Observations on the complexity of the east anatolian fault,turkey

That the East Anatolian fault is made up of discrete segments of different strike and diverse structural style is well illustrated by oblique hand-held photographs taken from the Space Shuttle. Linear and curvilinear faults plus major folds show the variable deformability of the collage of material that constitutes the Anatolian Plate, now undergoing the early stages of collision tectonics.     

Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: Nutrient sources,composition, and consequences

Although algal blooms, including those considered toxic or harmful, can be natural phenomena, the nature of the global problem of harmful algal blooms (HABs) has expanded both in extent and its public perception over the last several decades. Of concern, especially for resource managers, is the potential relationship between HABs and the accelerated eutrophication of coastal waters from human activities. We address current insights into the relationships between HABs and eutrophication, focusing on sources of nutrients, known effects of nutrient loading and reduction, new understanding of pathways of nutrient acquisition among HAB species, and relationships between nutrients and toxic algae. Through specific, regional, and global examples of these various relationships, we offer both an assessment of the state of understanding, and the uncertainties that require future research efforts. The sources of nutrients potentially stimulating algal blooms include sewage, atmospheric deposition, groundwater flow, as well as agricultural and aquaculture runoff and discharge. On a global basis, strong correlations have been demonstrated between total phosphorus inputs and phytoplankton production in freshwaters, and between total nitrogen input and phytoplankton production in estuarine and marine waters. There are also numerous examples in geographic regions ranging from the largest and second largest U.S. mainland estuaries (Chesapeake Bay and the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System), to the Inland Sea of Japan, the Black Sea, and Chinese coastal waters, where increases in nutrient loading have been linked with the development of large biomass blooms, leading to anoxia and even toxic or harmful impacts on fisheries resources, ecosystems, and human health or recreation. Many of these regions have witnessed reductions in phytoplankton biomass (as chlorophylla) or HAB incidence when nutrient controls were put in place. Shifts in species composition have often been attributed to changes in nutrient supply ratios, primarily N∶P or N∶Si. Recently this concept has been extended to include organic forms of nutrients, and an elevation in the ratio of dissolved organic carbon to dissolved organic nitrogen (DOC∶DON) has been observed during several recent blooms. The physiological strategies by which different groups of species acquire their nutrients have become better understood, and alternate modes of nutrition such as heterotrophy and mixotrophy are now recognized as common among HAB species. Despite our increased understanding of the pathways by which nutrients are delivered to ecosystems and the pathways by which they are assimilated differentially by different groups of species, the relationships between nutrient delivery and the development of blooms and their potential toxicity or harmfulness remain poorly understood. Many factors such as algal species presence/abundance, degree of flushing or water exchange, weather conditions, and presence and abundance of grazers contribute to the success of a given species at a given point in time. Similar nutrient loads do not have the same impact in different environments or in the same environment at different points in time. Eutrophication is one of several mechanisms by which harmful algae appear to be increasing in extent and duration in many locations. Although important, it is not the only explanation for blooms or toxic outbreaks. Nutrient enrichment has been strongly linked to stimulation of some harmful species, but for others it has not been an apparent contributing factor. The overall effect of nutrient over-enrichment on harmful algal species is clearly species specific.     

牙形类原颚齿刺属的分类、谱系和分带的再研究

详细研究了牙形类原颚齿刺属的分类、谱系和分带,重点研究了Protognathodus collinsoni—Pr. kockeli演化谱系。齿杯口面光滑无饰的Pr. meischneri形态型2演化为齿杯口面只有1个瘤齿的Pr. collinsoni, 后者的口面瘤齿可以发育在外齿杯或内齿杯。长期以来,一直认为Pr. kockeli 是由Pr. collinsoni直接演化而来,但齿杯口面仅具1个瘤齿的Pr. Collinsoni难以直接演化为齿杯口面具3个以上瘤齿的Pr. Kockeli。理论上,二者之间应当还存在具2个瘤齿的过渡型分子,在演化上缺失了一个中间环节。众所周知,泥盆纪末期曾发生过一次全球性海平面下降事件（D-C事件）,导致绝大多数晚泥盆世生物灭绝,只有少数生物躲过D-C事件幸存下来,直到早石炭世最早期才开始复苏,而后辐射演化。全球的资料表明,这些残存下来的生物的演化谱系几乎均被D-C事件打断,牙形类原颚齿刺属和管刺属（Siphonodella）的演化谱系也不例外,问题的关键在于应当找到被D-C事件打断的演化谱系的节点。原颚齿刺属演化谱系中被打断的节点正是Pr. collinsoni—Pr. kockeli支系,表明Pr. kockeli首次出现的位置是难以确定的,因此该种的首次出现不能用来定义泥盆—石炭系界线。相反,Pr. kuehni的首次出现可以用来定义泥盆—石炭系界线,因为其首次出现与Siphonodella sulcata的首次出现基本同时。根据原颚齿刺属各种的演化关系和地层分布,泥盆—石炭系界线地层可识别出6个牙形类带,即下meischneri带、上meischneri带、collinsoni带、待命名带、kockeli带和kuehni带,各带基本以带名种的首次出现来定义其底界（待命名带除外）。     

牙形类管刺属的分类、谱系和分带的再研究

众所周知,泥盆纪末期曾发生了一次全球性海平面下降事件（D-C事件）,导致绝大多数晚泥盆世生物灭绝,只有少数生物躲过D-C事件残存下来,直到早石炭世最早期才开始复苏,而后辐射演化。全球的资料表明,这些残存下来的生物的演化谱系几乎均被D-C事件打断,牙形类管刺属（Siphonodella）和原颚齿刺属（Protognathodus）的演化谱系被打断。问题的关键在于被D-C事件打断的演化谱系的节点究竟在什么位置,事实表明,管刺属演化谱系中被打断的节点恰好是Si. praesulcta M. 3—Si. praesulcata M. 4演化支系,原颚齿刺属演化谱系中被打断的节点正是Pr. collinsoni—Pr. kockeli演化支系。Si. praesulcata M. 4和Pr. kockeli的所谓首次出现只是地层学含义的最低产出点,而不是生物演化含义的最早出现。这表明,无论是Si. praesulcata M. 4还是Pr. kockeli的首次出现都不适合用来定义泥盆—石炭系界线。通过详细研究牙形类管刺属的分类、谱系和分带,重点研究Siphonodella praesulcata M. 3—Si. praesulcata M. 4的演化谱系,并根据管刺属演化谱系识别出10个牙形类带,即下praesulcata带、中praesulcata带、上praesulcata带、sulcata带、下duplicata带、上duplicata带、下sandbergi带、上sandbergi带、crenulata带和isosticha带,各带基本均以带名种的首次出现底界。Sandberg等1978年提出的以管刺属演化谱系为基础的分带方案是可信、可行的。国际泥盆—石炭系界线工作组1979年提出的泥盆—石炭系界线定义是正确的。因此,目前根本没有必要再修改原来的界线定义,建议仍然以Siphonodella sulcata在Si. praesulcata M. 4—Si. sulcata演化支系中的首次出现来定义泥盆—石炭系界线。目前的主要任务是寻找能展示这种演化谱系的优秀剖面,并将其作为界线层型候选剖面推荐给国际泥盆—石炭系界线工作组。     

Growth and submarine fossilization of algal cup reefs,Bermuda*

Small charges of explosives were used to section cup-shaped reefs that occur on the margins of the Bermuda Platform. Study of these artificial outcrops, up to 10 m high, and the samples collected from them show how the reef-building community is rapidly converted to well-lithified reef rock in the marine development. The reefs, known locally as boilers and breakers, occur along the wave-swept south shore of the Bermuda Islands and around the northeast and northwest margins of the Platform. They are cup-shaped, up to 30 m in long dimensions, and rise up to the sea surface as much as 12 m above the surrounding sea floor. The reefs are built by an intergrowth of encrusting organisms, principally crustose coralline algae, an encrusting hydrozoan, Millepora sp., and an attached gastropod, Dendropoma irregulare. The growth framework of these algal cup reefs has extensive voids: large and intermediate-sized growth framework and shelter pores; borings of bivalves and sponges; and both intra- and inter-particle pores. A variety of vagile and sessile organisms (coelobites) inhabit these pores: an encrusting Foraminifera, Homotrema rubrum, is the most abundant attached coelobite; the tests of a variety of benthic Foraminifera and ostracods are common: branched coralline algae, barnacles, bivalves, ahermatypic corals, bryozoans, and burrowing crustaceans occur in varying abundance. Beginning millimetres below the living surface, internal sediments accumulate in the extensive voids. Coarse-grained skeletal sand derived from the surface of the reefs is characteristic of the larger voids; lime mud with the tests of planktonic Foraminifera and planktonic algae occurs generally in the smaller voids. Most specimens from the interior of the reefs show multiple generations of internal sediment that vary in grain size, composition, and colour. The sand-sized sediments are pumped into the voids by the frequent and intense wave action; the lime mud settles out in the smaller, less agitated pores. Cementation of internal sediments and surrounding growth frame begins centimetres below the living surface; it is so pervasive that marble-hard reef rock is developed within 1/2 m or less. The cement is principally high-magnesium calcite of micrite size, and subordinately acicular aragonite, but there are locally wide variations in crystal size and morphology. The occurrence of the cement within the reefs well below sea level, the isotope ratios of the cement crystals, the mineralogy, and the age inferred from radiocarbon age determinations of the growth frame all indicate that the cement is submarine and deposited from water of oceanic composition. The algal cup reefs of Bermuda demonstrate the reef-building ability of a community of encrusting organisms that form only crusts in the intertidal zone of the Mediterranean and Northern Brazil. The cup reefs of the northern margins of the Bermuda Platform are true reefs, not merely veneers covering eroded blocks of Pleistocene limestone. In their composition, location, and early diagenesis, the cup reefs closely resemble the algal or lithothamnion ridge of Pacific atolls. Synsedimentary cementation of internal sediments and growth frame makes a major contribution to the rigidity of these ocean-facing reefs and atoll rims. The assemblage of features that characterize the submarine fossilization of the cup reefs is widespread elsewhere in the modern seas: the floors of the Persian Gulf and parts of the Mediterranean; the margins of Pacific atolls; and the reefs off the north coast of Jamaica. This fossilization is characterized by reiterated generations of coelobites, internal sediments, and synsedimentary cements that can in time replace a major part of the original growth framework. Major variations in the sequence of these generations from pore to pore is the signature of this kind of fossilization. The same features of fossilization are described from reefs in the Devonian, Permian, and Triassic.     

Observations on the geochemistry of indium

Spectrographic observations are recorded on the occurrence of indium in sulphide minerals, largely of Australian origin, with a view to determining

• 1.(a) how traces of indium have been partitioned between primary sulphides;
• 2.(b) the influence of temperature etc. in partition equilibria;
• 3.(c) the subsequent behaviour of indium in unmixing processes and secondary mineral formation.

Comparison of minerals from the same sources shows indium to be absent or low in primary iron sulphides, chalcopyrites etc., but preferentially incorporated in blende and, in lesser degree, galena. In minerals of thio-salt type, indium may be highly enriched in enargite and stannite, but virtually absent from tetrahedrite. In any one mineral field, indium is present in higher concentration in blendes or galenas deposited at higher temperatures.Except for galena, minerals preferentially incorporating indium as sulphides are based on tetrahedral coordination. The selectivity exhibited, and the fate of indium in ex-solution processes, are considered in the light of the structure of indium sulphide and the constitution of quasi-metallic sulphides.The association of indium with tin in cassiterites from Tasmania and New South Wales is considered. Recorded concentrations give some evidence of geochemical zoning.     

青藏高原古高速远程滑坡沉积学特征研究

高速远程滑坡运动学机理是国际工程地质领域亟待解决的重大前沿性关键科学问题.为探索高速远程滑坡的运动学机理,以青藏高原不同构造背景下的三大高速远程滑坡为研究对象,通过现场工程地质调查与分析,详细探讨了滑坡运动路径上所揭露出的各种表面与剖面沉积学特征,结果显示:(1)沿滑坡运动路径上依次可见大型堆积平台、纵向脊、横向脊、堆...     

Organic walled microbiota from the silicified algal clasts, Bhander limestone, Satna area, Madhya Pradesh

A good assemblage of organic-walled microbiota has been discovered from the petrographic thin sections of the black-bedded chert of the Bhander limestone, exposed at Sajjanpur area of Satna district and Ramnoi area of Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh. The assemblage is made up of the following forms: Synodophycus euthemos, Myxococcoides minor, Coniunctiophycus gaoyuzhuangense, Siphonophycus kestron, Siphonophycus robustum, Eoentophysalis magna, Glenobotrydion aenigmatis and Huroniospora microreticulata. The assemblage comprises both filamentous as well as coccoidal forms of cyanobacterial affinity. The forms are associated with algal clasts.     

Observations on the desmositic and spilositic rocks in the Dinarides

The Jurassic volcano-sedimentary formation of the Dinarides is build up of diabases, spilites, cherts, argillaceous sediments, desmositic and spilositic rocks. Tuffs, however, are rare.The desmositic and associated spilositic rocks encircle volcanics, and build up zones several km wide and up to one km thick. Their characteristic mineral assemblege is albite-chloriteepidote-calcite, sericite and quartz. Farther away from the diabases/spilites the desmosites contain more frequent relicts of shales, and finally pass into shales. The desmositic rocks are characterized by structures formed by turbulent movements of unconsolidated mud.The desmositic and spilositic rocks were formed under the influence of injections of basic lavas in unconsilidated mud. The magmatic Na-rich hydrothermal solutions and the heated water from mud produced a recrystallization of the sediments and formation of albite.     

Observations and speculations on the northeast Towy ‘axis’, mid-Wales

Late Ashgill and Llandovery sedimentation across the Towy ‘axis’ southeast of Rhayader is interpreted within the context of the rapid southeasterly thickening of the upper portion of the Ashgill best demonstrable in the Chwefru valley. This thickening sequence overlies deep-water middle-fan arenites and is interpreted as a northwest prograding shelf/slope association. The slope eventually became non-depositional and was onlapped by the basinal facies of the Llandovery during relative sea-level rise. The non-depositional slope and associated major slump-scars at the shelf-edge explain many of the non-sequences- in the region previously ascribed to erosion related to episodes of tectonism. The regional strain history is thus simplified.     

Observations and controls on the occurrence of inherited zircon in Concord-type granitoids,New Hampshire

U-Pb analyses of zircons separated from two Concord-type plutons near Sunapee and Dixville Notch, New Hampshire, reveal differences in the pattern and magnitude of zircon inheritance which are related to differences in melt chemistry. The Sunapee pluton contains only slightly more Zr than required to saturate the melt at the peak temperature of 700 ± 30°C. Traces of inherited zircon in this separate are inferred to be present as small, largely resorbed grains. In contrast, the Long Mountain pluton, near Dixville Notch, contains about 240% more Zr than required to saturate the melt. Thus, more than half of the Zr existed as stable, inherited zircon crystals during the partial fusion event, consistent with the observation of substantial inheritance in all grain size fractions. Ion probe intra-grain analyses of zircon from the Long Mountain pluton indicate a complex pattern of inheritance with contributions from at least two Proterozoic terrenes and caution against simple interpretations of upper and lower intercepts of chords containing an inherited component. Ion probe analyses of zircons from the Sunapee pluton reveal clear evidence of U loss which results in incorrect apparent conventional U-Pb ages. Ages of crystallization for the Long Mountain and Sunapee pluton are ~350 and 354 ± 5 Ma, respectively. A Sm/Nd measurement for the Long Mountain pluton yields a depleted mantle model age of 1.5 Ga, consistent with the observed inheritance pattern. In contrast, a Sm/Nd model age for the Sunapee pluton is improbably old due to minor monazite fractionation.     

Origin and diagenesis of lacustrine algal bioherms at the margin of the Ries crater, Upper Miocene, southern Germany

The marginal carbonate facies of the Miocene Ries meteorite crater lake in southern Germany contain bioherms up to 7 m high and 15 m across built by the green alga Cladophorites. The algae were externally encrusted during life by micrite, probably precipitated in response to photosynthetic uptake of CO₂, which produced tufts of fine (100 μm diameter), calcareous tubes. Coalescence of tufts, together with incorporation of peloidal and skeletal sand, created nodules and cones of algal tufa which in turn formed larger masses some of which are in the form of compound cones up to 2 m high. The bioherms are constructed by beds and groups of these cones and masses, and are surrounded by poorly cemented peloid, ostracod and gastropod sands. Five depositional and diagenetic stages of development can be distinguished: (1) growth and calcification (probably calcitic) of Cladophorites in shallow fresh- or slightly brackish water; (2) emergence due to a temporary fall in lake level and veneering of the algal tufa and adjacent sediments by laminated sinter; (3) resubmergence and deposition of peloidal and skeletal sands; (4) burial and partial phreatic dolomitization, together with dissolution of aragonite and penecontemporaneous deposition of thin isopachous rims of dolomite rhombs; (5) local vadose cementation by rhombs, spar and spikes of low-magnesian calcite. Stages 1–3 probably occurred several times. Most of the biohermal and surrounding sediments were produced by biological processes in the lake; subaerial sinter deposition and meteoric cementation have contributed relatively minor amounts of material and the majority of the sediments retain porosities of 10–30%.     

A new trionychid turtle from the Early Cretaceous of Heilongjiang Province,Northeastern China

A new soft-shelled turtle (“Trionyx” jixiensis sp. nov.) from the Lower Cretaceous Chengzihe Formation, Jixi city, Heilongjiang Province, China is described on the basis of a nearly complete carapace. The new species is diagnosed by the absence of suprascapular fontanelles and absence of a preneural; eight neurals, tetragonal fifth neural; and eight pairs of costals, with the large eighth costals meeting after the eighth neural. Due to the incompleteness of the specimen and confused classification of the genera of trionychids, the new species cannot be included in any genus of Trionychinae and is temporarily assigned to “Trionyx” (sensu lato). “Trionyx” jixiensis is one of the earliest trionychids, its discovery indicates that the family was already diversified during the Early Cretaceous in Asia.     

Observations on the crystal structures of lueshite

Laboratory powder XRD patterns of the perovskite-group mineral lueshite from the type locality (Lueshe, Kivu, DRC) and pure NaNbO₃ demonstrate that lueshite does not adopt the same space group (Pbma; #57) as the synthetic compound. The crystal structures of lueshite (2 samples) from Lueshe, Mont Saint-Hilaire (Quebec, Canada) and Sallanlatvi (Kola, Russia) have been determined by single-crystal CCD X-ray diffraction. These room temperature X-ray data for all single-crystal samples can be satisfactorily refined in the orthorhombic space group Pbnm (#62). Cell dimensions, atomic coordinates of the atoms, bond lengths and octahedron tilt angles are given for four crystals. Conventional neutron diffraction patterns for Lueshe lueshite recorded over the temperature range 11–1,000 K confirm that lueshite does not adopt space group Pbma within these temperatures. Neutron diffraction indicates no phase changes on cooling from room temperature to 11 K. None of these neutron diffraction data give satisfactorily refinements but suggest that this is the space group Pbnm. Time-of-flight neutron diffraction patterns for Lueshe lueshite recorded from room temperature to 700 °C demonstrate phase transitions above 550 °C from Cmcm through P4/mbm to \(Pm\overline{3} m\) above 650 °C. Cell dimensions and atomic coordinates of the atoms are given for the three high-temperature phases. The room temperature to 400 °C structures cannot be satisfactorily resolved, and it is suggested that the lueshite at room temperature consists of domains of pinned metastable phases with orthorhombic and/or monoclinic structures. However, the sequence of high-temperature phase transitions observed is similar to those determined for synthetic NaTaO₃, suggesting that the equilibrated room temperature structure of lueshite is orthorhombic Pbnm.     

Late Precambrian tidal-flat deposits and algal stromatolites in the Båtsfjord formation,East Finnmark,North Norway

The Annijokka Member of the Late Precambrian Båtsfjord Formation consists of about 300 m of siliciclastic and carbonate deposits which accumulated on tidal flats, and includes several horizons of stromatolite biostromes. Seven main lithofacies are arranged in fining-up cycles a few metres thick. The cycles are terrigenous in the lower part and carbonate-rich higher up and are interpreted as reflecting shallowing-up conditions of deposition. Lithofacies distribution in the member as a whole also shows an upward decrease in the terrigenous component and grain size and increase in carbonates, thus suggesting that the Annijokka Member is regressive.The stromatolite biostromes of the member contain domal forms composed of calcite while the non-stromatolitic, though possibly in part algal-laminated, carbonate-rich beds of the member are dolomitic. This contrasting mineralogy suggests (1) penecontemporaneous supratidal dolomitization, and (2) a possibly freshwater-influenced origin of the domal stromatolites.     

Some Observations on the Antrim Basalts and Associated Dolerite Intrusions

The work embodies miscellaneous observations on the general structural characters of the Tertiary basalt lavas and minor intrusions of north-eastern Ireland. Individual lava flows are found to average twenty-two feet in thickness, the thickest reaching 150 feet. Certain flows can be traced horizontally for as much as six miles. Basalt pegmatites are described which bear sodalite, a mineral new to Ireland.Composite lava flows are recorded for the first time in Ireland. Several examples have been located, and in each the components, separated by a sharp but unchilled contact, are of olivine-basalt and picrite-basalt respectively. The lavas are associated with a swarm of dykes and one, possibly two, dykes are now known to be the feeders of lava flows. Dolerite plugs may also represent the feeders to lava flows.Six newly discovered plugs are recorded, bringing the total number known to around thirty. The Donegore dyke, formerly regarded as a broad dyke, is re-interpreted as a string of four small plugs.