Socio-spatial segregation and urban form: Belém at the end of the 1990s

In the second half of the 1990s, socio-spatial segregation increased in Brazilian cities, accentuating inequity among social groups. Using a combination of space syntax techniques and statistical analysis, this paper explores locational differences in central and peripheral portions of Belém. The analysis shows how socio-spatial segregation was made more pronounced by relationships between urban form, infrastructure provision and locational values. Social groups' opportunities in the city are suggested to be limited by features of its urban form, associated with infrastructure provision, especially for groups unable to take advantage of intra-urban accessibility. The paper also discusses the findings of the study in relation to the Brazilian urban context at the end of the 1990s.     

国内城市地下空间开发利用现状与发展趋势

我国城镇化水平不断提高的过程中,各类“城市病”是多数城市必须面对的难题,城市地下空间的开发利用成为各个城市解决这一问题的有效途径。在这样的背景下,我国城市地下空间开发利用从21世纪起进入快速发展阶段,十几年来地下空间利用增长迅猛,成就斐然。文章总结了当前我国城市地下空间各功能开发现状,并分等级叙述了我国几类城市地下空间开发利用现状。最后文章提出我国城市地下空间开发利用的趋势是向地质调查先行,网络化与分层化规划,协同化利用,内部环境生态化和人性化,管理数字化和智能化方向发展;不同城市将根据其社会经济需求和地质环境特点差异化重点开发,科学利用城市地下空间资源,发挥其社会、经济效益,让城市更美好。     

城市管理视角下的城市化问题及其解决途径

20世纪80年代以来中国的城市化进程不断加速,城市化水平达到46%,并且仍在稳步前进。如此迅速的城市化进程给城市管理带来两方面问题:一是城市发展与城市生态环境的矛盾,二是城市弱势群体的生存与城市管理秩序之间的矛盾。为缓解并消除上述矛盾,本文提出要加强城市管理的组织机构建设;加大城市规划政策协调引导力度;完善城市基础设施,提供优质的公共物品;出台多元化、有针对性的就业政策;完善社会保障体系。     

Multi-criteria vulnerability analysis to earthquake hazard of Bucharest, Romania

The expansive infrastructure, along with the high population density, makes cities highly vulnerable to the severe impacts of natural hazards. In the context of an explosive increase in value of the damage caused by natural disasters, the need for evaluating and visualizing the vulnerability of urban areas becomes a necessity in helping practitioners and stakeholders in their decision-making processes. The paper presented is a piece of exploratory research. The overall aim is to develop a spatial vulnerability approach to address earthquake risk, using a semi-quantitative model. The model uses the analytical framework of a spatial GIS-based multi-criteria analysis. For this approach, we have chosen Bucharest, the capital city of Romania, based on its high vulnerability to earthquakes due to a rapid urban growth and the advanced state of decay of the buildings (most of the building stock were built between 1940 and 1977). The spatial result reveals a circular pattern, pinpointing as hot spots the Bucharest historic centre (located on a meadow and river terrace, and with aged building stock) and peripheral areas (isolated from the emergency centers and defined by precarious social and economic conditions). In a sustainable development perspective, the example of Bucharest shows how spatial patterns shape the ??vulnerability profile?? of the city, based on which decision makers could develop proper prediction and mitigation strategies and enhance the resilience of cities against the risks resulting from the earthquake hazard.     

The relationship between administrative hierarchy position and city size development in China

China's urbanization process in the past 20 years has drawn much academic attention, and as a result, many attempts to explain the uniqueness of China's urbanization have emerged. Some argued that Tolley's model (1987), the well known theory explaining global urbanization, or the `Murray-Szelenyi' thesis (1984), which focus on the investigation of urbanization in socialist countries, can be applied in China. Most western literature, however, claimed either a `rural-bias' or an `urban-bias' from the state took place in China's urbanization process. This paper suggests another perspective in the analysis of this process, as it argues that it was the state bias for the allocation of production and human resources in the cities of higher hierarchical ranking that is behind China's urbanization. The objective of the paper is to test it through two hypotheses. The first hypothesis suggests that the higher the city is in the urban hierarchy, the more population it has; and the second argues the higher administrative position a city has, the better social and economic performance it will show. Using statistical data to validate these two hypotheses, this paper attempts to justify the role of `state-bias' of resources allocation and the dominance of the administrative hierarchy in China's urbanization process. Lastly, the paper argues, the state itself is a major factor or source for China's urbanization development.     

长江三角洲都市连绵区性状特征与形成机制研究

近年来 ,长江三角洲除继续保持中国最大的经济核心区外 ,城市发展也呈现新的趋势和特点 ,以上海为中心 ,形成一批经济实力强、社会发展水平高、投资环境优越的城市群。区域城市化进程加快 ,向巨型大都市连绵区发展。从世界大都市连绵区的发展趋势出发 ,概要论述了长江三角洲大都市连绵区的形成、发展过程和现状特征。认为长江三角洲都市连绵区由中心城市、城市发展轴线和次级城市群及其腹地构成 ,已形成 5个层次的城市等级体系 ;区内产业结构向高层次转化 ,外向型经济蓬勃发展 ,现代化基础设施初具规模。概括起来 ,长江三角洲都市连绵区形成的动力机制主要表现在如下几个方面 :1政府权力层层下放 ;2行政区划调整 ;3投资主体多元化 ;4市场建设与乡镇和个体企业发展。     

青岛市城中村土地征用（收）调查

随着全国大部分地区尤其是东部沿海区域城市化发展进入加速期,城区土地资源紧张问题愈发显现。同时城区内大片旧城区和城中村的改造,影响着城市化能否顺利实施,为了破解这一城市发展难题,青岛市国土部门创新思路,探索实施新的城中村土地征用（收）办法,全方位保障被拆迁群众的利益,推动了城市化的顺利实施,促进了社会的和谐和城市经济健康发展。     

Excavating Lefebvre: The right to the city and its urban politics of the inhabitant

Much current activism and scholarship has raised concern that the various processes of neoliberal restructuring are threatening democracy. More specifically, researchers in geography and other social sciences have stressed that political and economic restructuring in cities is negatively affecting the enfranchisement of urban residents. Much recent research and writing has explored progressive responses to this perceived disenfranchisement in cities. One popular trend has been a fascination with the idea of the `right to the city' as a way to respond to neoliberal urbanism and better empower urban dwellers. I argue that the right to the city holds promise, but that in the literature the idea remains both theoretically and politically underdeveloped. It remains unclear (1) what the right to the city entails or (2) how it might address current problems of disenfranchisement. This paper examines the right to the city in greater depth. It does so by offering a close reading and analysis of the intellectual roots of the idea: the writings of Henri Lefebvre. I suggest that Lefebvre's right to the city is more radical, more problematic, and more indeterminate than the current literature makes it seem. The paper concludes by suggesting that the right to the city does offer distinct potential for resisting current threats to urban enfranchisement. However, the right to the city is not a panacea. It must be seen not as a completed solution to current problems, but as an opening to a new urban politics, what I call an urban politics of the inhabitant.     

Assessment of urban groundwater heat contaminant in Jakarta, Indonesia

Urbanization has become one of the domain processes for city development in Indonesia. The results of the extremely high densities of fast growing population have led to negative subsurface environmental impact. Jakarta, as one of the rapidly developed and urbanized cities in Southeast Asia, has become one of the interesting urbanization city to analyze its effects. In Jakarta, the use of groundwater has greatly accelerated conforming to the rise in its population and the development of the industrial sector, which consume a relatively large amount of water. The increase of groundwater exploitation in Jakarta city has already caused a negative impact on these resources. Therefore, an assessment of groundwater trends in the urban area, including their hazard and risk management, is a necessary action. This paper describes the assessment of urban groundwater loading caused by human concentration in Jakarta city. Subsurface heat contamination under the condition of surface warming shows significant effects of urban groundwater loading during the past century in Jakarta city.     

Using GIS for analysis of urban systems

It is recognized that the spatial organization of urban system can be abstracted as three main components: a set of points, which describes the structural characteristics such as social and economic properties of individual city; a set of lines, which indicates the patterns of interaction among the cities; a set of spheres, which indicates how and to which extent each city affects the area around it. Even if such substance of urban system coincides with the main purpose of GIS for spatial or geometric data types such as point, line and region, little attention has been given to this point. By an evidence analysis of China, the application of potential analytical capabilities of GIS for urban system is attempted in this study. We find GIS acts as an efficient tool not only for the spatial structure analysis of urban system, which including potential distribution of cities, extraction of principal linkages among cities, and delimitation of subsystems; but also for the verification of socio-economic attributes and dynamics of urban system. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中国城市地质调查总体构想与关键理论技术

近年来,我国在城市群、大城市和中小城镇等不同层面组织开展了大量的城市地质调查,在城市地质资源、地质环境、发展空间的调查评价,以及地质信息服务城市管理制度建设等方面取得了丰富成果,在调查技术方法、成果产品服务、工作协调机制等方面积累了一些经验,但和新型城镇化的需求相比,还存在着工作理念较落后、地质信息更新慢,成果体系没标准、工作机制不完善等诸多不足。国家新型城镇化发展战略提出了全新的城市发展理念,在优化城市结构布局、拓展城市发展空间、推进绿色城市建设、提高城市安全保障水平等方面,对城市地质调查提出了迫切需求。新时期应该以全新的思路开展城市地质调查,要树立大资源、大环境、大数据理念,服务城市规划、建设、运行、管理等多个层面,开展空间、资源、环境、灾害等多要素综合调查,打造地下三维可视化的城市地质模型(透明城市),完善空天地一体化的地质资源环境监测网络,建立开放共享、动态更新的城市地质信息服务与决策支持系统,构建城市地质调查成果服务产品体系、技术标准体系和保障制度体系。为实现这个目标,需要建立城市资源环境承载能力、城市多圈层交互带、地下空间资源协同规划等理论,开展城市地质探测与监测、国土空间开发地质适宜性评价、地下空间开发利用地质安全评价、三维城市地质建模与公共服务等技术攻关。     

Urbanization process and induced environmental geological hazards in China

Urbanization is a common development trend of countries all over the world, which is a mark of civilization and progress of human beings. The number of urbanization-induced environmental geological hazards has grown steadily in recent years and is receiving increased attention throughout the world. The purpose of this paper is to generalize China’s urbanization process and induced environmental geological hazards. Driving forces and characteristics of urbanization are briefly introduced in this study; specifically, the distribution of urban agglomerations is principally related to water resources, transportation and energy. Common geological hazards and particular ones in mountain city, mining city and coastal city are also summarized. The type and severity of hazards are different due to the differences of natural conditions and various urban functions. Main environmental geological hazards in cities are land subsidence, landslide and seawater intrusion, etc. Accordingly, reasons for these urbanization-induced geological hazards in different type of cities are analyzed and discussed. The research results may provide a clear perspective for urban geological hazard prevention, and suggestions for urban geological hazard control are pointed out.     

江西省城市化水平与城市效率相关分析

在对江西省城市化水平分析的基础上,应用城市效率指标,对江西省11个地级市的城市效率作了定量分析,总结了其地域分异规律,并就江西省城市化水平与城市效率进行了相关分析研究。结果表明,江西省的城市化水平与城市效率的相关性总体一致,符合“城市规模效率梯度”现象。在提高城市集聚功能,培育城市群（带）,促进城市可持续发展以及欠发达地区的发展方面提供了一些有益的参考和建议。     

简述城市的格子状分布

基于城市的等级体系,城市可以分为超大城市、特大城市、大城市、中等城市、小城市和集镇。分形结构是城市体系的特征,同一级别的城市有平行四边形的格子状分布,格子的两个方向与区域的大地构造线的方向一致。分别以中外特大城市和大、中、小城市为例,分析了城市格子状分布特征。认为在一个区域内,除了格子状对称分布,还可能具有更高的对称形式。城市形成与分布的复杂系统,对于城市化和区域发展具有研究意义,应建立相应的数学模型。     

重庆城市地貌研究的设计与实践

介绍了重庆城市地貌研究的设计与实践。认为:宜以城市的建成区和边缘区为重点研究区,并根据城市地貌环境的特点来进行设计。从以下几个方面介绍了重庆城市地貌研究的实践:(1)地貌环境对城市的影响;(2)城市对地貌环境的影响;(3)城市地貌灾害;(4)城市地貌分类与制图;(5)城市地貌环境的质量评价。     

Living and working in urban working class communities

Much has been written on the apparent urban renaissance in UK cities and the new lifestyle arrangements, working time patterns, economic activities and the more general reordering of work and life that appears to accompany it. Certainly, recent decades have witnessed a range of economic, social and cultural changes in the lives of those living and working in cities and surrounding suburbs. Much of the attention in this work has focused on those groups for whom the changes have appeared most profound: the high-income earners returning to live in the city - the gentrifiers - or those who suffer multiple deprivations as a result of economic restructuring. Seemingly absent from many accounts of urban change are those places where, at first glance, the effects of change have been less pronounced: low-income, working class neighbourhoods where most people continue to get by, albeit in the context of a harsher, and less secure political economic context. In light of this apparent silence, this paper draws on interviews from Wythenshawe in South Manchester, to examine how low-income mothers cope, live and labour, in a rapidly changing city, as they perform paid work at the same time as ensuring the social reproduction of the household.     

Design and implementation of a smart solid waste collection system

Solid waste collection systems are very important in today’s urban environment. The last three decades witnessed the development in urban areas over rural ones in a process called urbanization. Growth of urbanization is much more in developing countries than in the developed countries to the extent that it became a trend characterizing several developed and even least developed countries. Unfortunately, it has been observed that the systems currently used in modern cities do not provide a service of sufficient efficiency and quality, despite their high running costs. As an alternative, a smart solid waste collection system with all subcomponents was developed and applied in a small city in Turkey. In addition to the conventional waste collection systems, this system included smart features and optimization algorithms for route planning. The study presents the design philosophy, feasibility and pilot implementation of a smart solid waste collection system which can be operated with high efficiency at low cost.     

山东省城市建设用地与宏观经济的关联度分析

该文采取灰色系统的灰色关联度分析了山东省2001—2008年城市建设用地与固定资产、GDP和城市化率的关联程度,得出城市建设用地与GDP最相关,二者的关联度达到0.92,其次是城市化率,二者的关联度为0.88,在3个指标中,与固定资产投资的关联程度最低,二者的关联度为0.70。说明经济发展是城市建设用地扩张的主要驱动力。     

北京城市地质工作进展与思考

本文分析了北京城市地质工作主要进展,提出了当前城市地质工作中存在的主要问题,思考了未来北京城市地质工作发展方向。提出:北京建设世界城市对地质工作提出了更高的战略需求,需要充分借鉴纽约、伦敦和东京等特大城市地质工作经验,启动城市地质工作立法,强化城市地质工作服务经济社会发展的先行性作用;实施首都建设地质响应计划,统筹部署地质工作;加快首都地区地质资源环境承载能力监测预警平台建设步伐,有效解决与城市发展和城市居民生活密切相关的重大地质问题。