青藏高原多年冻土地区公路路基变形

通过对现场实体工程的长期监测资料和路基破坏机理分析研究,使我们对沥青路面对多年冻土的严重影响,导致多年冻土的升温与退化,使路基产生较严重的不均匀下沉变形,及其它所引起的一系列路基病害问题的发生发展过程有了较为系统和深刻认识,取得了大量现场实测资料及研究成果.讨论了高温多年冻土地区冻土路基的变形特征,以及冻土路基变形与工程地质条件的关系,给出了路基随地温波动变化而发生的变形过程。     

Permafrost Characteristics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Methods of Roadbed Construction of Railway

Permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet railway is featured by abundant ground ice and high ground temperature. Under the influence of climate warming and engineering activities, the permafrost is under degradation process. The main difficulty in railway roadbed construction is how to prevent thawing settlement caused by degradation of permafrost. Therefore the proactively cooling methods based on controlling solar radiation, heat conductivity and heat convection were adopted instead of the traditional passive methods, which is simply increasing thermal resistance. The cooling methods used in the Qinghai-Tibet railway construction include sunshine-shielding roadbeds, crushed rock based roadbeds, roadbeds with rock revetments, duct-ventilated roadbeds, thermosyphon installed roadbeds and land bridges. The field monitored data show that the cooling methods are effective in protecting the underlying permafrost, the permafrost table was uplifted under the embankments and therefore the roadbed stability was guaranteed.     

渗流对多年冻土区路基温度场影响的数值模拟

运用传热学理论和渗流理论导出了路堤侧向有地表积水入渗情形下,多年冻土区路基温度场渗流场耦合作用的控制微分方程,然后以现场观测资料为基础,用Ｇａｌｅｒｋｉｎ有限元方法对青康公路（２１４国道）花石峡冻土研究站１号试验路段路基温度场未来可能的变化状态进行了数值预报。结果表明,若无渗流作用,５ａ后路堤左侧天然地表、路堤堤身和路堤右侧天然地表的最大季节融深分别为１．４ｍ,３．２ｍ和１．４ｍ;若有渗流作用,则     

青藏铁路多年冻土区站场路基温度场试验研究

站场路基的宽度为单线普通路基宽度的两倍。结合青藏铁路试验工程观测数据 ,分析了站场路基地温场及多年冻土人为上限的特征 ,探讨了路基的冻结和融化过程的规律 ,阐述了多年冻土区路基的稳定性问题。     

多年冻土区铁路路基病害整治

The paper analyses the treatment measurements of railway roadbed main diseases in permafrost regions. Taking lessons from the diseases finally the mature experiences of treatments are offered.     

"冷却路基"方法在青藏铁路上的应用

青藏铁路穿越550 km多年冻土,其中约一半为高温多年冻土,其年平均地温为0~-1℃.青藏铁路是百年大计,必须考虑未来50~100 a的气候变化.在全球变暖的背景下,青藏铁路高温冻土段的建设必须改变单纯依靠热阻(增加路堤高度、采用保温材料等)的消极“保”温方法,而改用“冷却路基”的积极“降”温措施.青藏铁路的建设采用了一整套“冷却路基”的方法:通过遮阳板调控辐射;通过通风管、热管和气冷路堤调控对流;通过“热半导体”材料调控传导;通过这些调控方式的组合,加强冷却效果.这些方法均可有效地降低路基下多年冻土的地温,保证青藏铁路路基的稳定.     

物探技术在我国多年冻土勘测中的应用

现代物探技术在冻土勘查和研究中始终发挥着重要的作用.40a来通过不断努力,我国冻土物探事业的发展历经了从无到有、从手段简单到方式多样、单一物探参数到多参数反映冻土诸多特征的发展历程.通过物探手段在不断提高冻土类型识别和划分精度等方面均取得了长足的进步,现已成为我国多年冻土勘察、动态监测、变化规律认识和环境工程地质评价等研究中的关键手段之一.文章分别就地球物理勘测方法在我国寒区中的应用、研究、现状,国际开展相关的研究内容和我国在相关研究领域中的地位、存在问题及今后发展方向等方面进行了概括论述。     

黑北公路冻土路基设计原则及病害特征

依据位于小兴安岭地区的黑北公路沿线退化多年冻土特征，以及地质、水文、气候等工程环境条件，分析了黑北公路路基可能会发生的病害和发展过程，提出了适合于黑经公路的路基设计与病害防治措施，以便比选与优化退化型多年冻土地区的路基稳定性设计原则及结构形式，同时在路基设计形式和病害处理上提出了一些初步设想和建议。     

沥青路面下多年冻土上限变化计算的探讨

以相变热传导理论为基础,利用实测路面温度资料计算了多年冻土路基中冻土上限的变化趋势,认为上限的稳定是一个时间相当长的过程．人为上限在目前条件下仍在下降,从现在的１２ｃｍ／ａ下降至５０ａ后的５ｃｍ／ａ,届时上限深度将达到９４ｍ（从路面起计算）．     

Avalanche Defence Strategies and Monitoring of Two Sites in Mountain Permafrost Terrain, Pontresina, Eastern Swiss Alps

Snow-supporting avalanche defence structures are increasingly being built at high altitudes in potential permafrost areas. Special construction methods and guidelines have been developed to ensure a minimal stability of the structures, which have a vital role in the protection of underlying settlements and transport infrastructure against snow avalanches. If the avalanche slopes are located on ice-rich permafrost terrain, as is the case in a steep avalanche gully above Pontresina (Eastern Swiss Alps), other means of protection must be used – such as deflection or retention dams – as construction on ice-rich sediments can be very problematic. Experimental snow-supporting structures were built in 1997 in order to test different types of structures and their foundations, to develop specially adapted construction methods and to monitor the long-term behaviour of the structures in moderately creeping frozen ground with volumetric ice contents under 20%. Snow-nets were found to be the most suitable type of protection against avalanches in this type of permafrost terrain due to their deformability and because they are well adapted to rock fall. The structures do not improve slope stability but contribute towards maintaining permafrost as they delay snow melt by modifying the spatial and temporal distribution of the snow cover. The results of the project described have led to a better understanding of permafrost-related avalanche defence problems.