海洋单阶次表面多次波分离方法研究

海洋地震资料普遍发育强能量表面多次波,传统表面多次波压制技术(SRME)能够预测出所有阶次表面多次波,但是各阶次表面多次波相互混叠.为了能够单独利用不同阶次的表面多次波成像,降低干涉假象对多次波成像的影响,需要将不同阶次的表面多次波分离出来.本文提出一种基于扩展SRME的海洋单阶次表面多次波分离方法.首先,应用SRME...     

平面波域反数据处理压制多次波方法研究

在地震勘探领域,尤其是海洋地震勘探中,多次波一直是影响地震处理与解释的主要因素之一.本文基于x-t域的反馈模型及多次波衰减的理论,详尽推导了x-t域反数据处理的方法;基于平面波域多次波的产生机制,借鉴x-t域反数据处理的方法,推导出在平面波域进行反数据处理的原理.文中给出一个有限差分的模拟数据进行测试,处理结果表明,本方法可以有效地衰减表层相关多次波,提高地震数据分析的精确性,在保护了一次波能量的同时,可以更加有效快捷地去除多次波.     

波路径偏移压制层间多次波的理论与应用

消除层间多次波是地震勘探资料处理研究领域的难题,尤其对于实际资料的处理,到目前为止还很难找到一种完全有效的方法. 本文给出了仅对一次波成像既波路径偏移方法压制层间多次波方法,在共炮道集和共检波点道集分别计算炮点射线的入射角和检波点射线的出射角,由此计算的角度作为射线追踪的初始角度,计算地震波射线的传播路径. 结合由程函方程计算的走时表,判断偏移范围是反射波还是多次波. 在前期偏移过程压制多次波的理论研究基础上,本文主要研究波路径偏移消除多次波的应用部分. 为了进一步说明效果的有效性,计算了在单炮和共成像点道集压制层间多次波,给出了实际资料的压制多次波的偏移结果.     

宽频高分辨率处理与多次波衰减新方法在南海珠江口盆地X工区的应用

南海珠江口盆地是我国重要的油气资源产区,该产区的浅海区域内多次波发育严重。文中以信号预处理得到的高信噪比数据为基础,测试了一套宽频提高分辨率及多次波衰减的处理思路。在宽频高分辨率处理方面,通过应用自适应鬼波压制技术结合成像域保幅性BWXT拓频技术得到高分辨率数据体。针对浅海自由表面多次波,在数据域采用确定性水层多次波预测技术与广义表层多次波预测技术进行联合压制,结果显示该两种方法的组合使用能有效压制该区域内的水面相关多次波。通过对各技术方法处理前后的道集、频谱、叠前时间偏移剖面的质控分析可以发现,该处理流程在珠江口盆地X工区的地震资料处理中有很好的应用效果,多次波得到有效衰减。最终生成的宽频高分辨率地震数据为后期高精度储层预测及地质研究工作奠定了坚实的基础。且文中提出的处理思路对浅海海洋资料高分辨率处理具有很强的适用性,可推广应用于类似海洋环境的数据处理中。     

一阶多次波聚焦变换成像

将多次波转换成反射波并按传统反射波偏移算法成像,是多次波成像的一种方法.聚焦变换能准确的将多次波转换为纵向分辨率更高的新波场记录,其中一阶多次波转换为反射波.本文对聚焦变换提出了两点改进:1)提出局部聚焦变换,以减小存储量和计算量,增强该方法对检波点随炮点移动的采集数据的适应性;2)引入加权矩阵,理论上证明原始记录的炮点比检波点稀疏时,共检波点道集域的局部聚焦变换可以将多次波准确转换成炮点与检波点有相同采样频率的新波场记录.本文在第一个数值实验中对比了对包含反射波与多次波的原始记录做局部聚焦变换和直接对预测的多次波做局部聚焦变换两种方案,验证了第二种方案转换得到的波场记录信噪比更高且避免了第一个方案中切聚焦点这项比较繁杂的工作.第二个数值实验表明:在炮点采样较为稀疏时,该方法能有效的将一阶多次波转换成反射波;转换的反射波能提供更丰富的波场信息,成像结果更均衡、在局部有更高的信噪比,以及较高的纵向分辨率.     

地震多次波成像

地震资料含有各种类型多次波,而传统成像方法仅利用地震一次反射波成像,在地震成像前需将多次波去除.然而,多次波携带了丰富的地下结构信息,多次波偏移能够提供除反射波外的额外地下照明.修改传统逆时偏移方法,用包含一次反射波和多次波的原始记录代替震源子波,将SRME方法预测的表面多次波代替一次反射波作为输入数据,可将表面多次波成像.多次波成像的挑战和困难在于大量串扰噪声的产生,针对表面多次波成像中的成像噪声问题,将最小二乘逆时偏移方法与多次波分阶思想结合起来,发展可控阶数的表面多次波反演成像方法,有望初步实现高精度的表面多次波成像.在消除原始记录中的表面多次波后,通过逆散射级数方法预测得到层间多次波,将层间多次波作为逆时偏移方法的输入数据可将其准确归位到地下反射位置.数值实验表明,多次波成像能够有效地为地下提供额外照明,而可控阶表面多次波最小二乘逆时偏移成像方法几乎完全避免成像噪声.     

改进的多道预测算子压制浅水多次波方法

在浅水情况下,由于观测数据中缺少近偏移距信息,水层多次波的压制面临挑战.利用多道预测算子压制水层多次波是浅水环境下压制多次波的重要方法之一,这种方法先从输入数据中估计出多道预测算子,再将预测算子和输入数据做褶积预测出水层相关多次波.然而,估计的多道预测算子很容易受噪声污染,从而影响多次波模型的精度.所以,我们提出了改进的多道预测算子压制浅水多次波方法.该方法先从数据中估计出多道预测算子,并利用估计的算子构建出精确的水层模型;然后,通过计算算子的走时信息、估计振幅信息、合成新算子三个步骤来修正原始的多道预测算子.修正的算子不仅不受噪声影响,还含有精确的走时信息、可靠的振幅信息;最后,该方法用修正的算子来预测多次波,并结合自适应相减,将预测的多次波从输入数据中去除.通过合成数据和实际资料的验证表明,相比于原始的多道预测算子压制多次波方法,改进的方法能够取得更好的压制效果.     

线性拉东域预测反褶积在海洋多次波去除中的应用

海洋多次波是海洋地震资料处理中最难去除的噪声,目前时空域预测反褶积、SRME、高精度拉冬切除等方法均能有效衰减部分多次波,但对于强反射界面(如硬海底,海底以下高速层等)产生的多次波,单独采用以上方法仍会产生能量较强的残余多次波,针对该问题,根据多次波与一次波周期性差异在线性拉东域比时空域更为明显且有利于压制长周期多次波的特点,可以将线性拉东域预测反褶积技术作为SRME、高精度拉东切除技术的补充,取长补短,联合应用消除深水海底多次波.本文对线性拉东域预测反褶积的基本原理进行了阐述,讨论了如何选取参数,并对其应用范围进行了分析.将线性拉东域预测反褶积应用于南海某凹陷海洋资料的多次波衰减处理中,有效的消除了残余海底多次波,验证了该方法的实用性.     

稀疏反演多次波去除策略与效果分析

多次波去除是海上勘探中的一项关键技术,在一定程度上决定着最终成像结果的质量.表面相关多次波去除方法(Surface-Related Multiple Elimination,SRME)是一种基于反馈迭代模型的数据驱动类方法,该方法利用地震数据本身预测多次波,进一步对其进行匹配相减获得一次波结果,这往往导致与多次波重叠的一次波被错误地去除.稀疏反演一次波估计方法(Estimation of Primaries by Sparsity Inversion,EPSI)在原理上同样基于反馈迭代模型,通过求解一次波和表面相关多次波总残差最小化问题直接获得一次波.该方法无多次波的匹配相减过程,可减少与多次波发生重叠的一次波产生损失.另外,EPSI可以很好地解决SRME无法解决的近道缺失问题.理论数据和实际资料处理对比表明SRME对数据完整性以及一次波和多次波的分布情况有较强的依赖性,而EPSI几乎不受这两个因素的影响.EPSI相比SRME方法计算成本高,尚未在工业界广泛应用,但随着高性能计算的普及,该方法的实用性有望得到突破.     

混合域高分辨率抛物Radon变换及在衰减多次波中的应用

高分辨率Radon变换存在计算效率和分辨率不能兼得的困境.时间域算法可以获得很高的分辨率,但计算效率非常低;频率域算法具有良好计算效率,但分辨率不理想.为此发展了混合域高分辨率抛物Radon变换,即对频率域抛物Radon变换引入时变的稀疏权.本文给出了一种新的混合域高分辨率抛物Radon变换实现方法,并将该算法应用于叠前数据衰减多次波.文中给出了Radon变换和衰减多次波的流程.理论和实际数据算例表明本文方法既有较高的分辨率又有很高的计算效率.     

数据域初至波走时与成像域反射波走时联合层析速度建模方法

复杂地表探区,尤其是盆山过渡区的油气勘探是我国也是世界上油气勘探的重点区域,但是此类区域油气地震勘探中满足精确地震成像的速度建模一直是个没有很好解决的问题.本文提出了一种综合性的数据域初至波走时与成像域反射波走时联合层析复杂地表浅中深层速度建模方法,并针对联合层析速度反演解的非唯一性问题,深入地分析了层析反演中正则化的本质意义,指出了建立构造特征正则化方法的具体技术路线,提出了联合层析的实现流程及策略.理论和实际数据试验表明,本文提出的数据域初至走时与成像域反射走时联合层析浅中深层速度建模技术避免了常规建模方法中浅层速度模型与中深层速度模型的融合问题,较好地解决了传统成像域反射层析对近地表模型的不可控更新问题,整体提升了深度域浅中深层速度模型的建模精度,进而提高了复杂地表、复杂构造区的地震成像质量.     

Wheeler域储层地震预测技术研究

利用常规地震数据进行层序划分、沉积相识别、沉积演化分析及储层预测,因受现今构造趋势的影响,具有较强的多解性.Wheeler域地震资料因具有等时性,地层旋回性清楚、展布范围明了,井震标定后便于层序及体系域划分,易于识别砂体,在进行地层的沉积演化过程分析,可以在相控约束下分析砂体的分布特征、成因,评价有利储层,减少多解性.本文通过正演探讨了同一沉积模式,不同地震频率下的地震成像,研究了不同沉积模式下的Wheeler转换方法,实现了地震资料从常规时间域转换到Wheeler域.通过Wheeler域井震标定,建立起地震地质的联系;拓展性的提出了在地震最小研究单元内,在双域(常规时间域和Wheeler域)进行解释和综合研究的技术流程;建立了基于地震沉积学的储层地震预测技术.并在准噶尔盆地西缘白垩系储层研究进行了应用.经钻井证实,这种基于地震沉积学的Wheeler域储层地震预测技术比较准确,效果良好,值得完善和推广.     

面波压制的Ridgelet域方法

面波压制是地震数据处理中的一个重要问题. 常规的处理方法虽然能在一定程度上压制面波,但是在处理过程中只是单一的利用面波的一种特性,例如频率域滤波中利用面波与有效信号频率之间的差别,因此难以有效地压制面波. 利用Ridgelet变换可将原始地震记录拓展到（a,τ,p）三维空间,从而可以同时利用地震记录的视速度、时间和尺度域特性差别,实现有效信号与面波的分离. 文中通过理论合成记录及实际地震记录的算例,证实了基于Ridgelet变换的面波压制方法是有效且可行的.     

Geological effects in tectonic superposition of Paleo-Pacific domain and Paleo-Asian domain in northern part of North China

The northern part of North China is located where the Paleo-Asian domain is superposed by the Paleo-Pacific domain. The period from the end of the Late Paleozoic to the beginning of the Mesozoic is important for the superposition of the two domains. It is demonstrated according to the coupling of the superficial and deep geological effects that in this period begins the lithosphere modulation, hot interface uprising, and crust extension in this area. Thus a new understanding about the Indo-China movement has arisen. Project supported by the National Natural Scirnce Foundation of China.     

Filtering vibroseis data in the precorrelation domain

Vibroseis data recorded at short source–receiver offsets can be swamped by direct waves from the source. The signal-to-noise ratio, where primary reflections are the signal and correlation side lobes are the noise, decreases with time and late reflection events are overwhelmed. This leads to low seismic resolution on the vibroseis correlogram. A new precorrelation filtering approach is proposed to suppress correlation noise. It is the ‘squeeze-filter-unsqueeze’ (SFU) process, a combination of ‘squeeze’ and ‘unsqueeze’ (S and U) transformations, together with the application of either an optimum least-squares filter or a linear recursive notch filter. SFU processing provides excellent direct wave removal if the onset time of the direct wave is known precisely, but when the correlation recognition method used to search for the first arrival fails, the SFU filtering will also fail. If the tapers of the source sweeps are badly distorted, a harmonic distortion will be introduced into the SFU-filtered trace. SFU appears to be more suitable for low-noise vibroseis data, and more effective when we know the sweep tapers exactly. SFU requires uncorrelated data, and is thus cpu intensive, but since it is automatic, it is not labour intensive. With non-linear sweeps, there are two approaches to the S,U transformations in SFU. The first requires the non-linear analytical sweep formula, and the second is to search and pick the zero nodes on the recorded pilot trace and then carry out the S,U transformations directly without requiring the algorithm or formula by which the sweep was generated. The latter method is also valid for vibroseis data with a linear sweep. SFU may be applied to the removal of any undesired signal, as long as the exact onset time of the unwanted signal in the precorrelation domain is known or determinable.     

Time domain analysis of generalized viscoelastic models

This paper examines the convolution integral method for the time domain analysis of viscoelastic models with complex parameters. Such models have been extensively used in soil dynamics and base isolation studies, because they can predict realistically the non-viscous behavior of practical materials such as soil, acrylic polymers, and silicone gels among others. Starting from the constant hysteretic model which was initially proposed to model the behavior of dry sands, it is shown that the basic response functions of complex-parameter viscoelastic models are complex valued functions. The classical relations between the basic response function and the dynamic modulus are extended for the case of these generalized viscoelastic models. Finally, the time domain response of practical constitutive models with complex parameters is investigated, and the limitations and advantages of the convolution integral method are discussed.     

Dynamic response analysis in the frequency domain

Analysis in the frequency domain using discrete Fourier transforms is an efficient means of calculating the dynamic response of linear systems. In fact, for systems with frequency dependent parameters and also in those cases where the complex frequency response functions are more easily determined, frequency domain analysis may be the only effective means of determining the dynamic response. The use of discrete transforms along with finite summation requires that the forcing function and the impulse function be converted into periodic forms. This modification may introduce unacceptable errors in the results of analysis, unless appropriate steps are taken to avoid or minimize the effect of aliasing or overlapping. For single-degree-of-freedom systems, procedures that will eliminate the effect of aliasing have already been developed. However, problems related to frequency domain analysis still exist for multi-degree-of-freedom systems with non-proportional damping, in analysis through substructuring and in those cases where a continuum solution is involved. A new procedure which addresses these problems and is applicable to both single- and multi-degree-of-freedom system as well as to analysis through substructuring is presented here.     

Frequency domain substructural identification for arbitrary excitations

Structural identification based on analysis of vibration signals is usually formulated as an optimization problem. Nevertheless, identifying a structural system as a whole often involves a great number of unknowns and degrees of freedom, resulting in considerable convergence difficulty and expensive evaluation of objective function. To handle these issues, this paper aims to propose a frequency domain substructural identification method applicable to arbitrary excitations. This is done by introducing the exponential window method in the formulation so that the effect caused by initial condition is alleviated without using zero padding. The proposed identification method is verified through both numerical and experimental studies. It is shown that significant reduction in computer time can be achieved in addition to remarkable identification accuracy. The experimental study also indicates that the proposed strategy is effective in identifying small structural changes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Time domain reflectometry measurement principles and applications

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a highly accurate and automatable method for determination of porous media water content and electrical conductivity. Water content is inferred from the dielectric permittivity of the medium, whereas electrical conductivity is inferred from TDR signal attenuation. Empirical and dielectric mixing models are used to relate water content to measured dielectric permittivity. Clay and organic matter bind substantial amounts of water, such that measured bulk dielectric constant is reduced and the relationship with total water content requires individual calibration. A variety of TDR probe configurations provide users with site‐ and media‐specific options. Advances in TDR technology and in other dielectric methods offer the promise not only for less expensive and more accurate tools for electrical determination of water and solute contents, but also a host of other properties such as specific surface area, and retention properties of porous media. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Frequency domain analysis of time integration operators

The present paper analyses the error associated with the time integration operators in structural dynamics. It considers the time integration operators as digital recursive filters. The transfer functions of the discretized equations are derived and compared with the transfer function of the differential equation. This leads to a new approach for the accuracy analysis of the time integration operators, which is not restricted to the homogeneous part of the discretized equation. It can therefore be applied to the Duhamel Integral for which, as far as the author is aware, no error analysis has been reported so far. Results are presented for the Newmark's family integration operators. Various assumptions on the variation of the excitation between the sampling points in the Duhamel Integral are also analysed.