低孔低渗储层流体性质测录井综合识别方法研究现状与展望

低孔低渗储层流体含量较少,流体性质在测井上的响应特征不够明显.因此,需要一套更有效地流体性质识别方法.基于文献调研和案例研究,本文系统考察了低孔低渗储层现有的测井、录井识别技术,给出了综合应用测井、录井资料识别低渗透储层流体性质的工作流程,并对技术发展方向做了展望.研究认为:可依据方法原理、使用资料特点将测井识别技术分为电法、声波、核测井、核磁共振四类;录井技术分为交会图、油气含量对比、参数对比三类;测录井综合识别技术分为简便分析和数据挖掘技术两类;通过选取适当数据挖掘技术进行测录井综合识别,符合率约90%,比单独使用测井资料和录井资料识别符合率提高了约10%,有明显提升;在使用数据挖掘技术时,敏感参数选取、模式识别方法的选择等都是值得考虑的重要问题,这些问题是低孔低渗储层流体性质识别技术的难题和主攻方向.     

低渗特低渗砂岩储层流体识别技术研究综述和展望

低渗、特低渗储层是国内外油田地质研究的重点,而其流体识别问题更是一个焦点问题.本文根据以往的研究成果,再认识了低渗、特低渗储层流体识别的难点,进而梳理和归纳了流体识别的常规技术和新技术.研究表明,利用单一的测井解释方法容易引起多解性,技术风险高;基于地区地质、岩心、录井等资料,结合多种测井曲线,开展流体的综合识别评价是一个重要的技术思路;将现代地质数学方法和信号分析技术引入流体识别中将会产生积极地意义,本文对此进行了展望.     

阿姆河右岸麦捷让地区碳酸盐岩储层流体检测研究

阿姆河右岸麦捷让地区碳酸盐岩气藏非均质性强,储层横向厚度变化大,前期研究多结合地震波场模拟进行储层预测,气藏流体检测工作较少,新钻井情况表明内部流体关系复杂,需要开展流体检测工作对气藏内部流体分布进行全面认识.本文从岩石物理模型入手,分析石灰岩纵横波速度、弹性参数与岩石基本性质之间的定量关系,寻找对流体敏感的弹性属性,认为纵横波速度比能较好地识别气水分布.通过测井弹性参数交会和流体替换,以实际资料验证岩石物理分析结果并选择气藏敏感参数,建立了适合本地区的气藏预测模版.利用叠前时间偏移得到的共反射点道集,开展三维叠前同时反演,利用反演结果进行了储层流体识别.预测结果与验证井吻合良好,且含气分布范围揭示了两个气藏存在.     

岩石物理驱动下地震流体识别研究

地震流体识别指利用地震资料对储层含流体特征进行识别与描述.含流体储层地震岩石物理是地震流体识别的基础,是搭建储层弹性参数与物性参数的桥梁,是实现含油气储层流体定量表征的重要发展方向.岩石物理驱动下地震流体识别研究有助于认识地下油气储层含流体特征及分布规律.文章概述地震流体识别及相关基础研究中的关键科学问题,着重评述国内外岩石物理驱动下地震流体识别研究的主要进展,探究地震流体识别研究面临的机遇,挑战及未来的研究方向.理论研究和实际应用表明,地震流体识别要以岩石物理及数值模拟为理论基础,发展有效的流体敏感参数构建及评价方法;以地震资料为数据支撑,形成有效的地震资料品质评价方法;以地震反演为技术保障,发展可靠的地震反演策略.     

SG地区叠前地震弹性参数交会定量解释技术预测有效储层的方法

鄂尔多斯盆地SG气田是我国典型的低孔,低渗,致密砂岩气藏的代表.该区地震勘探开发面临着两大难题:一是含气砂岩和围岩的声波阻抗存在较大范围叠置,利用声波阻抗预测储层存在明显的多解性;二是SG气田局部地区气、水关系复杂,地质上不存在统一的气、水层分界面,产水井严重影响产能建设,流体类型的识别是面临的又一难题.为了降低声波阻抗预测砂岩储层的多解性,提高有效储层预测精度,定量识别储层中流体的类型,本文提出了叠前地震弹性参数交会定量解释技术,从横波测井资料不同岩性、流体的岩石物理参数分析入手,优选了能够区分岩性和流体的最佳敏感弹性参数,制作了敏感弹性参数交会模板,通过地震叠前反演获得反映储层物性和含气性的地震弹性参数体,最后进行地震弹性参数交会定量解释预测有效储层和识别流体.勘探实例证实了该技术方法在SG地区对有效储层的预测是有效的,能够为井位优选提供可信的依据.地震弹性参数交会技术将纵向分辨率较高的测井岩石物理分析和横向分辨率较高的地震叠前反演结合在一起,使用了多个弹性参数交会,减少了以往单一弹性参数预测储层的多解性,最终获得比较可靠、更量化的反映储层物性和含气性的地震弹性参数交会体,为有效储层预测和流体识别探索出了新的途径,这一技术的应用和推广可以降低地震解释的风险,提高储层预测精度.     

测井资料岩石物理分析在苏西地区储层预测研究中的应用

苏里格地区天然气资源量丰富,勘探前景广阔,是我国油气增储上产的重要区域.研究区位于苏里格气田的西侧,该区储层段砂岩与泥岩的纵波速度、密度和纵波阻抗等常规参数相互叠置,叠后波阻抗反演难以解决该区储层预测和流体识别问题.为此,利用测井资料,开展了以地震岩石物理参数分析、弹性阻抗分析、流体替换及AVO特征分析为基础的叠前储层预测可行性研究.研究结果表明:岩石的弹性参数能够很好地区分岩性,并优选出反映储层或含气性的敏感参数,如纵横波速度比、泊松比、拉梅系数和拉梅系数/剪切模量对含气性具有良好的识别能力;不同角度的弹性阻抗既可以识别岩性,也可以区分气层和非气层;利用AVO属性可以预测盒8砂岩是否含气,但不能预测其是否具有工业价值.上述研究为该区开展地震叠前储层预测和流体识别研究提供了依据,使得该区的储层预测更具针对性.     

基于叠前反演的流体敏感属性实验研究及应用

提取叠前地震振幅信息的叠前反演技术已成为储层预测的重要手段,其能获得各种岩石弹性参数,丰富储层预测方法.因目标储层的差异性,优选并建立有利的流体敏感参数对储层流体检测尤为重要.本文基于岩石物理实验, 测量并分析了岩石弹性参数随流体饱和度的变化特征, 进一步根据岩石物理理论建立组合流体敏感参数, 达到对油气检测的最佳敏感效果.定义了流体敏感量,定量分析岩石弹性参数的流体敏感性.最后本文在X区块进行了叠前地震反演的应用, 结果表明通过岩石物理实验分析并建立获得的流体敏感参数能明显的提高储层的识别能力.     

基于流体弹性阻抗反演的储层含油气性识别方法

流体弹性阻抗反演是一种能将反映储层流体效应的敏感参数从弹性波阻抗数据体中直接求取出来的地震反演方法.该方法不仅具有抗噪性、直观性强的特点,而且有效地避免了间接提取流体因子存在的累积误差问题.在双相介质理论和岩石物理实验指导下对岩石固液效应解耦,构建出凸显孔隙流体效应的流体等效体积模量参数,并推导了其流体弹性波阻抗方程,最后综合利用地质、测井和地震资料,完成对埕岛地区下第三系不整合圈闭储层的含流体检测,进一步明确了该地区含油气储层物性横向变化的认识,具有良好的实际应用效果.     

中低孔渗储层岩石弹性参数的流体敏感性研究(英文)

本文从WXS凹陷中低孔渗储层岩石声波实验出发,以岩样的纵横波速度和密度为基础数据,求取出一系列的弹性参数,包括纵横波波速比、纵波波阻抗、横波波阻抗、泊松比、拉梅常数、剪切模量、体积模量、杨氏模量,等等。在前人的孔隙流体识别究基础上,综合相关理论和实验分析,构建了一个新的流体识别因子F。以饱和流体岩石弹性参数及其组合参数的相对变化量Ag/w和Ao/w为定量指标,评价各流体识别因子的流体识别效果,并采用交会图技术进行了验证。新流体敏感因子在传统较难分辨的孔隙流体"水"和"油"的区别上具有良好效果,有利于提高中低孔渗储层流体识别的成功率。     

二维核磁共振测井在柴达木盆地复杂储层流体识别中的应用

柴达木盆地低孔低渗储层、复杂岩性储层、高泥质含气疏松砂岩等复杂储层并存,常规及一维核磁共振测井方法难以进行储层流体的有效识别,二维核磁共振能够提供T_1、T2、D等多种测量信息.本文在阐述二维核磁共振测井基本理论、仪器参数、处理软件和解释评价方法基础上,分析了其T_1谱、T_2-T_1、T_2-D二维交会技术在台南和扎哈泉地区复杂储层流体识别中的应用,结果表明:二维核磁共振测井具有较好的实际效果,但对孔隙结构十分复杂的储层仍有局限性,存在一些问题与难点有待解决.     

油气勘探中的地震速度泡沫(Fizz)现象

地下岩石孔隙中含有天然气会造成地震波传播速度的下降,但是这种含气量与速度下降量之间的关系一直没有被很清楚地认识到,因此造成很多勘探和开发上的决策失误.本文通过对Wood方程和Gassmann－Biot理论分析,定量地描述了岩石孔隙中天然气含量与波速之间的关系,叙述了由于极少量气造成很大速度变化的“速度泡沫”（Fizz gas）现象以及对这种速度假象进行识别的方法,并通过对中国某油田XD区块的实例研究验证了这种现象的存在及识别.     

Natural gas leakage of Mizhi gas reservoir in Ordos Basin,recorded by natural gas fluid inclusion

Abundant natural gas inclusions were found in calcite veins filled in fractures of Central Fault Belt across the centre of Ordos Basin. Time of the calcite veins and characteristics of natural gas fluid inclusion were investigated by means of dating of thermolum luminescence (TL) and analyzing stable isotope of fluid inclusion. Results show that natural gas inclusion formed at 130–140°C with salinity of 5.5 wt%–6.0 wt% NaCl. It indicates that natural gas inclusion is a kind of thermal hydrocarbon fluid formed within the basin. Method of opening inclusion by heating was used to analyze composition of fluid inclusion online, of which the maximal hydrocarbon gas content of fluid inclusion contained in veins is 2.4219 m³/t rock and the maximal C₁/ΣC _i ratio is 91%. Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) was used to analyze chemistry of individual fluid inclusion in which the maximal hydrocarbon gas content is 91.6% compared with little inorganic composition. Isotope analysis results of calcite veins show that they were deposited in fresh water, in which the δ ¹³C_PDB of calcite veins is from −5.75‰ to 15.23‰ and δ ¹⁸O_SMOW of calcite veins is from 21.33‰ to 21.67‰. Isotope results show that δ ¹³C_{1 PDB} of natural gas fluid inclusion is from −21.36‰ to −29.06‰ and δD_SMOW of that is from −70.89‰ to −111.03‰. It indicates that the gas of fluid inclusion formed from coal source rocks and it is the same as that of natural gas of Mizhi gas reservoir. Results of TL dating show that time of calcite vein is (32.4±3.42)×10⁴ a, which is thought to be formation time of gas inclusion. It indicated that natural gas inclusion contained in calcite veins recorded natural gas leakage from Mizhi gas reservoir through the Central Fault Belt due to Himalayan tectonic movement.

     

Natural gas leakage of Mizhi gas reservoir in Ordos Basin, recorded by natural gas fluid inclusion

Abundant natural gas inclusions were found in calcite veins filled in fractures of Central Fault Belt across the centre of Ordos Basin. Time of the calcite veins and characteristics of natural gas fluid inclusion were investigated by means of dating of thermolum luminescence (TL) and analyzing stable isotope of fluid inclusion. Results show that natural gas inclusion formed at 130―140℃ with salinity of 5.5 wt%―6.0 wt% NaCl. It indicates that natural gas inclusion is a kind of thermal hydrocarbon fluid formed within the basin. Method of opening inclusion by heating was used to analyze composition of fluid inclusion online, of which the maximal hydrocarbon gas content of fluid inclusion contained in veins is 2.4219 m3/t rock and the maximal C1/Σci ratio is 91%. Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) was used to analyze chemistry of individual fluid inclusion in which the maximal hydrocarbon gas content is 91.6% compared with little inorganic composition. Isotope analysis results of calcite veins show that they were deposited in fresh water, in which the δ13CPDB of calcite veins is from -5.75‰ to 15.23‰ andδ18OSMOW of calcite veins is from 21.33‰ to 21.67‰. Isotope results show thatδ13C1 PDB of natural gas fluid inclusion is from -21.36‰ to -29.06‰ and δDSMOW of that is from -70.89‰ to -111.03‰. It indicates that the gas of fluid inclusion formed from coal source rocks and it is the same as that of natural gas of Mizhi gas reservoir. Results of TL dating show that time of calcite vein is (32.4±3.42)×104 a, which is thought to be formation time of gas inclusion. It indicated that natural gas inclusion contained in calcite veins recorded natural gas leakage from Mizhi gas reservoir through the Central Fault Belt due to Himalayan tectonic movement.     

Natural gas leakage of Mizhi gas reservoir in Ordos Basin,recorded by natural gas fluid inclusion

Abundant natural gas inclusions were found in calcite veins filled in fractures of Central Fault Belt across the centre of Ordos Basin. Time of the calcite veins and characteristics of natural gas fluid inclusion were investigated by means of dating of thermolum luminescence (TL) and analyzing stable isotope of fluid inclusion. Results show that natural gas inclusion formed at 130–140°C with salinity of 5.5 wt%–6.0 wt% NaCl. It indicates that natural gas inclusion is a kind of thermal hydrocarbon fluid formed within the basin. Method of opening inclusion by heating was used to analyze composition of fluid inclusion online, of which the maximal hydrocarbon gas content of fluid inclusion contained in veins is 2.4219 m³/t rock and the maximal C₁/ΣC _i ratio is 91%. Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) was used to analyze chemistry of individual fluid inclusion in which the maximal hydrocarbon gas content is 91.6% compared with little inorganic composition. Isotope analysis results of calcite veins show that they were deposited in fresh water, in which the δ ¹³C_PDB of calcite veins is from ?5.75‰ to 15.23‰ and δ ¹⁸O_SMOW of calcite veins is from 21.33‰ to 21.67‰. Isotope results show that δ ¹³C_{1 PDB} of natural gas fluid inclusion is from ?21.36‰ to ?29.06‰ and δD_SMOW of that is from ?70.89‰ to ?111.03‰. It indicates that the gas of fluid inclusion formed from coal source rocks and it is the same as that of natural gas of Mizhi gas reservoir. Results of TL dating show that time of calcite vein is (32.4±3.42)×10⁴ a, which is thought to be formation time of gas inclusion. It indicated that natural gas inclusion contained in calcite veins recorded natural gas leakage from Mizhi gas reservoir through the Central Fault Belt due to Himalayan tectonic movement.     

非均质天然气藏的岩石物理模型及含气饱和度反演

非均质气藏中,天然气一般呈"斑块状"分布于含水岩石内部,这种非均匀分布特征会导致地震波显著的频散与衰减现象.为发展适用于碳酸盐岩储层中流体检测的岩石物理模型,本文基于Biot-Rayleigh波动方程,实现了对非饱和岩石的多尺度理论建模,预测了不同尺度下波响应与岩性、流体间的定量联系.将此项建模技术应用于阿姆河右岸的灰岩气藏,给出了多尺度的岩石物理学图板.通过与实验数据、测井精细解释结果及地震数据的对比分析,本文论证了图板的正确性与可适用性.结合叠后波阻抗反演与叠前弹性参数反演,基于地震资料进行了储层含气饱和度与孔隙度的反演,反演结果与各井实际的产气情况吻合.     

天然气水合物和游离气饱和度估算的影响因素

讨论了不同水合物胶结类型的流体饱和多孔隙固体中地震波的衰减情况,分析了估算天然气水合物和游离气饱和度影响因素.结果表明, 地层孔隙度、纵波速度模型和弹性模量的计算方法是影响反演水合物和游离气饱和度的关键因素.含水合物地层的吸收与水合物胶结类型密切相关,当水合物远离固体颗粒,像流体一样充填在孔隙时,品质因子出现负异常,而当水合物胶结固体颗粒影响骨架的弹性性质,其品质因子出现正异常.根据布莱克海台地区164航次995井的测井资料,分别应用低频和高频速度模型估算了水合物和游离气饱和度.由低频速度模型得到的水合物饱和度(占孔隙空间的)10%～20%,游离气饱和度(占孔隙空间的)05%～1%;而由高频速度模型得到的水合物饱和度(占孔隙空间的)5%～10%,游离气饱和度(占孔隙空间的)1%～2%.     

Geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in China

Based on the examination of the global researches on oil and gas provinces and large gas fields and the analysis of the features, attributes and distribution of large gas provinces and gas fields, this paper puts forward three indicators of determining large oil and gas provinces: spatial indicator, reservoir-forming indicator and resource indicator. It classifies the gas accumulated areas and large gas provinces in China and analyzes the controlling factors on the distribution of large gas provinces and large gas fields: the lateral distribution is mainly controlled by high-energy sedimentary facies and constructive diagenetic facies, palaeo-highs and their periclinal zones, deep faults, etc, and the vertical distribution is mainly controlled by unconformities, series of evaporates and deep low-velocity highly-conductive beds, etc. It also reveals the main geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in China. Large gas fields in four-type basins have their own characteristics and onland large gas fields are dominantly developed in foreland basins and craton basins; there are three types of gas sources, of which, coal is the main source with high gas generating intensity and varying origins; reservoir rocks of the large gas fields (provinces) are of various types and dominated generally by low-middle permeability and porosity pore-type reservoirs; structural traps and litho-stratigraphic traps coexist in Chinese large gas fields and form dense high abundance and large-area low and middle-abundance large gas fields; most of the large gas fields have late hydrocarbon-generation peaks and reservoir formation, and experienced the process of multiple-stage charging and late finalization; large gas provinces (fields) have good sealing and preservation conditions, and evaporates seals are largely developed in large and extra-large gas fields. This paper intends to shed light on the exploration and development of large gas fields (provinces) through analyzing their geological characteristics.     

部分饱和砂岩储层地震物理模拟及含气饱和度预测分析

含气饱和度预测是天然气储层地震解释工作的重要目标.本文将岩石物理分析与地震物理模拟技术相结合,构建了部分;饱和砂岩储层物理模型并进行含气饱和度预测分析.物理模型中设置了高孔渗常规砂岩和低孑孔渗致密砂岩两种模拟储层,每种储层都是由具有不同含水饱和度的气-水双相饱和砂体组成.岩石物理分析结果显示在低孔渗致密砂岩中气-水混合流体更加倾向于非均匀的斑块分布,而结合了Brie等效流体公式的Gassmann流体替换理论可以更准确地描述纵波速度随含水饱和度的变化趋势.对物理模型进行地震资料采集处理后,对比了AVO特征和叠前同步反演结果对两种砂岩储层含气饱和度预测能力的差异.AVO特征结果显示,对于混合流体均匀分布的高孔渗砂岩储层,AVO响应曲线和属性变化很难对含气饱和度进行估算;对于混合流体斑块分布的致密砂岩储层,AVO特征可以定性地分辨出储层是否为高、中、低含气情况.反演结果显示,密度及纵横波速度比分别对高孔渗及致密砂岩储层的含气饱和度有着较好的指示能力.     

全球与区域天然气水合物中天然气资源量估算

天然气水合物作为未来的一种替代能源引起了国内外很多研究者的关注,他们从不同的方面对天然气水合物进行了研究.随着研究的深入,许多研究者发现,全球天然气水合物中天然气资源量并没有最初认为的那么多,而且相差了几个数量级,这就大大降低了天然气水合物在未来能源中的地位.本文的研究目的是通过分析全球天然气水合物中天然气资源量的估算方法,归纳总结有关全球及区域估算天然气水合物中天然气资源量的文献,使人们对天然气水合物有个重新的认识,同时为未来的能源勘探开发提供一定的参考.通过分析我们发现全球天然气水合物中天然气资源量的估算值随着人们对天然气水合物认识程度的增加而降低;而且目前能够较准确反映全球海洋天然气水合物中天然气资源量的估算值是（1~5）×1015m3（大约500~2 500 Gt甲烷碳）.我们通过总结国外及国内几个典型区域的天然气资源量估算值还发现,国外研究者主要是根据钻孔及BSR资料确定用于计算天然气资源量的参数,使得计算结果较符合实际;而国内的学者基本是使用模拟计算及假设的方法确定各种参数,估算值仍存在很大差异,因此,我们认为只有获得实测数据才能使国内的估算结果更加接近实际.     

Life cycle greenhouse gas footprint of shale gas: a probabilistic approach

With the increase in natural gas (NG) production in recent years, primarily from shale gas, some sources, including the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), have suggested that upstream methane emissions are increasing. Much of the recent controversy has centered on emissions during well drilling, testing, and completion even though emissions downstream of the wellhead are also of concern. The study critically assessed the current state of knowledge about the life cycle GHG footprint of NG, analyzed the assumptions, data and analysis methodologies used in the existing literature. This study comprehensively analyzed the emission of methane from different stage of the life of well for conventional and unconventional NG using the EPA’s revised 2011 estimates as well as other existing literature and publicly available government data. The study proposed a probabilistic model to estimate the range of total GHG footprint of NG with varying probabilities. Through the bottom up approach starting from the well construction to the delivery of NG to the small user and using Monte Carlo simulation, the study identified the critical sources of fugitive emissions from the NG. As expected, emissions from well completion and periodic emissions (e.g. liquid unloading in the case of onshore conventional wells and workovers in the case of unconventional wells) are significant contributors to the overall GHG footprint of NG, and possess large opportunity for reduction. Finally the application of probabilistic model is demonstrated through a case study using the data from the Montney and Horn River shale gas basins in the Northern British Columbia to estimate the range of total GHG footprint of shale gas with varying probabilities. The study found that the GHG footprint of Montney and Horn River wells are much smaller than that of Barnett shale (which is representative of US shale gas) due to strict flaring regulations followed in BC. The study also undercuts the outcome of Howarth et al. (Clim Chang Lett 106:679–690, 2011), which states that the GHG footprint of shale gas is at least 20 % greater than coal.