玉树断裂活动性研究

通过实地考察和室内工作，对玉树断裂的活动性进行了分段研究。该断裂划分为３段：（１）西北段全新世以来活动强烈，以水平左旋活动为主，水平滑动速率达７．３ｍｍ／ａ，沿断裂带展布大量的古地震事件遗迹；（２）中段第四纪以来的主体活动时段在晚更新世以前，以正断层活动为主；（３）东南段全新世以来活动强烈，以水平左旋活动为主，水平滑动速率约５ｍｍ／ａ，沿断裂带分布有大量的古地震事件遗迹，历史上记载的最大地震为１８９６年的邓柯７．０级地震     

利用黄土剖面的古土壤年龄研究毛毛山断裂的滑动速率

利用１４Ｃ、热释光（ＴＬ）样品年代及扩散方程计算结果，结合区域黄土剖面中古土壤年龄，对毛毛山地区晚第四纪各级地貌年龄进行了对比研究。根据毛毛山活动断裂水平位移和垂直位移分布明显的分组特征，求得毛毛山断裂带不同段落不同时段的平均滑动速率。大约自中更新世晚期以来，毛毛山断裂走滑段的平均水平滑动速率为２．３～３．９ｍｍ／ａ，垂直滑动速率为０．０７～０．１９ｍｍ／ａ；天祝盆地倾滑段垂直滑动速率为０．１１～０．８６ｍｍ／ａ。沿断裂带滑动速率具明显的非均匀性特点，表现为自东向西水平位移具累积滑动亏损特征，垂直位移则具补偿性     

广东沿海地区现代地壳垂直运动研究

对３０多年来１万多ｋｍ精密水准复测数百个重合点资料进行了综合研究，结果表明，广东沿海岸段的地壳平均以－０．５ｍｍ／ａ幅度沉降，表现出粤西抬升，粤东沉降，珠江三角洲大面积下沉的格局。粤西岸段平均以＋０．６ｍｍ／ａ速率上升，粤东沿海岸段平均以－０．７ｍｍ／ａ速率下降；珠江三角洲以－１．８ｍｍ／ａ速率下沉，桂东南岸段则以＋３．４ｍｍ／ａ的速上升。     

西秦岭北缘断裂带新活动特征

在本文中，作者在近几年进行的大比例尺活断层地质填图工作的基础上，介绍了西秦岭北缘断裂带晚第四纪以来活动的基本待征，研究了该断裂带的空间展布情况、几何学和运动学特征、断层活动速率、古地震与地震重复周期等。结果表明，该断裂带自第四纪以来由压性逐渐演变为左旋扭动，其水平滑动速率为２．１－２．８ｍｍ／年，垂直滑动速率为０．４－０．７ｍｍ／年，地震复发周期约为５０００年。     

冷龙岭活动断裂的滑动速率研究

根据对冷龙岭断裂重点地段的野外调查,研究了该断裂的几何特征及浮雕劝速率。结果表明：该断裂为一条全新世活动断层,由一组近于平行的次级断裂所组成。按总体特征可将该断裂分为３段,中更新世以来各时代的断裂平均滑动速率分别为：中更新世：２．１４～４．６４ｍｍ／ａ,晚更新世：２．８６～４．０７ｍｍ／ａ,全新世：３．３５～４．６２ｍｍ／ａ,全新世以来该断裂平均垂直滑动速率为０．３８ｍｍ／ａ。     

天景山断裂带晚第四纪水平活动强度的分时,分段研究

在野外实测工作基础上，统计归纳了天景山断裂带上的冲沟左旋错动资料，分析了各类冲沟形成年代，对断裂带晚第四纪以来的水平活动强度分布，分段进行了研究，结果表明，断裂带晚更新以来的总体活动强度不大，但从时间和空间分析，各段活动的差异比较明显，平均滑动速率为０．２３～１．６２ｍｍ／ａ。晚更新世早，中期，活动中心位于断裂带西段，平均速率为１．４０ｍｍ／ａ，晚更新世晚期以来，活动中心东移到中段，平均速率为１．     

新疆可可托海——二台活动断裂带

北北西走向的新疆可可托海－二台活动断裂带长１９０ｋｍ，为晚更新世晚期以来呈右旋逆走滑活动的断裂带，形成了额尔齐斯河与乌伦古河断错水系。该断裂带晚更新世晚期以来右错１ｋｍ左右，最大垂直错动１５ｍ；全新世晚期的右旋走滑速率为８．２３±０．４７ｍｍ／ａ。自晚更新世晚期以来该带发生过７期１７次古地震，平均复现期为１５１１±８９ａ。富蕴县喀依尔提拉分型盆地以南为古地震及１９３１年富蕴８级地震破裂段，长１５９ｋｍ，以北为未破裂段，长２５．５ｋｍ，喀依尔提拉分型盆地为构造障碍点。     

华山岩体中,新生代抬长的裂变径迹证据

对采自华山岩体不同高度的磷灰石样品进行裂变径迹分析,所得结果结合相关地质资料认为：（１）华山岩体抬升至少始新世;（２）华山主峰及北峰间可能发育一条对应于华山山前断裂的次级正断层,断距约３４０m;（３）据华山北峰样品研究,其各时段的平均抬升速率依次为２９．２６～２５．０５Ｍa,Ｖ＝０．１８３ｍｍ／ａ;２５．０５～２３．２ ７Ｍａ,Ｖ＝０．１５２ｍｍ／ａ;２３．２７～２０．５９Ｍａ,Ｖ＝０．０１９ｍｍ／     

甘孜-玉树断裂带晚第四纪走滑速率与滑动分解作用

滑动速率是研究断裂运动学特征、地震活动性和区域应变分配的重要参数和依据。前人关于甘孜-玉树断裂带滑动速率的研究结果存在较大差异,因此,其晚第四纪滑动速率有待进一步调查研究。本文基于卫星影像解译和野外实地考察,对甘孜-玉树断裂带西段（玉树断裂）上典型断错地貌点进行测量分析,得到玉树断裂晚第四纪走滑速率为6.6±0.1-7.4±1.2mm/a。通过与前人对甘孜-玉树断裂带东段（甘孜断裂）滑动速率的研究结果进行对比,发现甘孜-玉树断裂带东、西段滑动速率不一致,其原因是甘孜断裂的左旋滑移在向西传递的过程中,一部分应变被分配到了巴塘盆地南缘断裂上。巴塘盆地南缘断裂的存在很好地解释了玉树断裂的走滑速率比甘孜断裂偏低的原因。但是,从区域变形来看,巴塘盆地南缘断裂分配的滑动速率恰好说明了甘孜-玉树断裂带东、西段及鲜水河断裂带的水平构造变形是协调一致的。     

用全球定位系统（GPS）监测青藏高原地壳形变

通过对拉萨、日喀则地区两条基线的观测结果分析，得到了拉萨地块近南北向地壳形变率为（７．０±２．３）ｍｍ／ａ及近东西向（７．４±２．３）ｍｍ／ａ的形变速率，与震源机制解的结论十分接近。同时监测到相对于拉萨南北向７．３ｃｍ和东西向４．１ｃｍ的震后形变位移，显示出ＧＰＳ在地震监测及与地震相关的地壳形变研究的广阔前景     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.