几种海藻中无机阴离子的组成及与海水环境的关系

采用色谱法分析获得了10种常见海藻中的 F–、Cl–、组成特征,并初步探讨了其阴离子组成与海水环境的初步关系.结果表明,主要无机阴离子总含量褐藻高于绿藻和红藻,且存在显著性差异;褐藻和绿藻门的羽藻容易富集碘,是良好的生物碘源.通过多元统计分析显示 Cl–与 I–相关程度最密切(r=0.681),其次是主要是F–、SO ?和缩因子与海水中该元素逗留时间的对数相关统计表明,孔石莼、浒苔和鼠尾藻的相关系数大于0.9,说明某些海藻与海水中的非金属无机元素的分布迁移有密切的联系,研究近岸区域海藻中无机非金属元素的组成可为揭示元素生物地球化学循环提供重要讯息.PO ?与 I–以及34 PO ?与 Cl–;主成分 1 34 24 NO?贡献比较大,主成分2主要是3 PO ?、Cl–及I–贡献比较大.海藻中阴离子的浓34 SO ?、24 PO ?、34 NO?、I–等无机阴离子的3     

Analysis of Ac in seawater by delayed coincidence counting

The activity of ²²⁷Ac in seawater was determined using a delayed coincidence counting technique based on the measurement of the short-lived daughter ²²³Ra (half-life of 11 days). Two 180-l aliquots of Ac free seawater from surface waters of the California borderlands were spiked with Harwell Uraninite standard and the added Ac and Ra were extracted on Mn-fibers. The measured activities on the fibers agreed to within 5% of the equilibrium Ac activity of the spike addition, well within the 2σ counting error of 7% for the measurements. Thus, any recovery error was indistinguishable from counting error. Large volume samples were collected from the water column of the Eastern North Pacific in December of 1998 and processed through Mn-fiber columns. The ²²³Ra activities on the fibers were measured four or more times over a period of 2 months by the technique of [J. Geophys. Res. 101 (1996) 1321] to determine if the activity of ²²³Ra was wholly supported by ²²⁷Ac. In most cases, no significant differences in ²²³Ra activity were observed during repeated counting of the same sample, again implying that ²²³Ra was supported wholly by ²²⁷Ac. In samples where unsupported ²²³Ra were present, samples were counted beyond five half live of the ²²³Ra (>60 days). Two depth profiles of ²²⁷Ac in the Eastern North Pacific showed similar shape and activity to profiles in the Western and Central Pacific measured with alpha-spectrometry by [Nature 310 (1984) 486). Surface waters of the Southern Ocean were relatively enriched in ²²⁷Ac compared to Eastern North Pacific waters, possibly indicating export of the parent ²³¹Pa from Atlantic surface waters or upwelling.     

Impact of environmental factors on in situ determination of iron in seawater by flow injection analysis

A sensitive method for iron determination in seawater has been adapted on a submersible chemical analyser for in situ measurements. The technique is based on flow injection analysis (FIA) coupled with spectrophotometric detection. When direct injection of seawater was used, the detection limit was 1.6 nM, and the precision 7%, for a triplicate injection of a 4 nM standard. At low iron concentrations, on line preconcentration using a column filled with 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) resin was used. The detection limit was 0.15 nM (time of preconcentration = 240 s), and the precision 6%, for a triplicate determination of a 1 nM standard, allowing the determination of Fe in most of the oceanic regimes, except the most depleted surface waters. The effect of temperature, pressure, salinity, copper, manganese, and iron speciation on the response of the analyser was investigated. The slope of the calibration curves followed a linear relation as a function of pressure (C_p = 2.8 × 10^{− 5}P + 3.4 × 10^{− 2} s nmol^{− 1}, R² = 0.997, for Θ = 13 °C) and an exponential relation as a function of temperature (C_Θ = 0.009e^0.103Θ, R² = 0.832, for P = 3 bar). No statistical difference at 95% confidence level was observed for samples of different salinities (S = 0, 20, 35). Only very high concentration of copper (1000 × [Fe]) produced a detectable interference. The chemical analyser was deployed in the coastal environment of the Bay of Brest to investigate the effect of iron speciation on the response of the analyser. Direct injection was used and seawater samples were acidified on line for 80 s. Dissolved iron (DFe, filtered seawater (0.4 μm), acidified and stored at pH 1.8) corresponded to 29 ± 4% of Fe_a (unfiltered seawater, acidified in line at pH 1.8 for 80 s). Most of Fe_a (71 ± 4%) was probably a fraction of total dissolvable iron (TDFe, unfiltered seawater, acidified and stored at pH 1.8).     

大亚湾西部和北部浅水区夏半年的温,盐度分析

本文以实测资料为依据,分析了大亚湾近岸浅水区夏半年水温和盐度的时空变化特征。结果表明,除由于太阳辐射导致的季节变化及沿岸浅水区潮汐效应引起的日变化外,外海水团的间歇性入侵是影响本海域水温和盐度变化的重要因素。     

Modelling of natural and synthetic polyelectrolyte interactions in natural waters by using SIT, Pitzer and Ion Pairing approaches

In this paper SIT and Pitzer models are used for the first time to describe the interactions of natural and synthetic polyelectrolytes in natural waters. Measurements were made potentiometrically at 25 °C in single electrolyte media, such as Et₄NI and NaCl (for fulvic acid 0.1 < I /mol L^− 1 < 0.75), and in a multi-component medium simulating the composition of natural waters at a wide range of salinities (for fulvic and alginic acids: 5 < S < 45) with particular reference to sea water [Synthetic Sea Water for Equilibrium studies, SSWE]. In order to simplify calculations, SSWE was considered to be a “single salt” BA, with cation B and anion A representing all the major cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺) and anions (Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻) in natural sea water, respectively. The ion pair formation model was also applied to fulvate and alginate in artificial sea water by examining the interaction of polyanions with the single sea water cation. Results were compared with those obtained from previous speciation studies of synthetic polyelectrolytes (polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids of different molecular weights). Results indicate that the SIT, Pitzer and Ion Pairing formation models used in studies of low molecular weight electrolytes may also be applied to polyelctrolytes with a few simple adjustments.     

Analysis of thermohaline and current distribution characteristics of Zhejiang and Fujian waters in summer

This paper analyzed the distribution of thermohaline and circulation characteristics of Zhejiang and Fujian waters, based on the cross-sectional thermohaline data and on current data (up to 30 d duration) at fixed-point moorings, collected in the summer of 2006. We also performed low-pass filtering and spectrum analysis on the mooring submersible buoy data. Based on that analysis, we discussed the characteristics of low frequency currents and time-variations in these waters. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) There is a low salinity pinnate area near the Hangzhou Bay in summer, and outside the low salinity area, an obvious salinity front is present from surface to bottom near 123°E. There is also a temperature front below the surface at a corresponding position. (2) Bottom water of the Taiwan Warm Current comes from the subsurface of Kuroshio. (3) The direction of low frequency current at fixed anchor stations is N-NE or S, which mainly depends on the interaction of control currents in this waters. (4) Significant spectral peaks at all mooring stations are typically semidiurnal and diurnal tides. Semidiurnal tidal waves are the main ones in these waters, and have more energy closer to the shore. (5) Significant energy spectral peaks of middle period (3 to 8 d) of currents are responses to weather frequency. (6) Significant energy spectral peaks of long periods at the surface or bottom are probably responses to seasonal wind or bottom friction, while, the long period peaks of other depths can reflect cyclical changes of interactions between currents. We conclude that the pulsation period of the Taiwan Warm Current in these waters is 10-17 d.     

Impact of the Mediterranean Outflow Water on particle dynamics in intermediate waters of the Northeast Atlantic, as revealed by Th and Th

Over the last decade ²³⁴Th has become increasingly used to study particle transport in the ocean on a timescale of weeks. The application of ²³⁴Th is mainly focused on the determination of particle and associated carbon fluxes from oceanic surface water. However, ²³⁴Th is also suitable for investigating particle dynamic from the upper ocean down to interface sediments, as illustrated by the present work which reports unexpected behavior of ²³⁴Th in intermediate waters associated with the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW). Concentration profiles of dissolved ²³⁸U and ²²⁸Ra, and dissolved and particulate ²³⁴Th and ²²⁸Th were measured in the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) near the Gibraltar Straits and at two sites (36°30′N–15°35′W, Nicole; 36°27′N–10°35′W, Yseult) which had hydrographic characteristics of Meddies, i.e. MOW that propagates as eddies in the Northeastern Atlantic at intermediate depths.There are marked differences in the distribution of thorium between MOW and the surrounding Atlantic waters. At the youngest Meddy Nicole salinity maximum at 1000 m depth, ²³⁴Th(total) : ²³⁸U and ²²⁸Th(total) : ²²⁸Ra activity ratios are significantly lower than radioactive equilibrium, indicating an unusual deficit of short half-life thorium nuclides. This implies an export of thorium, presumably on particles, from intermediate Meddy Nicole waters. This process is supported by an increase of particulate thorium fluxes measured in sediment traps deployed for two weeks above and within Meddy Nicole. In contrast, offshore Meddy Yseult has more typical profiles of both thorium nuclides that are nearly in equilibrium with their parents. These results indicate that at intermediate depths, the presence of MOW affects the exchange of reactive elements between particles and dissolved forms and enhances the downward flux of particles from intermediate waters in the Northeast Atlantic.     

荧光光谱结合主成分分析对硅藻和甲藻的识别测定

将浮游植物三维荧光光谱与主成分分析方法相结合,针对我国东海常见的12种藻建立了硅藻和甲藻的识别测定技术。根据Fisher判别分析结果,选用三维荧光光谱的第一主成分得分谱作为硅藻和甲藻的识别特征谱,建立了浮游植物荧光特征谱库。在此基础上,利用非负最小二乘法进行识别测定,其中单门类样品共有78个,识别正确率为95%,回收率≥81%;2个门类的混合样品共有18个,识别正确率为83%,回收率≥80%。     

Tide Forecasting of Tides Around Taiwan by Artificial Neural Network Method and Wavelet Analysis

In multiresolution analysis(MRA)by wavelet function Daubechies(db),we decompose the signal to two parts,the low and high frequency content.The high-frequency content of the data is removed first and a new "de-noise" signal is reconstructed by using inverse wavelet transform.The wavelet spectrum and harmonic analysis were used to analyze the characteristics of tidal data before constructing the input and output structure of ANN model.That is,the concept of tidal constituent phase-lags was introduced and the new "de-noise" signal was used as the input data set of ANN and the forecasting accuracy of ANN model is significantly improved.     

Energy Transfer Mechanism and Probability Analysis of Submarine Pipe Laterally Impacted by Dropped Objects

Energy transfer ratio is the basic-factor affecting the level of pipe damage during the impact between dropped object and submarine pipe. For the purpose of studying energy transfer and damage mechanism of submarine pipe impacted by dropped objects, series of experiments are designed and carried out. The effective yield strength is deduced to make the quasi-static analysis more reliable, and the normal distribution of energy transfer ratio caused by lateral impact on pipes is presented by statistic analysis of experimental results based on the effective yield strength, which provides experimental and theoretical basis for the risk analysis of submarine pipe system impacted by dropped objects. Failure strains of pipe material are confirmed by comparing experimental results with finite element simulation. In addition, impact contact area and impact time are proved to be the major influence factors of energy transfer by sensitivity analysis of the finite element simulation.     

Interdecadal Variations of ENSO Signals and Annual Cycles Revealed by Wavelet Analysis

Interdecadal variations of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signals and annual cycles appearing in the sea surface temperature (SST) and zonal wind in the equatorial Pacific during 1950–1997 are studied by wavelet, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses. The typical timescale of ENSO is estimated to be about 40 months before the late 1970s and 48–52 months after that; the timescale increased by about 10 months. The spatial pattern of the ENSO signal appearing in SST also changed in the 1970s; before that, the area of strong signal spread over the extratropical regions, while it is confined near the equator after that. The center of the strongest signal shifted from the central and eastern equatorial Pacific to the South American coast at that time. These SST fluctuations near the equator are associated with fluctuations of zonal wiond, whose spatial pattern also shifted considerably eastward at that time. In the eastern equatorial Pacific, amplitudes of annual cycles of SST are weak in El Niño years and strong in La Niña years. This relation is not clear, however, in the 1980s and 1990s.     

Analysis of stiffened shell for ships and ocean structures by finite element method

Static analysis of stiffened shells has been carried out using an eight-noded isoparametric element for the shell and a three-noded curved beam element for the stiffener. A same displacement function is used for the shell and the stiffener elements. A modified technique has been followed to analyse the shell, which is an improvement over the degenerated shell concept. The stiffness matrix of the curved beam element is generated irrespective of its position and orientation within the shell element. The stiffness matrix of the stiffener is then transferred to all the nodes of the shell element. Numerical examples of stiffened shells with concentric and eccentric stiffeners have been analysed and the results presented together with those available in published literature.     

基于GNSS观测网的双差和非差解算结果比较分析

利用BERNESE软件双差定位模块与PANDA软件非差精密单点定位模块,处理了中国沿海GNSS观测网2009年120天~365天的数据资料,分别从外符合和内符合精度对结果进行比较分析。结果表明:BERNESE软件双差定位解算出的坐标精度要优于PANDA软件精密单点定位,但相差不大。