸附结合水量随温度的升高而减小,不能解释膨润土防水毯渗透系数和固有渗透率随温度的变化规律。当温度升高时,粒间孔隙减小且颗粒状膨润土分解成凝胶态蒙脱石颗粒,在低围压下凝胶态蒙脱石颗粒层间距离减小,是渗透系数和固有渗透率随温度的升高而减小的主要原因。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861