滑(边)坡稳定性计算分析中的滑坡推力计算方法

滑坡推力计算一直是边坡稳定性分析、防护加固设计及滑坡治理抗滑工程设计中的核心问题。根据抗滑支挡工程结构与被加固滑坡体的力学关系,滑坡推力计算方法可概括为分离法、虚力法及结构与岩土数值耦合法。不同的计算方法得到的滑坡推力值有差异。用以上3种方法对拟设桩结构物的内力进行计算,对比分析发现,分离法及虚力法最终均需对桩侧滑坡推力分布形式进行假定,假定分布形式不同所得内力不同;数值耦合法可直接得到桩侧应力分布形式,且考虑了桩与岩土的偶合效应,计算结果较为合理,有必要进一步分析研究与推广应用。     

牵引式滑坡推力计算方法研究

三峡工程运行期间引发大量库区滑坡地质灾害,由于库区水位及降雨等联合影响,使得牵引式滑坡在库区滑坡中占有相当的比例。通过对库区牵引式滑坡形成机制研究,根据变形破坏模式,把牵引式滑坡分为牵引区（初始滑动区）和被牵引区,分析牵引式滑坡在演化过程中牵引区滑体与被牵引区滑体之间的相互依存关系,针对其相互作用力学特征建立合理的物理和数学力学计算模型,初步推导牵引式滑坡推力计算公式,为抗滑桩设计提供合理的设计推力。以三峡库区朱家店牵引式滑坡为例,在确定被牵引区滑体对牵引区滑体存在推力作用情况下,通过推力计算表明,推导出的公式计算得到牵引区滑体的设计推力比单独计算牵引区滑体设计推力更大,相比将牵引区滑体和被牵引区滑体视为整体计算设计推力更小,说明此方法计算的推力用于抗滑结构设计可以达到既安全又经济的效果,为牵引式滑坡治理设计提供新的思路。     

滑坡推力计算方法的对比研究与应用

滑坡推力计算方法可以概括为传递系数法、刚体极限平衡分析方法和有限元数值法等三类。传递系数法被工程技术人员所广泛应用,但随着滑(边)坡稳定性分析计算理论的发展,传统传递系数法有将逐步被先进而更实用的方法所取代的趋势;Morgenstern-Price法为刚体极限平衡分析方法的代表之一,这类方法在滑动面出现反坡段时计算结果偏于不合理;有限元数值法在模拟路堑开挖边坡时应追踪实际的应力场变化过程、依序建模,才能更符合工程实际,有限元数值法能同时得到滑坡推力与桩身内力图,比"K"法优越之处为能反映出由岩土本身性质的差异所造成的滑面下桩侧应力值差异。对比分析结果显示,有限元数值法进行滑坡推力计算结果较为合理,有必要进一步分析研究与推广应用。     

Exotic thrust mass of the Padar area in Kashmir

To the south of the Great Himalaya Range in Kashmir, a group of metasedimentary rocks with altered ultrabasic rocks occur physically over the migmatitic complex, as a klippe. The best exposure of it is met with in the Kudi nala, west of Sumjam, where lensoid outcrops of basic and ultramafic rocks, comprising actinolite—tremolite rock intruded by garnetiferous amphibolite occur within the marble, calc-gneiss and graphitic schist-gneiss. These rocks occur at an altitude of 5000–5500 m and the underlying rocks comprise gneiss, migmatite, schist, etc.The klippe of the metasedimentaries with the basic and ultrabasic suite of rocks, shows a synclinal disposition with a sheared northern contact. The southern contact of this klippe is also sheared and a tectonic “melange” zone is exposed in certain outcrops. This unusual geological set up, along with the absence of a deep-seated fault in the area of investigation, had led the author to believe that this suite of metasedimentaries has no stratigraphic relation with the underlying rocks which they override. These are very much akin to some of the rock suites of the Indus ophiolitic zone outcropping far in the north, particularly those of the Suru valley (Kargil tehsil) and they appear to have been transported during post-Cretaceous times as a thrust mass. This is the first record of an exotic thrust nappe in the Kashmir Himalaya to the south of the Great Himalaya Range.     

大别山商城石门冲一带中生代逆冲推覆构造

笔者运用1∶5万双柳树幅、白雀园幅区域地质调查成果,阐述商城石门冲一带发育的逆冲推覆构造。大别山商城石门冲一带中生代逆冲推覆作用,使本区发育的中—新元古界龟山岩组、下古生界石门冲岩组、上古生界石炭系及中生界朱集组等,不同程度卷入NE向逆冲推覆系统中,形成一系列构造窗、飞来峰和叠瓦状逆冲断层带。逆冲推覆距离最小约为6 km,形成时代约为中侏罗世—晚侏罗世之间,最晚不超过早白垩世。     

Fault-related folding in the Ramshorn Peak area,Idaho-Wyoming thrust belt

The Ramshorn Peak area of the Idaho-Wyoming thrust belt lies in the toe of the Prospect thrust sheet along the eastern margin of the exposed part of the thrust belt. The terrain is folded with axes trending N-S and wavelengths ranging from 3 to 4.3 km. Thrusts occur exclusively along the eastern part of the map area where the toe of the Prospect thrust sheet is thinnest. The easternmost thrusts are backthrusts.Monoclinally folded rocks are thrust on less deformed rocks south of Ramshorn Peak. This fold and fault complex is interpreted to have formed by thrusting over a large oblique and small forward step. The oblique step is responsible for the formation of the monocline in the hanging wall of the thrust. All faults and associated folds are rotated by subsequent buckle folding.Second- and third-order folds (folds at the scale of the Ramshorn Peak fold and fault complex and smaller) appear to be isolated features associated with faults (fault-related folds rather than buckle folds) because they are not distributed throughout the map area. These folds were probably initiated by translation and adhesive drag. The early folding was terminated by large translation over a stepped thrust surface which caused additional folding as the hanging wall rocks conformed to the irregular shape of the footwall. The Rich model is utilized to explain the Ramshorn Peak complex because the fold is of monoclinal form and is an isolated feature rather than part of a buckle fold wave-train.     

长江中下游南部逆冲变形样式及其机制

长江中下游长江以南地区发育燕山早期(J1-J2)逆冲推覆事件,形成的断裂-褶皱构造在纵向和横向上都表现出了鲜明的特征。纵向上,逆冲变形具有分带性,本文将长江以南的中下扬子逆冲变形划分成根部带、中部带、前锋带三个次级分带,它们的运动学特征是由南向北的逆冲,变形从根部带的厚皮构造变为中部带、前锋带的薄皮构造。野外考察和地球物理资料揭示,根部带断裂陡,叠瓦式逆断层为主,向下收敛于基底和盖层之间的深部滑脱层;中部带逆冲断裂具叠瓦式和双冲式特征,断裂产状相对较缓,深部滑脱层较根部带变浅,浅部的志留系滑脱层也十分发育,带内构造不对称性不明显,褶皱样式Ω为""和"Ω"型为主;前锋带断裂组合为叠瓦状,发育大量反冲断层及倒转褶皱,其滑脱层主要是志留系或三叠系内部的软弱层。横向上,逆冲变形具有不均一性,体现在中下扬子的差异变形上:中扬子逆冲构造在中部带、前锋带卷入变形主体地层为志留系-三叠系,而下扬子中部带和前锋带却大量出露震旦-寒武系;中扬子在前锋带主要为向北倒转的不对称褶皱,前锋带Ω到根部带都是隔槽式褶皱组合,而下扬子逆冲构造前锋带为""和"Ω"式褶皱,前锋带、中部带、根部带分别为上古生界-三叠系体现的隔档式、下古生界体现的隔档式、隔槽式褶皱组合。另外,中、下扬子深部滑脱层的深度也有显著差别。在变形的动力学上,中、下扬子燕山早期逆冲作用同古太平洋板块向东亚大陆下俯冲有关。中、下扬子逆冲变形的差异性表现可能是由于J3-K1后期赣江断裂走滑逆冲造成的不均一的隆升导致的。赣江断裂以东的下扬子逆冲抬升剥蚀严重,导致深部层次构造剥露,而中扬子保留了J1-J2时期逆冲构造的浅部构造原始样式。这种模式也符合在J3-K1东亚属于安第斯型大陆边缘的观点。     

辽西彰武-黑山区逆冲推覆构造的发现及找煤意义

辽西彰武—黑山地区是阜新盆地外围重要的找煤远景区。通过对本区野外地质调查和室内地质资料的分析研究,识别出纬向EW构造带、NEE向华夏系构造带和NNE向新华夏系构造带;划分了近EW向、NE与NNE向褶皱-逆冲构造系,以及NW向、NE和NNE向张扭性断裂系;发现了一系列NE-NEE向的逆冲推覆断层、褶皱和被它们分割的岩体组成的逆冲推覆构造;在该逆冲推覆构造体下,发现了早侏罗北票组的煤系露头并圈出了赋煤预测区;指出NNE向新华夏系构造带中的凹陷是本区的找煤重点。     

内蒙古西部狼山温更逆冲断层的地质特征

内蒙古西部狼山温更逆冲断层发育在温更侏罗纪沉积盆地西北边界, 是一条规模较大的逆冲断裂构造带。断层倾向北西, 上盘由太古宙-元古宙变质地层和古生代深成侵入体构成, 下盘为侏罗纪沉积, 由北西向南东方向逆冲。断层切割改造了早-中侏罗世沉积地层, 被早白垩世沉积地层覆盖, 表明了逆冲断层形成在下中侏罗统沉积之后白垩系固阳组沉积之前。断层带同构造石英脉中流体包裹体的分析结果表明, 断层形成于5.5～6 km浅部地壳构造层之上, 温度为195℃～210℃, 围压为50 ～60 MPa, 断层带的宏观和显微构造显示断层以脆性变形机制为主。     

The terminology of structures in thrust belts

A review of structures and geometric relationships recognized in thrust belts is presented. A thrust is defined as any contractional fault, a corollary being that thrusts must cut up-section in their transport direction. ‘Flats’ are those portions of a thrust surface which were parallel to an arbitrary datum surface at the time of displacement and ‘ramps’ are those portions of thrusts which cut across datum surfaces. Ramps are classified on the basis of their orientation relative to the thrust transport direction and whether they are cut offs in the hangingwall or footwall of the thrust. Lateral variations in the form of staircase trajectories are joined by oblique or lateral ramps which have a component of strike-slip movement.An array of thrusts which diverge in their transport direction may form by either of two propagation models. These are termed ‘piggy-back’ propagation, which is foreland-directed, and ‘overstep’ propagation which is opposed to the thrust transport direction. An array of thrust surfaces is termed an ‘imbricate stack’ and should these surfaces anastamose upwards a ‘duplex’ will result; the fault-bounded blocks are termed ‘horses’. A duplex is bounded by a higher, ‘roof’ thrust and a lower, ‘floor’ thrust. The intersection of any two thrust planes is termed a ‘branch line’.Thrusts can be classified on the basis of their relationship to asymmetric fold limbs which they cut. A further classification arises from whether a particular thrust lies in the hangingwall or footwall of another one.The movement of thrust sheets over corrugated surfaces, or the local development of thrust structures beneath, will fold higher thrust sheets. These folds are termed ‘culminations’ and their limbs are termed ‘culmination walls’. Accommodation of this folding may require movement on surfaces within the hangingwall of the active thrust. These accommodation surfaces are termed ‘hangingwall detachments’ and they need not root down into the active thrust. This category of detachment includes dip-slip ‘hangingwall drop faults’ which are developed by differential uplift of duplex roofs, and ‘out-of-the-syncline’ thrusts which develop from overtightened fold hinges. Back thrusts, as well as forming as hangingwall detachments, may also form due to layer-parallel shortening above a sticking thrust or by rotation of the hangingwall above a ramp.     

川东与大巴山褶皱冲断带交汇区构造几何学和运动学特征

川东与大巴山褶皱冲断带交汇区位于四川盆地东北缘,由温泉井—马槽坝背斜带、云安场背斜带和方斗山背斜带组成,其形成过程受川东构造带和大巴山构造带的双重控制,开展川东与大巴山褶皱冲断带交汇区构造几何学和运动学特征研究,对认识华南板块和华北板块之间的拼贴碰撞及演化具有重要意义。本文基于野外调查、钻测井资料和二维地震资料,以断层相关褶皱理论为指导,通过对四条二维地震剖面的精细解析,揭示了交汇区构造几何学特征,并应用2Dmove软件恢复了研究区构造运动学过程。研究认为:①交汇区在南北方向上显示为大型的复向斜结构,垂向上被区内下三叠统嘉陵江组膏盐层、志留系泥页岩层和下寒武统泥页岩层三套滑脱层分为上、中、下三大构造层,上构造层主要发生滑脱褶皱变形,中、下构造层发育断层较多,主要发育双冲构造、冲起构造以及断层转折褶皱;②研究区中构造层构造变形最为强烈,构造缩短率达10%,上、下构造层构造缩短率较小,均为6%左右,且各构造层缩短率由西到东呈现出逐渐增大的趋势;③中生代以来,研究区的构造演化过程分为三个阶段:晚三叠世到晚侏罗世稳定沉积阶段、早白垩世到古近纪早期对冲变形阶段、古近纪晚期至今定型阶段。     

黔北矿区煤层顶板水平井钻井关键技术

煤层气顶板水平井是解决松软煤层煤层气开发的主要途径之一。针对贵州黔北矿区复杂的地质和储层条件,为解决煤层顶板水平井漏失、井眼轨迹控制和固完井困难等问题,开展并形成了以轨迹精细控制为核心,以防漏堵漏、偏心连通和固完井等技术配合的成套黔北矿区煤层顶板水平井钻井关键技术。结合现场钻井实践,成功解决了水平井钻井施工中诸多问题,钻井周期明显缩短,经济效益明显提高。研究成果为贵州煤层气钻井和开发提供了新途径,也为高瓦斯矿井地面治理开辟了新的方向,具有显著的应用和推广价值。     

宁夏中西部香山—天景山地区逆冲推覆构造的特征及演化

宁夏香山-天景山地区逆冲推覆构造由天景山北麓断裂带(主滑脱断裂)和香山-天景山冲断席(可分为9个次级逆冲推覆岩席)组成,推覆岩席前端为一系列形态相似的铲式叠瓦状逆冲推覆断层,构造变形强烈;岩席内部构造变形相对较弱.整个推覆构造带主要遭受了燕山期和喜马拉雅期挤压逆冲推覆作用,燕山期主压应力σ1方向为44°,由南西往北东推覆,总位移量26.6km;喜马拉雅期主压应力σ1方向为75°,由南西西往北东东逆冲推覆,晚更新世以来还兼有左行走滑,总位移量大于4km.     

阿尔金山北缘恰什坎萨依地区逆冲推覆构造的发现及其构造意义

阿尔金山北缘恰什坎萨依地区位于北东向阿尔金走滑断裂北侧与东西向阿尔金北缘断裂夹持的区域,是区域上红柳沟-拉配泉构造带的西段。该区广泛发育火山沉积岩系,前人将其确定为奥陶系拉配泉群,并划分为下岩组（火山岩组）、中岩组（碎屑岩组）和上岩组（碳酸盐岩组）。通过野外地质调查与局部填图,在恰什坎萨依沟、沟口泉铁矿、贝壳滩等地,发现厚层碳酸盐岩以不规则顶盖状出露在较高山顶或山脊上,并与碎屑岩或火山岩呈低角度断层接触关系,构成典型的飞来峰构造。该火山岩组和碎屑岩组已被归为奥陶系,但碳酸盐岩组一直没有精确的生物地层年代依据。综合研究认为,碳酸盐岩应该属中元古界,原来的拉配泉群可能要解体。结合截切推覆构造的冰沟岩体时代,认为推覆构造形成于中-晚奥陶世。该认识与本区在中-晚奥陶世发生裂谷（弧后盆地或有限洋盆）闭合、板块碰撞的区域构造环境和演化历史吻合。     

The importance of maintaining horizontal sieve screens when using a Ro-Tap

Sieve size analysis, using a Ro-Tap shaking machine, for horizontal and non-horizontal sieve screen nests are compared. The non-horizontal sieve condition results in more sediment being retained on the topmost sieve, with less sediment reaching certain sieves within the nest. It is thus essential to maintain the nest of sieves perfectly horizontal.     

煤矿井下近水平随钻测量定向钻孔轨迹设计与计算方法

以定向钻进基础理论为依据,结合煤矿井下近水平随钻测量定向钻进技术特点,研究煤矿井下定向钻孔轨迹设计内容、计算方法及设计流程。通过定义钻孔轨迹基本参数,建立钻孔设计坐标系以及规定钻孔轨迹图形表示方法,形成一套包括钻孔轨迹平面设计、剖面设计及轨迹参数校核等关键环节的钻孔轨迹设计和计算方法。实践证明,该设计和计算方法满足了定向钻孔设计的精度要求,为定向钻孔施工起到了良好的指导作用。     

Gangdese retroarc thrust belt and foreland basin deposits in the Damxung area,southern Tibet

Geologic mapping and U–Pb detrital zircon geochronologic studies of (meta)sedimentary rocks in the Damxung area (∼90 km north of Lhasa) of the southern Lhasa terrane in Tibet provide new insights into the history of deformation and clastic sedimentation prior to late Cenozoic extension. Cretaceous nonmarine clastic rocks ∼10 km southeast of Damxung are exposed as structural windows in the footwall of a thrust fault (the Damxung thrust) that carries Paleozoic strata in the hanging wall. To the north of Damxung in the southern part of the northern Nyainqentanglha Range (NNQTL), metaclastic rocks of previously inferred Paleozoic age are shown to range in depositional age from Late Cretaceous to Eocene. The metaclastic rocks regionally dip southward and are interpreted to have been structurally buried in the footwall of the Damxung thrust prior to being tectonized during late Cenozoic transtension. Along the northern flank of the NNQTL, Lower Eocene syncontractional redbeds were deposited in a triangle zone structural setting. All detrital zircon samples of Cretaceous–Eocene strata in the Damxung area include Early Cretaceous grains that were likely sourced from the Gangdese arc to the south. We suggest that the that newly recognized Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene (meta)clastic deposits and thrust faults represent the frontal and youngest part of a northward directed and propagating Gangdese retroarc thrust belt and foreland basin system that led to significant crustal thickening and elevation gain in southern Tibet prior to India-Asian collision.     

水平条分法下边坡稳定性分析与计算方法研究

极限平衡水平条分法较适用于成层岩土边坡,但较竖直条分法尚有不足之处。通过研究水平条分与竖直条分中条间力的关系,建立起水平与竖直条分法相对应的条间力假设条件;并针对水平条分法遇到滑动面存在弓形体时,采取水平条分和斜条分相结合的模式进行处理。在此基础上,推导出了瑞典法、简化Bishop法、简化Janbu法和Morgenster-Price（M-P）法在水平条分时的安全系数计算公式,其中,根据满足条件不同,得到了瑞典法的两种不同安全系数计算公式,并根据以往研究成果将一般简化Janbu法进行改进。当使用任意曲线和圆弧滑动面两种型式时,通过算例对比分析,验证了对水平条分法所做研究的可行性。同时,也表明了两种瑞典法得到的结果是一致的,改进的简化Janbu法在边坡稳定性分析上较一般简化Janbu法更优。