广西1999年度气候特点及其影响评价

分析广西１９９９年度（１９９８年１２月至１９９９年１１月）的气候状况,其特点为：各地年平均气温１７．３￣２３．８℃,比常年偏高０．５￣１．３℃;有４９个县市（占５６％）气温异常偏高,有２５个县市（占２９％）气温显著偏高;全区年平均气温２１．２℃,比常年偏高０．８℃,与１９９８年并列为广西自１９５９年以来第２暖年。年降水量为９２８￣２３９９ｍｍ,与常年相比,桂北正常到偏多３成,桂南正常到偏少２成。年     

黔东南州1999年气候影响评价

1　气候概况1 999年我州气候总的特点是 :气温正常略偏高 ,冬春秋偏高 ,夏季偏低。降水分布特征为 :冬春降水严重偏少 ,出现冬春连旱 ,在都柳江流域和清水江流域春旱尤为严重 ,5月下旬至 9月上旬降水正常略偏多。秋绵雨、冰雹、大风等灾害性天气基本上未出现 ,属于风调雨顺之年。2　主要气象要素变化2 1　气温全州年平均气温为 1 6 6℃ ,较常年偏高0 6℃ ;各地年平均气温为 1 5 1～ 1 9 0℃ ,较常年偏高 0 5～ 0 8℃。年极端最高气温为36 9℃ ,8月 8、9日分别出现在锦屏、镇远 ;年极端最低气温为 3 3℃ ,分别于 1月 1 2日和 1 3日出…     

广西1997年气候影响评价

１９９７年度（１９９６年１２月至１９９７年１１月）,广西各地年平均气温１６．６～２３．３℃,属正常;年降水量１２５９．５～２８２５．３ｍｍ,正常到偏多２～５成;年日照时数８５２．８～２１３９．３ｈ,大部地区比常年偏少２００～５００ｈ。１９９７年度,广西主要气候事件及其影响以洪涝和寒露风最为突出,其次是大风和冬旱;日照不足,降水偏多,洪涝及寒露风灾害严重,全年气候条件对工农业生产的影响弊多利少,属偏差年景。     

1999年河南气候异常事件及其影响

1　气候基本特点1999年度 (1998年 12月至 1999年 11月 ) ,河南先后出现了冬暖、冬旱、倒春寒、夏旱、初秋暖等异常气候事件 ,其中以冬暖、冬旱和夏旱的影响尤为突出。全年平均气温 13.1～ 16 .1℃。与常年相比 ,河南气温明显偏高 ,偏高幅度为 0 .4～ 1.6℃ ,除豫东永城、豫中许昌、襄城等少部地区外 ,全省大部气温偏高 1.0℃ ,为 195 1年以来前 5位。从各季节来看 ,冬季气温偏高 1.9～ 3 .0℃ ,为 195 1年以来最暖的冬季 ;春季气温偏高 0 .5～ 1.4℃ ,但初春冷暖变化剧烈 ,部分地区出现倒春寒天气 ;夏季气温正常 ;秋季气温偏高 0 .5～ 1.6…     

甘肃省1998年气候影响评价(摘要)

１　气候概况１９９８年全省各地年平均气温偏高,年降水量大部分地方正常略偏少,年日照时数各地正常。冬季全省偏暖少雪;春季气温普遍偏高,降水大部偏多;夏季气温仍然偏高,降水时空分布不均,部分地方出现初夏旱;秋季全省气温持续偏高,降水大部偏少,秋旱明显。主要气象灾害有干旱、冰雹和暴洪等。农业气候年景属偏好年。１．１　气　温与常年比,全省年平均气温偏高０．７～２．１℃,与历年比,各地区年平均气温均为近４０年最高值。各季平均气温均比常年同期偏高。冬季,全省大部分地方气温偏高０．５～２．７℃,是近４０年第５…     

广西2000年度气候特点及其影响评价

2000年度（1999年12月－2000年11月）平均气温16．3－23．0℃，大部地区接近常年，全区平均20．4℃，与常年持平。年降水量730－2541mm，北部正常，南部偏少1－3成，全区平均1360mm，比常年偏少1成。年日照时数1118－2194h，大部地区偏少50－200h，全区平均1540h，比常年偏少66h。主要气候事件及其影响以冬季大范围严重霜（冰）冻灾害最为突出，其次是夏秋连旱伴高温。     

陕西省2000年气候影响评价

对2000年（1999年12月－2000年11月）陕西气候影响进行评价，2000年陕西各地气温普遍偏高，降水偏少；1992年12月至2000年5月全省大部分地区发生冬春持续干旱，其中陕北北部出现四季连旱；春季气温异常偏高，降水异常偏少，多风沙天气，陕北北部风沙天气是近年来最多的年份；陕南暴雨多，落区集中、灾害严重；冰雹灾害发生频繁。     

广西1997年气候影响评价

１９９７年度（１９９６年１２月至１９９７年１１月）,广西各地年平均气温１６．６￣２３．３℃,属正常;年降水量１２５９．５￣２８２５．３ｍｍ,正常到偏多２￣５成;年日照时数８５２．８￣２１３９．３ｈ,大部地区比常年偏少２００￣５００ｈ。１９９７年度,广西主要气候事件及其影响以洪涝和寒露风最为突出,其次是大风和冬旱;日照不足,降水偏多,洪涝及寒露风灾害严重,全年气候条件对工农业生产的影响弊多利少,属偏     

广西2000年度气候特点及其影响评价

20 0 0年度 (1999年 12月 - 2 0 0 0年 11月 )平均气温 16 .3～ 2 3.0℃ ,大部地区接近常年 ,全区平均 2 0 .4℃ ,与常年持平。年降水量 730～ 2 5 41mm,北部正常 ,南部偏少 1～ 3成 ,全区平均 136 0 mm,比常年偏少 1成。年日照时数 1118～ 2 194h,大部地区偏少 5 0～ 2 0 0 h,全区平均 15 40 h,比常年偏少 6 6 h。主要气候事件及其影响以冬季大范围严重霜 (冰 )冻灾害最为突出 ,其次是夏秋连旱伴高温。     

1995年甘肃省气候影响评价（摘要）

１９９５年甘肃省气候影响评价（摘要）牛若芸瞿汶（省气象局气候资料室兰州７３００２０）１气候概况全省年平均气温正常偏高，陇东偏高显著。年降水量黄河以西正常略多，黄河以东正常偏少，陇东偏少明显。日照正常。主要气象灾害有：春旱连春末初夏旱，部分地方出现伏旱...     

要重视指示性云的观测及编码

以一些易被忽略、简化的指示性云状及编码为依据,论述云天演变,对于观测、记录及编码具有重要意义。     

要重视指示性云的观测及编码

以一些易被忽略、简化的指示性云状及编码为依据，论述云天演变，对于观测、记录及编码具有重要意义。     

对百色工业立市气象信息服务的探讨

就百色工业立市的情况作简要概叙,并在工业立市进程中,除了决策和公益气象服务以外,气象信息服务的市场前景、营销人员队伍、服务中应注意的事项及气象信息服务的可能服务对象和内容作了较为详细的探讨。     

综合布线系统在气象核心网络升级中的应用

综合布线系统采用标准化的语音、数据、图像、监控设备，各线综合配置在一套标准的布线系统上，统一布线设计、安装施工和集中管理维护。综合布线系统在广东省气象局核心网络升级综合布线实际应用效果明显。     

综合布线系统在气象核心网络升级中的应用

综合布线系统采用标准化的语音、数据、图像、监控设备,各线综合配置在一套标准的布线系统上,统一布线设计、安装施工和集中管理维护。综合布线系统在广东省气象局核心网络升级综合布线实际应用效果明显。     

The Impact Of Air-Flow Separation On The Drag Of The Sea Surface

An approach that allows assessment ofthe impact of air-flow separation (AFS) fromwave breaking fronts on the sea-surface drag is presented. Wave breaking fronts are modelled by the discontinuities of the sea-surface slope. It is assumedthat the dynamics of the AFS from wave breaking crests is similar to thatfrom the backward facing step. The form drag supported by an individualbreaker is described by the action of the pressure drop distributed alongthe forward face of the breaking front. The total stress due to the AFS isobtained as a sum of contributions from breaking fronts of different scales.Outside the breaking fronts the drag of the sea surface is supported by theviscous surface stress and the wave-induced stress. To calculate the stressdue to the AFS and the wave-induced stress a physical model of the wind-wavespectrum is used. Together with the model of the air flow described in termsof surface stresses it forms a self-consistent dynamical system for the seasurface-atmosphere where the air flow and wind waves are strongly coupled.Model calculations of the drag coefficient agree with measurements. It is shownthat the dimensionless Charnock parameter (roughness length normalized onthe square of the friction velocity and the acceleration of gravity)increases with the increase of the wind speed in agreement with fieldmeasurements. The stress due to the AFS normalized on the square of thefriction velocity is proportional to the cube of wind speed. At low windsthe viscous surface stress dominates the drag. The role of the form drag,which is the sum of the stress due to the AFS and the wave-induced stress, isnegligible. At moderate and high winds the form drag dominates. At windspeeds higher than 10 m s^-1 the stress supported by the AFS becomescomparable to the wave-induced stress and supports up to 50% of the totalstress.     

黑潮OLR距平指数与华南西部主汛期降水的关系

OLR距平场与华南西部主汛期降水的相关分析场显示,在黑潮区域有强烈的高相关信号反映。黑潮区OLR距平指数与华南主汛期降水的遥相关分析显示,前期黑潮区OLR距平指数的异常,可以成为预测主汛期降水有一定指示意义的前兆信号。并在此基础上建立主成分降维分析方法,对1989~2000年主汛期降水作预测及回代检验,检验结果准确率达75%,说明用黑潮区OLR距平指数作为预报因子可以取得良好的预报成绩。     

对夜间云观测的体会

介绍夜间进行云观测的工作程序,对云的特征进行分析,提出了观测云的注意事项。     

On The Influence Of The Eulerian Velocity PDF Closure On The Eddy Diffusion Coefficient

The flux-gradient model, often used to describe turbulent dispersion, implicitly defines an eddy diffusion coefficient K that is known to be related to the Eulerian probability density function (pdf) of the turbulent velocity field. In the strict limit of applicability of Fick's law, the relationship between K and the pdf is used to investigate the influence of non-Gaussianity on dispersion in homogeneous turbulence. A bi-Gaussian pdf is used as a closure model that allows for separate studies of skewness and kurtosis variations. The choice of model parameters can have a significant influence on K, especially when the pdf is bimodal. Both arbitrariness of the closure and bimodality are then reduced using the maximum entropy criterion for the selection of the free parameter of the closure scheme, together with the assumption that the model is valid only for those values of the parameters for which a unimodal pdf is possible. The variations of K are found to be sensitive to both skewness and kurtosis showing a more complex behaviour than that found in literature.     

The Role Of Halocarbons In The Climate Change Of The Troposphere And Stratosphere

Releases of halocarbons into the atmosphere over the last 50 years are among the factors that have contributed to changes in the Earth’s climate since pre-industrial times. Their individual and collective potential to contribute directly to surface climate change is usually gauged through calculation of their radiative efficiency, radiative forcing, and/or Global Warming Potential (GWP). For those halocarbons that contain chlorine and bromine, indirect effects on temperature via ozone layer depletion represent another way in which these gases affect climate. Further, halocarbons can also affect the temperature in the stratosphere. In this paper, we use a narrow-band radiative transfer model together with a range of climate models to examine the role of these gases on atmospheric temperatures in the stratosphere and troposphere. We evaluate in detail the halocarbon contributions to temperature changes at the tropical tropopause, and find that they have contributed a significant warming of ~0.4 K over the last 50 years, dominating the effect of the other well-mixed greenhouse gases at these levels. The fact that observed tropical temperatures have not warmed strongly suggests that other mechanisms may be countering this effect. In a climate model this warming of the tropopause layer is found to lead to a 6% smaller climate sensitivity for halocarbons on a globally averaged basis, compared to that for carbon dioxide changes. Using recent observations together with scenarios we also assess their past and predicted future direct and indirect roles on the evolution of surface temperature. We find that the indirect effect of stratospheric ozone depletion could have offset up to approximately half of the predicted past increases in surface temperature that would otherwise have occurred as a result of the direct effect of halocarbons. However, as ozone will likely recover in the next few decades, a slightly faster rate of warming should be expected from the net effect of halocarbons, and we find that together halocarbons could bring forward next century’s expected warming by ~20 years if future emissions projections are realized. In both the troposphere and stratosphere CFC-12 contributes most to the past temperature changes and the emissions projection considered suggest that HFC-134a could contribute most of the warming over the coming century.