1961—2012年塔城地区极端温度事件变化特征

摘要：选用世界气象组织推荐的极端气候指数方法,对1961—2012年塔城地区6个极端气温指数进行分析,应用百分位法定义极端温度阈值,得出塔城地区极端温度事件变化的基本事实。结果表明：塔城地区近52年来冷昼、冷夜事件和严寒日数分别以3.5 d/10a、9.3 d/10a和4.3 d/10a的速率下降,突变点分别出现在1994、1988和1979年;暖昼、暖夜事件和高温日数分别以3.6 d/10a、8.6 d/10a和0.6 d/10a的速率在上升,突变点分别出现在1989、1990和1973年;极端气温指标多存在25～28 a和5～8 a的振荡周期,在空间分布上,各指标的减少（增加）速率与纬度、地形相关,随纬度增加而多呈现出北部大,中部、南部小的特点。     

近54年阿勒泰地区夏季极端降水事件气候特征

本文采用阿勒泰地区7个国家级气象站近54a(1960～2013年)夏季(6～8月)的日有效降水量（20～20h降水量≥0.1mm）资料,用WMO推荐的百分位法计算了全地区过去54a夏季极端强降水的阈值、进一步分析了当地夏季时空分布特征及变化趋势,结果表明：阿勒泰地区夏季极端强降水阈值呈西部、南部小,北部、东部大,并且空间异常分布特征如下: 夏季以及夏季各月的极端强降水日数和强度均可总结出5种最主要模型;极端强降水量可总结出8种最主要模型;并且通过时间标准化序列分析各种模型都有对应的降水日数、量级、强度明显偏多（强）和偏少（弱）的时段。日数、量级、强度近54a来,除吉木乃略有下降以外,其余各县（市）均为增长趋势,尤其是北部、东部地区.同时上述三指标存在着显著的年代际和年纪尺度的周期变化,上世纪90年代和2010年至今为三个指标最多(强)的年代,而上世纪70年代为最少（最差）的年代.并通过周期分析（小波分析）可知,均有对应的显著变化周期。     

内蒙古地区极端降水事件分布特征

基于内蒙古地区94个气象站1961—2007年逐日降水量资料,利用累积频率法,分析了极端降水事件变化特征。结果表明:(1)近50年内蒙古地区极端降水事件和极端强降水事件发生的强度和出现的频次均呈现出增多趋势,尤其在1977年降水发生突变之后,增加趋势更为明显。(2)近50年内蒙古地区最长连续无降水日数和最长连续降水日数持续时间缩短,表明连续性干旱和降水的持续性减弱,尤其是进入本世纪后,最长连续无降水日数陡升和最长连续降水日数陡降,气候湿润程度下降,加之全球气候变暖,使内蒙古地区进入本世纪后暖而干的气候特征更为明显,这对农牧业生产和生态环境保护极为不利。(3)内蒙古地区近50年小雨和暴雨日数的减少,降水强度的加大,使全区降水不稳定性增加,降水有极端化发展趋势,尤其是在1987年气温发生突变之后,降水强度变化更大。     

中国年极端降水事件的时空分布特征

基于中国1955～2004年314个台站逐日降水资料,根据百分位值方法定义了不同台站的极端降水阈值,进而对中国年极端降水事件的时空特征进行了探讨分析.结果表明:江淮北部、湖南、四川西南部及西藏和新疆西部地区与中国其他区域呈反向变化特征,是中国年极端降水事件的主要空间异常模态;中国年极端降水事件的时间变化存在明显的区域性差异,东北、西北东部、华北表现为减少趋势,其中东北和华北发生了突变,而西北西部、长江中下游、华南及青藏高原表现为增加趋势,其中西北西部、长江中下游发生了突变;中国各分区年极端降水事件的周期振荡不完全一致;中国年极端降水事件与年降水量之间存在较好的相关性,从季节来看,夏季极端降水事件与年降水量的相关性最好.     

欧亚大陆极端降水事件的区域变化特征

近年来,在全球变暖的背景下,极端气候事件特别是极端降水事件,发生频率愈发上升。本文使用美国气候预测中心提供的逐日降水资料,统计分析了1979—2018年期间欧亚大陆各个子区域极端降水事件的时空变化特征。结果表明:1)从气候态的空间分布特征来看,南欧、南亚、东南亚、东亚地区为欧亚大陆全年总降水量高值区,同时也是极端强降水频发地区;而东亚地区青藏高原、中国中西部至蒙古一带,南亚地区印度次大陆以及中亚、西亚等地的部分地区则是连续性干旱事件的高频区,极端强降水事件发生频次较少;2)在21世纪初之后,东南亚、南亚、东亚、北亚、西亚和南欧这6个地区的全年总降水量发生年代际增加,且在研究时段呈显著增加趋势。在过去近40 a,南亚、东亚和中亚的RX1day(日最大降水量)、RX5day(连续5 d最大降水量)、中雨日数(R10mm)、大雨日数(R20mm)自20世纪90年代中期年代际增加,且呈长期增加趋势。南亚、北亚、东亚、中亚这4个地区的最大连续干旱日数在20世纪80年代初显著增加,但长期趋势并不显著。需要指出的是,自2014年起极端强降水事件在东南亚、南亚和东亚地区持续增多,而连续性干旱事件在北欧地区持续增多。     

1958—2015年敦煌及周边地区极端降水事件的时空变化特征北大核心CSCD

敦煌阳关南临祁连山,每年汛期都会受到来自肃北、阿克塞和当地洪水的影响,2~3年就有一场特大洪灾,同时洪水携带的泥石流不仅污染了当地赖以生存的唯一水源,还造成水资源的严重破坏。基于敦煌及周边邻近1958 2015年6个气象站点全年逐日降水资料(祁连站资料为1958 2013年),采用Manner-Kendall突变检验、小波分析和Kriging插值等方法分析了敦煌及周边地区地区极端降水事件的变化趋势、周期特征及空间分布特征。结果表明,极端降水频次除了马鬃山呈现减少趋势外,敦煌、瓜州、酒泉、玉门和祁连均呈现增长趋势,极端降水频次的年倾斜增率分别为-0.063,0.127,0.072,0.138,0.104和0.638 d·(10a)^(-1);在极端降水强度突变分析中,UF统计量呈倒"V"型变化趋势,即发生了先增加后减少的变化趋势,发生变化的时间点为1980年左右;根据极端降水强度小波方差分析可知,在研究时段内敦煌、瓜州、酒泉、马鬃山、玉门和祁连控制极端降水强度的主控周期有53,22,36,56和58年时间尺度,日最大降水量、极端降水总量和极端降水强度都呈现出从西到东的梯度增加趋势空间分布特征。     

极端气温和极端降水复合事件的气候特征

基于1961-2014年的中国台站资料,侧重探讨极端气温和极端降水复合事件的气候特征。结果表明,基于客观方法检测出四类极端复合事件：暖湿、暖干、冷湿和冷干。四类事件的频发区分别位于东北地区、华南地区、西藏及华南地区和长江以南及云贵高原一带。全国暖湿、暖干事件频数呈增加趋势,春夏季频发;冷湿事件频数在西藏东北一带呈增加趋势,而在长江流域呈减少趋势,夏秋冬季频发;冷干事件频数呈减少趋势,秋冬季频发。四类极端复合事件经验正交分解的时间序列主模态均表现为年代际信号。进一步分析四类复合事件与能源消费量的联系表明,极端湿事件与能源消费量呈正相关,而极端干事件则相反。     

蒙阴县降水和极端温度变化特征分析

利用蒙阴县1959～2002年气象资料，分析了蒙阴降水和高、低温的变化特征。结果表明：降水总体呈减少趋势，平均每10年减少42mm；前后期对比分析表明，后期春季降水略有增多，冬季有所减少，夏、秋两季明显减少；后期高、低温出现频率明显减小，但高温平均值略有升高，低温平均值明显升高。     

1961—2011年通辽市极端降水事件特征分析

文章利用通辽市9个气象站1961—2011年逐日降水资料,采用百分位值法定义了极端降水事件的阈值,统计了极端降水事件的频次,分析其空间分布特征和时间趋势变化。结果表明,通辽市极端降水事件阈值的空间特征是由南向北总体上呈高—低—高的分布特征,而极端降水事件频次空间差异较小,都在3.4d/a左右。1961—2011年,通辽市极端降水事件的发生频次呈减少趋势,减幅为0.23d/10a,存在明显的年代际差异。     

深圳市汛期（4～9月）降水及极端降水事件的变化特征

以深圳市1953-2006年逐日降水资料为基础,采用数理统计、线性分析、突变分析、周期分析等方法,分析54年来深圳市汛期降水的变化特征以及极端降水事件的变化趋势。研究结果表明：深圳市降水主要集中出现在汛期（4-9月）,汛期多年平均降雨量为1653mm,约占年平均雨量86%左右,深圳市汛期降水存在两个明显的峰值,分别集中在6月上-中旬和7月中旬-9月上旬;深圳市汛期降水量呈略增加的趋势,并在1993年发生突变,雨日的变化与降水量正好相反,为减少趋势,在1982年发生突变,其气候倾向率为-1.3d/10a,雨日的平均降水量呈增加趋势,突变发生的时间与汛期降雨量的突变时间一致,也是出现在1993年;深圳市汛期降雨量变化存在多时间尺度结构,存在1-3年、6-8年、准18年的周期振荡;从极端降水变化来看,暴雨降水量和频率趋势变化较小,且变化趋势基本一致,而暴雨强度呈弱增加趋势,90年代以后增加明显。     

1981～2010年北京地区极端降水变化特征

采用北京地区20个常规气象站1981~2010年逐日降水数据,对北京地区极端降水的空间分布特征进行了分析。得到以下主要结论:1981~2010年,北京地区极端降水百分位数(第90、95和99个百分位数)阈值表现出较一致的空间分布特征,以第95个百分位数阈值计算的极端降水日数与降水阈值和降水量的分布有较大差异,极端降水量对总降水量的贡献可达30%~37%,极端降水强度分布与极端降水阈值分布相似。近30年,北京地区多数站点的极端降水量、降水日数和降水强度呈下降趋势,极端降水量以上甸子、怀柔、平谷和观象台下降较为明显,可达到40 mm(10 a)–1以上,极端降水强度以顺义、海淀、观象台、大兴和上甸子等站下降较为显著,每10 a降水强度减小趋势可达4 mm d–1,极端降水日数变化分布与极端降水量变化分布类似,极端降水强度变化与降水量和降水日数变化的分布有明显不同。     

Changes in Daily Climate Extremes of Observed Temperature and Precipitation in China

Daily precipitation for 1960–2011 and maximum/minimum temperature extremes for 1960–2008 recorded at 549 stations in China are utilized to investigate climate extreme variations.A set of indices is derived and analyzed with a main focus on the trends and variabilities of daily extreme occurrences.Results show significant increases in daily extreme warm temperatures and decreases in daily extreme cold temperatures,defined as the number of days in which daily maximum temperature(Tmax)and daily minimum temperature(Tmin)are greater than the 90th percentile and less than the10th percentile,respectively.Generally,the trend magnitudes are larger in indices derived from Tmin than those from Tmax.Trends of percentile-based precipitation indices show distinct spatial patterns with increases in heavy precipitation events,defined as the top 95th percentile of daily precipitation,in western and northeastern China and in the low reaches of the Yangtze River basin region,and slight decreases in other areas.Light precipitation,defined as the tail of the5th percentile of daily precipitation,however,decreases in most areas.The annual maximum consecutive dry days(CDD)show an increasing trend in southern China and the middle-low reach of the Yellow River basin,while the annual maximum consecutive wet days(CWD)displays a downtrend over most regions except western China.These indices vary significantly with regions and seasons.Overall,occurrences of extreme events in China are more frequent,particularly the night time extreme temperature,and landmasses in China become warmer and wetter.     

Trends of Temperature Extremes in Summer and Winter during 1971–2013 in China

The diurnal temperature range(DTR) has decreased dramatically in recent decades, but it is not yet obvious whether the extreme values of DTR have also reduced. Based on the daily maximum and minimum temperature data of 653 stations in China, a set of monthly indices of warm extremes, cold extremes, and DTR extremes in summer(June, July, August) and winter(December, January, February) were studied for spatial and temporal features during the period 1971–2013. Results show that the incidence of warm extremes has been increasing in most parts of China, while the opposite trend was found in the cold extremes for summer and winter months. Both increasing and decreasing trends of monthly DTR extremes were identified in China for both seasons. For high DTR extremes, decreasing trends were identified in northern China for both seasons, but increasing trends were found only in southern China in summer, while in winter, they were found in central China. Monthly low DTR extreme indices demonstrated consistent positive trends in summer and winter, while significant increases(P 0.05) were identified for only a few stations.     

中国区域1961~2010年降水集中指数(PCI)的变化及月分配特征

降水的年内变化(月分配和季节变化)对农作物生长、水资源利用及管理具有重要意义,同时也是增暖背景下水循环发生变化的关键过程之一。降水集中指数(PCI,Precipitation Concentration Index)能较好的表征降水的年内集中程度,被广泛应用于相关研究。本文利用中国583个站点1961~2010年的逐月降水和气温观测资料,对中国及各典型区域的PCI进行了计算分析,研究了PCI的气候特征、变化趋势、降水月分配变化及PCI与气温季节较差的关系。结果表明,我国PCI的气候态呈现出由东南向西北逐渐递增的空间分布格局。湿润区PCI在11~17之间,年内降水较为均匀;半湿润区PCI为17~24;半干旱区PCI在24~27之间;而干旱区PCI则由27至47不等,降水集中程度较高。除华南地区外,1961~2010年间全国大部分地区PCI均呈现显著的下降趋势,并于1980年前后发生跃变,降水集中程度大幅降低,其中西北西部地区PCI 下降速率最大,为－2.47 (10 a-1)。华南地区PCI的变化则具有明显的阶段性特征,2003年以前呈弱的下降趋势,但2003年PCI发生突变,降水集中程度大幅增加。对典型区域的比较发现,干旱半干旱区和青藏高原降水集中程度的降低主要表现在夏季降水占全年总降水量比例的减小;而湿润区PCI和降水月分配的变化则存在明显的区域性差异,其中西南地区8~12月降水占全年降水的比例减少,而长江中下游及华南地区春秋季降水占全年降水的比例减小,冬夏季降水所占比例增大。     

Dynamical Downscaling of Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in China under Current and Future Climates

Climate changes over China from the present (1996–2005) to the future (2046–2055) under Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 (RCP4.5) and Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenarios are projected using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, version 3.7.1. The WRF model was driven by the Global 6-Hourly Bias-corrected Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5), Community Earth System Model dataset over China with a resolution of 30?km. The results demonstrate that WRF downscaling generally simulates more reliable spatial distributions of surface air temperature and precipitation in China with higher spatial pattern correlations and closer in magnitude to the Community Climate System Model, version 4.0, simulation results, especially near mountain ranges. The WRF projections for temperature and precipitation for the future under the two emission scenarios are compared with the present simulation. Generally stronger warming, both in mean temperature and extreme statistics, is produced by WRF-RCP8.5 than by WRF-RCP4.5. The projections for precipitation changes are more varied with season and region for both scenarios.     

Diversity on the Interannual Variations of Spring Monthly Precipitation in Southern China and the Associated Tropical Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies

There is a continuous and relatively stable rainy period every spring in southern China (SC). This spring precipitation process is a unique weather and climate phenomenon in East Asia. Previously, the variation characteristics and associated mechanisms of this precipitation process have been mostly discussed from the perspective of seasonal mean. Based on the observed and reanalysis datasets from 1982 to 2021, this study investigates the diversity of the interannual variations of monthly precipitation in spring in SC, and focuses on the potential influence of the tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The results show that the interannual variations of monthly precipitation in spring in SC have significant differences, and the correlations between each two months are very weak. All the interannual variations of precipitation in three months are related to a similar western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone (WNPAC), and the southwesterlies at the western flank of WNPAC bring abundant water vapor for the precipitation in SC. However, the WNPAC is influenced by tropical SST anomalies in different regions each month. The interannual variation of precipitation in March in SC is mainly influenced by the signal of El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation, and the associated SST anomalies in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific regulate the WNPAC through the Pacific-East Asia (PEA) tele-connection. In contrast, the WNPAC associated with the interannual variation of precipitation in April can be affected by the SST anomalies in the northwestern equatorial Pacific through a thermally induced Rossby wave response. The interannual variation of precipitation in May is regulated by the SST anomalies around the western Maritime Continent, which stimulates the development of low-level anomalous anticyclones over the South China Sea and east of the Philippine Sea by driving anomalous meridional vertical circulation.     

我国月降水和气温网格点资料的处理和分析

用逐步搜索逼近法的客观分析技术计算出１９５１－１９９２年中国月降水量和月平均气温的格点资料，并利用图象识别原理对格点值和站点观测值进行了比较。     

Variations in Regional Mean Daily Precipitation Extremes and Related Circulation Anomalies over Central China During Boreal Summer

The variations of regional mean daily precipitation extreme （RMDPE） events in central China and associated circulation anomalies during June, July, and August （JJA） of 1961-2010 are investigated by using daily in-situ precipitation observations and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The precipitation data were collected at 239 state-level stations distributed throughout the provinces of Henan, Hubei, and Hunan. During 1961-2010, the 99th percentile threshold for RMDPE is 23.585 mm day-1. The number of RMDPE events varies on both interannual and interdecadal timescales, and increases significantly after the mid 1980s. The RMDPE events happen most frequently between late June and mid July, and are generally associated with anomalous baroclinic tropospheric circulations. The supply of moisture to the southern part of central China comes in a stepping way from the outer-region of an abnormal anticyclone over the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea. Fluxes of wave activity generated over the northeastern Tibetan Plateau converge over central China, which favors the genesis and maintenance of wave disturbances over the region. RMDPE events typically occur in tandem with a strong heating gradient formed by net heating in central China and the large-scale net cooling in the surrounding area. The occurrence of RMDPE events over central China is tied to anomalous local cyclonic circulations, topographic forcing over the northeast Tibetan Plateau, and anomalous gradients of diabatic heating between central China and the surrounding areas.     

应用北半球大气环流系统预测中国降水量和气温

在普查影响中国降水量和气温的大气环流系统及其指数的基础上,选取高相关、独立性强的大气环流系统指数作为预测因子,采用过滤式的筛选因子方法,动态建立线性回归方法,构建区域月气候预测模型(Regional Monthly Climate Forecast Model,RMCFM),自主开发操作系统,设置人机交互界面,实现人机交流操作方式,并通过解释应用方法做出中国160个台站的月降水量和月气温预测。实践证明,RMCFM具备天气气候专家系统概念,具有运算速度快,结构清晰易操作等特点,预测准确率较高,应用RMCFM可提高区域气候预测能力。     

中国20年一遇气温和降水极值变化的高分辨率模拟

基于25 km高分辨率区域气候模式（RegCM3）嵌套MIROC3.2_hires全球气候模式结果,进行IPCC SRES A1B情景下21世纪气候变化的模拟,分析中国区域未来气温和降水极值重现期的变化。首先检验模式对当代（1981-2000年）极端事件重现期的模拟能力,结果表明,模式能够较好地再现中国地区20年一遇极端事件的基本分布型,但所模拟的数值与观测相比还有一定偏差,特别是在极端降水方面。21世纪中期（2041-2060年）和末期（2081-2100年）20年一遇的高温极值在整个区域内均将升高,东北地区增幅最大;低温极值将增大,中心位于内蒙古、新疆及青藏高原南麓;降水极值也将普遍增大。气温和降水极值在21世纪末期的增加幅度均比中期要大。在未来全球变暖背景下,中国地区极端高温事件将明显增多,面积增大;极端低温事件将大幅度减少,面积减少;强降水事件也将增多,面积不断扩大。