基于等价方差-协方差的粗差探测敏感度分析及实现

选权迭代法在面对独立观测量中的粗差时能够表现出良好的探测效果,但由于其只是一种基于独立观测值的稳健估计法,没有考虑到观测值之间的相关性[1]。而现有的等价权函数虽然都满足稳健估计的要求,但由于所构造的等价权阵不对称,使得最后平差结果严重偏离实际情况。本文介绍在传统稳健估计的基础上,在定权时充分考虑相关观测值之间相关性的不变性,构造对称的方差—协方差阵不断扩大,并通过VB进行编程及实例分析,发现该方法对粗差的敏感度非常强,探测精度很高。     

Deterministic and stochastic parameters in inertial survey adjustment

In the adjustment of inertial position surveys the additional parameters describing the systematic errors of individual traverses can be considered as deterministic or stochastic. The paper deals with various aspects of the deterministic or stochastic approach by way of a standard functional model. If purely deterministic parameters are set up, the solvability of the least squares problem depends on redundant observations like coordinate discrepancies of forward and backward runs or coordinate differences at cross-over points of traverse networks. Inequalities are presented to handle the configuration problem for any net and for several ways of introducing parameter sets. Also condition equations being geometrically explainable are developed solving the datum problem in free adjustment applications. Based on the Ebersberger Forst campaigns with a large amount of Ferranti, Honeywell and Litton data, numerical investigations into the stochastic properties of the additional parameters and the observations follow. It turns out that additional parameters for Honeywell and Litton data can be considered as stochastic parameters while for Ferranti data significant azimuth and time dependent effects can be found. The investigations of true errors show that in case of the deterministic adjustment approach a diagonal covariance matrix can be introduced and in case of stochastic additional parameters a first order Gauss-Markov process serves as a good approximation for the stochastic behaviour of the observations.     

动态EIV模型及其总体卡尔曼滤波方法

针对求解动态EIV模型时未考虑状态方程中状态转移矩阵误差的问题,本文建立了一种能够同时顾及状态方程和观测方程中各量误差的动态EIV模型。推导了针对该动态EIV模型的总体卡尔曼滤波方法及其近似精度评定公式。对比分析了本文总体卡尔曼滤波方法与已有总体卡尔曼滤波方法及总体最小二乘方法的异同。算例结果表明,本文方法统计上要优于标准卡尔曼滤波方法和已有的总体卡尔曼滤波方法。     

地图数字化的坐标转换及数据的精度与相关性

在分析地图数字化坐标数据的误差性质时，通常将经过坐标转换后的坐标值作为相互独立的数字化观测值，而将它们与相应的已知坐标之差值当作相互独立的随机误差进行分析，为了对数字化坐标数据及其误差进行更严贩分析，本文将来求转换参数的已知的地面坐标和数字化坐标都视为观测值，并用附有参数的条件平差法来求转换参数，再进一步对转换后的数字坐标的精度和基相关性进行讨论。     

半参数回归与模型精化

就一般情况给出了半参数平差的算法，并结合一种特定的情况，讨论了正规化矩阵半正定时的计算方法，给出了相应的公式，最后构造了一个模拟的平差问题，对半参数法和最小二乘法的计算结果进行了比较，计算表明，半参数法能够发现并识别模型误差或观测值中的系统误差。     

The new gravity base net 1976 of the Federal Republic of Germany (DSGN 76)

A new gravity base net (“Schweregrundnetz 1976 der Bundesrepublik Deutschland”, DSGN 76) has been established in the Federal Republic of Germany, to meet the increased requirements of geophysics, geology, metrology and geodesy. The net comprises 21 stations with three excenters each. The gravity values were determined using 4 absolute stations, 11 IGSN71-stations and about 3000 relative gravity meter observations with 4 gravity meters. Instrumental investigations and special treatment of local tidal and atmospheric effects improved the data for the least squares adjustment, which was performed by the method of observation equations following the use of condition equations. The final adjustment showed a point r.m.s. error of about 10μGal[10^?8 ms^?2]. Detailed results will be published in the ”Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Geodätischen Kommission”.     

Geodetic positioning at sea

Recent accuracy requirements for navigational positioning at sea are such as to require the refinements of recent and past geodetic methods. The computational adjustment method, of this paper, is the technique of variation of parameters. All computations are performed directly on the surface of a reference ellipsoid, so as to preclude any distance restrictions. The methods presented are primarily for use with observations from electronic positioning systems of ranging (circular), and time or phase difference (hyperbolic) type. A new type of observation equation is presented which, when used with a hyperbolic system, results in the first non-iterative solution to the positioning problem. When redundant observational data is obtained, as is frequently the case, full use should be made of the data by using weighted observation equations. Through the use of the new equations, all electronic surveying observations can be processed simultaneously, in real time, with an electronic computer. A continuing error analysis, in the form of a variance-covariance matrix for both the observed and adjusted values, provides system error analysis and diagnoisis.     

Reference frame stability and nonlinear distortion in minimum-constrained network adjustment

The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of the minimum constraints (MCs) on the reference frame parameters in a free-net solution. The non-estimable part of these parameters (which is not reduced by the available data) is analysed in terms of its stability under a numerical perturbation of the constrained datum functionals. In practice, such a perturbation can be ascribed either to hidden errors in the known coordinates/velocities that participate in the MCs or to a simple change of their a priori values due to a datum switch on a different fiducial dataset. In addition, a perturbation of this type may cause a nonlinear variation to the estimable part of the reference frame parameters, since it theoretically affects the adjusted observations that are implied by the network’s nonlinear observational model. The aforementioned effects have an impact on the quality of a terrestrial reference frame (TRF) that is established via a minimum-constrained adjustment, and our study shows that they are both controlled through a characteristic matrix which is inherently linked to the MC system (the so-called TRF stability matrix). The structure of this matrix depends on the network’s spatial configuration and the ‘geometry’ of the datum constraints, while its main role is the filtering of any MC-related errors into the least-squares adjustment results. A number of examples with different types of geodetic networks are also presented to demonstrate the theoretical findings of our study.     

PEIV模型参数估计新算法

PEIV(Partial Errors-In-Variables)模型是EIV模型的扩展,它能解决系数矩阵含有非随机元素或存在结构特性的问题。针对常规PEIV模型算法的复杂性,提出了一种PEIV模型参数估计的新算法。该算法将系数矩阵含误差的元素看成是一类观测值,与平差模型原观测值构成两类观测值,将PEIV平差模型表示为类似于传统的最小二乘间接平差模型,再通过非线性最小二乘平差理论,推导出了算法的迭代公式和精度评定公式。算法迭代格式与间接平差类似,通过算例验证了算法的可行性和正确性。     

用主成分法求解秩亏自由网的研究

结合多数平差和主成分估计理论,导出误差方程中含多重共线性关系时求解未知数的公式,并证明主成分估计的解是最小二乘最小范效解。由此,将主成分估计推广到秩亏自由网平差中,导出求解未知多数及其协因数的公式,并据主成分估计演绎出用附有条件的参数平差法求解秩亏自由网的条件方程（基准在达式）。     

基于史赖伯规则的机载InSAR区域网平差

采用区域网平差的方法进行合成孔径雷达干涉测量（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）干涉参数定标,是减小大区域、多个干涉像对重叠处反演高程差异的有效方法。为了提高InSAR区域网平差的答解效能,设计一种利用史赖伯规则的机载InSAR区域网平差干涉参数定标方法。该方法利用史赖伯规则,由连接点误差方程式构建等效误差方程式,可有效减小法方程系数矩阵大小,降低对计算机配置的要求,提高平差的答解效能。采用我国机载双天线InSAR数据进行干涉参数定标试验,改化前后两种方案,干涉参数定标结果没有明显变化,改化后的平差耗时均值减小了,验证了利用史赖伯规则的机载InSAR区域网平差干涉参数定标的正确性和有效性。     

高精度GPS网数据处理中的系统误差分析

分析了高精度GPS网系统误差产生的原因和分类，推导了消除和估计GPS网系统误差的整体平差函数模型。     

以三维坐标转换为例解算稳健总体最小二乘方法

稳健最小二乘方法能够有效解决平差计算中观测值存在粗差的情况,因此广泛应用于各种实际问题中。在最小二乘方法中,系数矩阵被认为是不含有误差的。然而在实际情况中,系数矩阵中的变量往往也包含观测值,因此不可避免地会被误差污染。为同时考虑系数矩阵和观测向量中的误差,同时对粗差进行探测和定位,本文提出基于选权迭代的稳健总体最小二乘方法,并以三维相似坐标变换为例展示解算过程。通过模拟计算,证明了采用本文提出的稳健总体最小二乘方法,能够较好地达到粗差探测和定位的目的,获得稳健的参数解。     

仅用虚拟控制点的超大区域无控制区域网平差

利用光学卫星影像进行无控制测图是摄影测量追求的目标。针对超大区域无控制测图的需求,本文提出了一种以单景影像为平差单元,基于虚拟控制点的光学卫星影像超大规模无控制区域网平差方法。该方法利用待平差影像的初始RPC模型生成虚拟控制点,并将其作为带权观测值引入平差模型中以改善平差模型的状态,克服了在无控制点条件下平差精度不稳定、误差过度累积引起的网的扭曲变形等问题。为了验证本方法的有效性和精度,利用资源三号卫星获取的覆盖全国的26 406景影像进行区域网平差试验,并利用全国范围内分布的约8000个高精度控制点对平差后自动生产的DOM和DSM产品的几何精度进行验证。试验结果表明,平面和高程中误差均达到了4m以内,同时,区域网内部相邻影像之间的几何拼接精度优于1个像素,满足无缝拼接的要求。     

总体最小二乘回归预测模型的方差分量估计

回归预测模型是对传统回归模型的进一步扩展,不仅涉及回归模型的固定参数估计,而且将模型预测纳入平差的部分内容,更加符合实际解算需求.针对在回归模型预测中经常出现待预测非公共点(自变量)含有观测误差和随机模型不准确的问题,基于EIV (errors-in-variables)模型提出了一种同时顾及所有变量观测误差的整体解法...     

Total least squares adjustment in partial errors-in-variables models: algorithm and statistical analysis

The weighted total least squares (TLS) method has been developed to deal with observation equations, which are functions of both unknown parameters of interest and other measured data contaminated with random errors. Such an observation model is well known as an errors-in-variables (EIV) model and almost always solved as a nonlinear equality-constrained adjustment problem. We reformulate it as a nonlinear adjustment model without constraints and further extend it to a partial EIV model, in which not all the elements of the design matrix are random. As a result, the total number of unknowns in the normal equations has been significantly reduced. We derive a set of formulae for algorithmic implementation to numerically estimate the unknown model parameters. Since little statistical results about the TLS estimator in the case of finite samples are available, we investigate the statistical consequences of nonlinearity on the nonlinear TLS estimate, including the first order approximation of accuracy, nonlinear confidence region and bias of the nonlinear TLS estimate, and use the bias-corrected residuals to estimate the variance of unit weight.     

基准站观测数据加密方法及其在差分GNSS后处理中的应用

当基准站采样率低于流动站时,不能用常规差分全球卫星导航系统（Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS）后处理方法得到流动站所有历元坐标。针对此问题,给出了基于精密单点定位（precise point positioning,PPP）模型构造基准站非采样点上虚拟观测值的方法。该方法将接收机钟差、对流层天顶湿延迟从观测值误差中分离出来,同消电离层模糊度一起进行估计,利用基准站真实坐标获得卫地距,在此基础上计算相邻两个观测历元的残差进而拟合历元间非采样点残差,与卫地距、各项估计误差一起生成虚拟观测值。该方法保持了虚拟观测值的误差特性,尤其是基准站与流动站间的共性误差。该方法仅加密基准站数据,对流动站没有影响。算例结果表明,基准站在采样间隔30 s范围内,使用该方法加密的虚拟观测值与真实值有较好的一致性,采样间隔分别为30 s、15 s、5 s的虚拟测码伪距和载波相位观测值偏差的标准中误差分别在0.2 m和1.2周左右、0.1 m和0.7周左右、0.05 m和0.2周左右;在30 s采样间隔情况下,按照该方法处理后仍能满足厘米级定位精度的要求。     

SBAS星历改正数及UDRE参数生成算法分析

星基增强系统(satellite based augmentation system,SBAS)通过地球同步轨道卫星实时播发导航卫星星历改正数和完好性参数,以提升用户定位精度和完好性.采用最小方差法解算GPS星历改正数,利用卡方统计进行改正数完好性检核,并依据星历改正数方差-协方差信息计算SBAS用户差分距离误差(us...     

基于非线性高斯-赫尔默特模型的结构总体最小二乘法

变量误差（error-in-variables,EIV）模型的系数矩阵存在结构特征的情况,并且这种结构特征可以扩展到观测向量中。首先采用变量投影法将系数矩阵的增广矩阵展开成仿射矩阵形式,提取系数矩阵和观测向量中的随机量,并将EIV模型表示为非线性高斯-赫尔默特模型,然后利用非线性最小二乘原理推导了一种结构总体最小二乘法。该算法统一了普通的结构总体最小二乘法、结构数据最小二乘法以及最小二乘法。将该算法应用到真实算例和模拟算例中,两个算例结果表明,该算法与已有能够解决EIV模型结构特征的结构或加权总体最小二乘法估计结果一致,验证了该算法的有效性。同时,该算法对结构特征的提取方式简单、规律性强且易于编程实现;且在算法设计中,把结构总体最小二乘问题转换为附有参数的条件平差问题,即将其纳入到最小二乘平差理论体系,便于其扩展应用。同时对平面拟合问题的误差估计特性进行了定性分析,由分析可知参数的相对大小对估计误差的一致性有直接影响,这说明EIV模型下系数矩阵和观测向量中随机量的估计误差与真误差的一致性关系相对复杂。