生态酯类材料砂土改良及工程护坡应用

为提高砂土边坡的稳定性并实现生态护坡,采用生态酯类材料——纳米水性黏合剂对砂土进行改良,通过凝胶渗透色谱法和热重法分别对纳米水性黏合剂的相对分子质量及分布、热稳定性等进行了测试与分析;通过设计并开展不同纳米水性黏合剂掺入量条件下砂土的无侧限抗压强度试验和直接剪切试验,研究了砂土的强度改良效果与规律;通过崩解试验和边坡冲刷模型试验,研究了砂土的遇水稳定性和坡面抗冲刷能力的改良效果与规律,并进一步分析了砂土改良及生态护坡机制。结果表明,纳米水性黏合剂能提高砂土的强度、水稳定性及坡面抗冲刷能力。随黏合剂掺入量的增加,砂土的无侧限抗压强度和黏聚力增大,黏聚力的增加幅度可达46%～77%,而内摩擦角变化较小;砂土的崩解系数和峰值崩解速率减小,最大崩解速率出现的时间越发滞后;坡面冲刷率降低约68%～86%。边坡防护工程实际应用效果表明,纳米水性黏合剂的固土效果好,作用时间长,促进植被生长,实现了边坡的长效生态防护。     

Analytical method for analysis of slope stability

An analytical method is presented for analysis of slope stability involving cohesive and non-cohesive soils. Earthquake effects are considered in an approximate manner in terms of seismic coefficient-dependent forces. Two kinds of failure surfaces are considered in this study: a planar failure surface, and a circular failure surface. The proposed method can be viewed as an extension of the method of slices, but it provides a more accurate treatment of the forces because they are represented in an integral form. The factor of safety is obtained by using the minimization technique rather than by a trial and error approach used commonly. The factors of safety obtained by the analytical method are found to be in good agreement with those determined by the local minimum factor-of-safety, Bishop's, and the method of slices. The proposed method is straightforward, easy to use, and less time-consuming in locating the most critical slip surface and calculating the minimum factor of safety for a given slope. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浙江三门核电厂人工高边坡稳定性评价

拟建浙江三门核电厂人工边坡长约180 m,边坡最高约53 m。该边坡坡脚与拟建的核岛、常规岛或其他重要建（构）筑物之间的距离仅为50多米,故需对边坡的稳定性进行评估。采用工程地质类比法、赤平极射图解分析法及MARC有限元对拟建边坡进行稳定性评价,认为边坡总体开挖角不大于60°时,整体上是稳定的。建议实际开挖坡角55°左右,采用分级放坡,边坡阶段高度可按8.0～10.0 m考虑,马道宽度3.0 m左右,并设截水沟等排水设施。     

Embankment reliability versus factor of safety: Before and after slide repair

Probabilistic slope stability analyses incorporate more information regarding the input variables than do traditional deterministic analyses. Consequently, more information is contained in the results. A probabilistic method for slope stability analysis for very general problems was presented by Wolff and Harr.¹ The method allows analysis of a broad range of slope stability problems. In this Application Brief, the method is reviewed and used to illustrate the significant change in reliability of a dam slope from the time of an actual slide to the time the slide was repaired by the construction of a rock toe berm.     

坡面松散砾石土侵蚀过程及其特征研究

砾石土因其含砾、粉细砂和粘性土,具有级配宽、不均匀系数大、透水性强等特点,在土石坝防渗体土料和工程防渗墙中得到广泛应用。目前的研究多针对砾石土在工程应用方面,对于坡面松散砾石土降雨淋滤作用导致土体细粒成分流失、土体组构改变以至影响土体力学性质变化以及坡面物质稳定性变化等系列研究并不多见。利用人工降雨装置,进行了人工降雨坡面松散砾石土降雨淋滤试验,开展了砾石土侵蚀过程及其特征初步试验研究。试验表明,降雨作用下砾石土斜坡表面土体形态变化具有明显的阶段性特征,随着坡长的增加,产流率和侵蚀模数成线性增加,径流量随降雨时间跳跃和波动性增加,径流泥沙含量随降雨时间的增加以近似幂函数曲线关系递减。     

香港大屿山残坡积土的残余强度试验研究

粘性土的残余强度是边坡稳定性评价、桩基与土的相互作用机理研究及填土边坡设计中的重要参数。本文在综述大量文献的基础上,结合香港大屿山火山岩风化残坡积土的残余强度试验研究,分析了残余强度的测试方法和影响残余强度的因素。研究结果表明,残余强度与有效法向应力间具有明显的非线性关系;与单剪测试结果相比,多级剪测试结果明显偏高。     

基坑预留土台的简化分析方法研究

利用有限元软件对基坑预留土台对围护结构的内力及变形的影响规律进行研究,并对预留土台作用下围护桩的内力及变形的简化计算方法进行探讨。分析结果表明,预留土台的存在对减小围护桩的内力及变形具有显著的作用,且随着预留土台宽度、高度的增大,围护桩的内力及变形呈明显的减小趋势,但当预留土台宽度增大至约1倍开挖深度时,围护桩的变形逐渐趋于稳定。当计算预留土台作用下的围护桩变形及内力时,先利用弹性地基梁法计算该开挖深度下的围护桩的变形及内力,然后乘以预留土台的面积折减系数,即可得到预留土台作用下的围护桩变形及内力。经实际工程验证,采用该简化计算方法可较为简便地计算预留土台作用下围护桩的内力及变形。     

Mapping areas of potential slope failures in cohesive soils using a shadow-casting algorithm – A case study from SW Sweden

When performing landslide susceptibility mapping of rotational slides in fine grained soils, slope algorithms found in common GIS software have two major shortcomings. Firstly, these types of terrain algorithms only consider the slope angle at the surface. Secondly, the algorithm is local by its design i.e. it only considers neighbouring pixels. Due to the behaviour of a retrogressive rotational landslide, it would be more preferable to consider slope information as a predetermined cross-section angle from the base of the slope. This paper presents a new method using shadow casting algorithms for preliminary landslide susceptibility mapping in cohesive soils. A case study from western Sweden is also presented.     

鹰厦铁路典型顺层岩质边坡稳定性分析

影响顺层岩质边坡稳定性的主要因素有岩体的粘聚力和节理裂隙面的粘聚力,与一般边坡不同,节理面粘聚力大小决定了顺层边坡的稳定性。选取鹰厦铁路典型顺层边坡进行分析,采用数值模拟方法,比较不同节理面粘聚力下的边坡应力应变规律,得出在岩体粘聚力比较大而节理面粘聚力较小的情况下,顺层边坡会由于节理面产生拉应力而破坏。对于节理面可能出现的破坏形式提出了加固预应力锚固措施,进行加固措施后用数值模拟分析,对边坡的受力特征进行分析,得出预应力锚固方法促进节理边坡的稳定性。     

在软土地基上有反压护道路堤及堤坝的稳定计算

用反压护道对软土路基进行处理,是保证路堤及堤坝稳定常用的工程措施之一。而目前较常使用的极限平衡法在对有反压护道的路堤及堤坝稳定性进行分析计算时,其结果及搜索到的滑动面位置和形状与实际差别较大。通过强度折减分析了不同工况下有反压护道的路堤的稳定性,并与极限平衡法进行了对比,结果表明,强度折减法的分析结果更接近工程实际情况。利用早期得出的复杂荷载作用下路堤的填土极限高度计算公式,实现用填土极限高度控制路堤的稳定性。最后,以工程实例验证了强度折减和填土极限高度判断有反压护道路堤稳定性是切实可行的。     

一种填方路堤反压护道断面设计的解析方法研究

针对软弱地基上的高速公路填方路堤稳定性问题,利用整体圆弧法稳定性分析原理,推导了同时考虑滑动面上黏聚力 和内摩擦角 联合作用的平衡方程;并将滑面上内摩擦角 在滑面切向方向上的作用等效为黏聚力作用,提出在此条件下的等效黏聚力概念;进而利用平衡方程和等效黏聚力讨论了合理反压护道宽度和高度的确定方法。以某高速公路反压护道工程为背景,进行了护道断面尺寸的设计计算和分析,并将安全系数和滑体特征与规范推荐方法进行了对比分析。结果表明：相对只考虑黏聚力的计算结果,综合考虑黏聚力 和内摩擦角 联合作用的分析方法更接近大部分软弱地基内摩擦角非零的工程实际条件,且在获得相同安全系数时具有更优的断面尺寸（节约用地和土方量）;该方法与规范推荐方法计算的安全系数有紧密的联系,其值取1.05时与规范容许值较为吻合;该方法能避免设计中依靠经验反复试算确定护道尺寸的盲目性,可减少设计工作量。     

Geotechnical aspects of soil slips in Alpine regions

Slope movements are due to many different causes. Numerous investigations carried out during the last ten years have led to the supposition that almost all slope movements, and particularly those occurring in soils, are conditioned by a significant combination of factors.For the Alpine regions, quantity, duration and kind of precipitation have to be considered as direct mechanical causes. Combined with such contributing factors as geological and soil-mechanical properties, aspect, vegetation, slope inclination and slope morphology, they will determine the type, dimensions and process of slope movements.The detailed investigation of 140 slope movements in slightly cohesive soils show that the process of movement is represented by sliding and flow events. In particular it was found out that shallow scars with planar slides predominate so that the supposition of an infinite slope model for slope stability appears to be justified. In many cases debris flows and debris avalanches continued downslope of the source area of the scars.     

Reliability bearing capacity analysis of footings on cohesive soil slopes using RFEM

Reliability analysis of bearing capacity of a strip footing at the crest of a simple slope with cohesive soil was carried out using the random finite element method (RFEM). Analyses showed that the coefficient of variation and the spatial correlation length of soil cohesion can have a large influence on footing bearing capacity, particularly for slopes with large height to footing width ratios. The paper demonstrates cases where a footing satisfies a deterministic design factor of safety of 3 but the probability of design failure is unacceptably high. Isotropic and anisotropic spatial variability of the soil strength was also considered.     

Advanced reliability analysis of slopes in spatially variable soils using multivariate adaptive regression splines

This study aims to extend the multivariate adaptive regression splines(MARS)-Monte Carlo simulation(MCS) method for reliability analysis of slopes in spatially variable soils. This approach is used to explore the influences of the multiscale spatial variability of soil properties on the probability of failure(P_f) of the slopes. In the proposed approach, the relationship between the factor of safety and the soil strength parameters characterized with spatial variability is approximated by the MARS, with the aid of Karhunen-Loeve expansion. MCS is subsequently performed on the established MARS model to evaluate Pf.Finally, a nominally homogeneous cohesive-frictional slope and a heterogeneous cohesive slope, which are both characterized with different spatial variabilities, are utilized to illustrate the proposed approach.Results showed that the proposed approach can estimate the P_f of the slopes efficiently in spatially variable soils with sufficient accuracy. Moreover, the approach is relatively robust to the influence of different statistics of soil properties, thereby making it an effective and practical tool for addressing slope reliability problems concerning time-consuming deterministic stability models with low levels of P_f.Furthermore, disregarding the multiscale spatial variability of soil properties can overestimate or underestimate the P_f. Although the difference is small in general, the multiscale spatial variability of the soil properties must still be considered in the reliability analysis of heterogeneous slopes, especially for those highly related to cost effective and accurate designs.     

某机场飞行区土工格栅加筋高边坡优化设计

土工格栅加筋土边坡是一种新型的边坡支护结构,对于提高边坡稳定性、节约工程用地、保护生态环境意义重大。为了对机场加筋高填方边坡加固方案进行优化设计,本文以某机场跑道西北角的6#高填方边坡为例,首先基于边坡的地质条件和高填方边坡的实际情况,提出3种不同边坡坡率的加筋土边坡设计方案;其次采用简化Bishop法、Spencer楔形体法以及Morgenstern-Price法分别计算在天然、暴雨以及地震工况下的边坡稳定系数;最后利用有限元法分析3种加固方案下的加筋土边坡在天然工况下的变形特征以及筋材轴力分布规律。结果表明：3种设计方案在天然、暴雨以及地震工况下均能满足边坡稳定性要求,贴坡填筑的多级加筋土边坡的筋材轴力分布规律沿着竖向呈现锯齿状分布,最大筋材轴力在每级边坡的坡脚处突变增大。与加筋土缓坡（坡率1∶1.5）设计方案相比,加筋土挡墙（坡率1∶0.25）在坡高、筋材使用量、护坡面积以及挖填方量等方面均有明显减小。综合考虑稳定性、工程造价以及施工周期,采用加筋土挡墙的设计方案更合理。     

基于有限元强度折减法的单双面边坡稳定性分析

利用强度折减法和有限元分析软件ABAQUS，研究了单面和双面土体边坡的稳定性。首先，利用典型算例验证了所采用方法的可行性，然后通过模型数值模拟，分析了不同的坡体参数，如坡角、坡高、黏聚力和内摩擦角等情况下单面和双面边坡的稳定性。探讨了各参数对单面和双面边坡稳定安全系数的影响特征和规律，同时也展现了土体塑性应变区发生和扩展过程。结果表明:(1)坡角、坡高、黏聚力和内摩擦角等参数的单独变化对边坡安全性系数的影响规律基本一致、近似线性变化，对单面和双面边坡稳定性的影响规律相同；(2)双面边坡稳定性比单面边坡的有所降低，但边坡几何和物理参数取一定范围内的值时，两种趋于一致；(3)坡面顶部的位移拐点和坡体塑性应变区贯通之间并不是同时出现，土体边坡稳定性评价的不同判别准则之间存在差异。建议实际工程中边坡稳定性评价考虑采用双面边坡甚至更复杂边坡分析模型，同时需综合利用边坡稳定临界状态的不同判别准则。     

基于材料状态相关剪胀性的土坡稳定分析极限平衡法

土体剪胀性对土坡稳定性分析的结果有较大的影响,而在传统的极限平衡法中无法考虑土体的剪胀性。以Toyoura砂为例,通过基于材料状态相关临界状态理论的本构模型,确定了摩擦角与剪胀角之间的关系,然后将采用等效摩擦角的方式用于土坡稳定的极限平衡法分析中,提出了一种基于材料状态相关剪胀性的极限平衡法,并通过算例说明在极限平衡法中考虑剪胀角对正确评价土坡稳定性是很重要的。     

三维加筋边坡地震稳定性上限分析

基于极限分析上限定理,考虑均匀加筋和三角形加筋两种加筋模式,采用拟静力分析方法推导了一定边坡高度条件下的三维加筋边坡临界加筋强度的计算公式。通过与已有文献结果的对比,验证了所提方法的正确性,并讨论了边坡宽高比、水平和竖向地震力系数对三维边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:地震力作用下边坡临界加筋强度随边坡宽高比的增大而增加,但其变化速率逐渐减小,当边坡宽高比大于10时,三维边坡加筋强度与二维情况相近;随着水平地震作用的增大,三维边坡临界加筋强度呈非线性增大;随着竖向地震作用的增大,临界加筋强度大致呈线性增加,且随着坡角的增大,竖向地震作用对临界加筋强度的影响更加显著;两种加筋模式下的边坡临界加筋强度值变化规律一致,且三角形加筋模式所需的加筋强度较小,效果较优。最后,针对实际工程提出了一些工程建议。     

矿山地质灾害危险性评估中几个问题的商榷

笔者认为,为了合理、有效地开发利用矿产资源,在进行矿山地质灾害危险性评估过程中不要采用“禁采区”,建议采用围护带;在现行“规范”规定的基础上应根据各个矿山的具体情况可适当扩大围护带宽度,但不宜超过30m;在计算煤(矿)层顶板安全厚度的系数取值时,应考虑煤(矿)层倾角和围护等级;只有考虑了这些因素获得的地质灾害危险性评估结论,才具有适用性,才能真正为矿山设计和进行地质灾害防治工作提供科学依据。     

裂隙黄土边坡三维稳定性极限分析

黄土边坡中竖直裂隙的发育往往会对边坡稳定产生影响。相对于平面应变机制,建立三维破坏机制下边坡稳定性分析方法更能接近实际边坡失稳情况。基于塑性极限分析上限法,考虑预先存在竖直裂隙的三维黄土边坡不同破坏机制（坡面破坏、坡脚破坏和坡底破坏）,建立能量平衡方程及其无量纲临界高度值γH/c表达式,采用随机搜索法得到了临界高度的上限解。分析了约束宽度、边坡坡度、内摩擦角以及裂隙深度对三维竖直裂隙黄土边坡临界高度值的影响。结果表明：对于坡脚破坏机制,临界高度值随着裂隙深度的增加而减小,减小至临界裂隙深度 (δ /H)_min后,裂隙深度的增加不再影响临界高度值;临界裂隙深度随着坡度β 的增大而增大,随着内摩擦角φ 的增大而减小。当约束宽度B/H<0.8时,大多数破坏机制为坡面破坏。当约束宽度B/H=0.8、内摩擦角φ =10° 及约束宽度B/H=0.6、内摩擦角φ =15° 时,边坡的破坏从坡面破坏机制逐渐过渡到坡脚破坏机制。存在竖直裂隙的黄土边坡比完整边坡具有更小的临界高度,约束宽度及内摩擦角会对三维黄土边坡破坏机制产生影响。