土壤墒情监测仪器拟合公式研究

土壤墒情监测迟迟不能实现自动化,主要原因是墒情监测仪器的监测精度始终停留在只能定性地监视旱情的变化趋势,无法用自动监测数据准确分析出不同的干旱等级和计算出对应的受旱耕地面积。结合吉林省墒情监测工作实际,开展了土壤墒情监测仪器拟合公式的研究,提出了土壤墒情监测仪器拟合公式的最佳形式,对于仪器厂家转变观念,改变仪器公式形式,提高仪器监测精度,早日实现墒情监测自动化具有很好地参考价值。     

关于土壤墒情自动监测精度的探讨

简要介绍了时域反射和频域反射土壤水分监测仪器的工作原理,利用在安徽六安望城岗蒸发实验站土壤墒情仪器自动监测和人工对比观测的数据,分析了土壤墒情仪器自动监测数据的精度;探索了通过对比观测数据修正仪器的土壤水分计算公式参数,提高土壤墒情仪器自动监测精度的方法。     

土壤水分监测仪器监测精度研究

土壤含水量是干旱区旱情分析不可缺少的水文要素。准确监测干旱区土壤含水量对旱情分析、灾害评估、抗旱决策具有重要意义。如何快速、准确测取土壤含水量是摆在墒情监测工作者和监测仪器生产厂家面前亟待解决的问题。结合墒情监测工作实际,针对提高土壤水分监测仪器的监测精度进行了探索和研究,提出了建设性意见。     

土壤水分监测仪器野外对比测试分析研究

近年来,随着抗旱工作的全面深入开展,土壤墒情监测工作日益得到重视。鉴于目前我国土壤墒情自动监测工作起步较晚,部分省(自治区、直辖市)试点建设的墒情自动监测系统的监测数据准确性、稳定性不高等问题,水利部水文局组织对目前在国内应用的国内外主要土壤水分传感器开展了两期土壤水分监测仪器野外对比测试分析研究。根据两期比测研究成果,结合近年来土壤墒情监测工作经验,提出了比测技术方法、评估技术指标,初步分析了不同产品性能,并进一步探讨提出了提高土壤水分监测仪器产品质量和土壤墒情监测数据可靠性的建议。     

新疆阿勒泰地区土壤墒情自动监测站精度改进的探讨及对策

土壤墒情传统监测方式主要采用人工观测方式,近些年来,随着信息化技术的快速发展,信息自动化采集技术逐步应用到土壤墒情的自动监测中。本文结合新疆阿勒泰地区土壤墒情自动监测数据和实测土含数据,建立两者多元自回归方程,对自动监测墒情数据进行修正。结果表明:误差修正前,墒情自动监测点误差呈非正态分布,存在明显误差,而修正后,土壤墒情自动监测数据的精度可提高20%～30%,满足测墒误差要求。     

辽宁地区土壤墒情自动监测站精度改进探讨

以辽宁地区为研究实例,结合土壤墒情自动监测站点数据,提出相应的监测数据修正方法,并对其监测精度进行改进,提出相应的对策措施。结果表明:通过数据修正后,土壤墒情自动监测和人工采样数据之间的误差低于20%,采样误差曲线进行修订后,自动监测值和人工测定值之间的相关系数可达0. 6以上。以期对辽宁地区土壤墒情自动监测推广和应用具有科学的参考价值。     

农田土壤墒情监测预报抗旱减灾效益好

本文针对淮北旱情特点,阐述了开展墒情监测预报工作是实现科学分配水资源,走节水型灌溉农业之路的一项重要的技术措施,并详细介绍了这项工作的进展情况,提出了在淮北地区建设墒情监测预报抗旱减灾信息管理系统的设想。     

土壤水分监测技术方法应用比较研究

土壤墒情是反映旱情最直接的重要指标,土壤水分是植物水分的直接来源,决定着植物的生长状况的好坏,因此测量土壤水分有着重要的实际意义。近年来,随着抗旱工作的全面深入开展,土壤水分监测工作日益得到重视,土壤水分自动监测仪器逐步推广应用,但由于水利系统开展土壤水分自动监测较晚,对其工作原理认识不足。本文在概述土壤水分常用监测技术方法基础上,较为系统的介绍了频域反射法(FDR)和时域发射法(TDR)工作原理,以及有关数学公式,评述了主要监测技术方法的优缺点,并对今后有关工作开展提出了建议。     

退墒曲线在墒情数据过滤及预报方面的应用

在对历史干旱年的墒情数据进行大量分析的基础上,利用土壤退墒曲线,滤除自动监测的异常值,使自动墒情站数据的可靠性得到保证。在满足生产精度,充分发挥自动监测作用的同时,减少了干旱期间人工加密监测的频次,节约了监测成本。同时利用退墒曲线可对连续无雨条件下,今后一段时间内的墒情进行预测,从而为抗旱决策提供依据。     

基于MODIS数据的山东省土壤墒情遥感动态监测与分析

干旱灾害是我国主要的自然灾害之一。近年来,连续性、极端干旱灾害时有发生,对我国粮食安全、饮水安全和生态安全造成严重威胁。土壤墒情是旱情监测的重要指标,遥感技术具有观测范围广、实时性强以及成本低廉等优势,可以广泛应用于土壤墒情监测。本文分析了土壤墒情与地表参数NDVI(归一化植被指数)和LJST(地表温度)的关系,建立了基于NDVI和LST、并考虑土壤类型的土壤墒情遥感监测模型。利用该模型,基于MODIS遥感影像和地面实测墒情,对2010年10月到2011年5月山东省旱情进行了动态监测。监测结果显示:山东省的旱情经历了不断加重,再到逐渐缓解。然后又局部加重。最终全部缓解的过程,干旱核心区为鲁南地区,与实际情况一致。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861