地下水流动系统在河间地块岩溶渗漏评价中的应用

在对清江半峡水利枢纽柳山河间地块财溶发育特征分析的基础上,采用地下水流动系统模拟了间地块不同地带流线分布,进而分析了该河间地块岩溶发育规律,评价了岩溶渗漏问题。     

江坪河水库库首右岸梅坪—曲溪河间地块岩溶发育特征与渗漏可…

江坪河水库坝址地段具有建高坝的地形、地貌与地质条件，但是，库首右岸发育梅坪－曲溪河间地块，其上广布岩溶强烈发育的寒武系－奥陶系碳酸盐岩，岩深渗漏问题是该坝址方案能否成立的关键，本文研究了河间地块上岩溶及岩溶地下水系统发育规律，运用物深手段，综合地质及水文资料，探讨了河间地块上地下水位分布特点，认为该河间地块上存在地下水位高于正常蓄水位的地下分水岭，不存在岩溶渗漏问题。     

江坪河水库库首右岸梅坪─曲溪河间地块岩溶发育特征与渗漏可能性分析

江坪河水库坝址地段具有在高坝的地形、地貌与地质条件．但是，库首右岸发育出圩一曲溪河间地块，其上广布岩溶强烈发育的寒武系一奥陶系戳欧盐岩．岩溶渗漏问是该坝址方案能否成立的关键．本文研究了河间地块上岩溶及岩溶地下水系统发育规律，运用物探手段，综合地质及水文资料，探讨了河间地块上地下水位分布特点，认为该河间地块上存在地下水位高于正常富水位的地下分水岭，不存在岩溶渗漏问题．     

基于DEM的莱州湾南岸典型水系河间地提取及区域地貌演化研究

以SRTM3-DEM为数据源,在ArcGIS支持下,采用水文分析以及DEM分析数据与地质图、卫星图像和地形图区域数据综合对比分析,结合实地调查及前人研究成果,对莱州湾南岸的弥河、白浪河、潍河3条典型河流河网河间地的提取进行了研究,并对不同流域河间地比率的空间关系、流域地貌侵蚀对比与区域变化、全新世河型及河型转换以及区域地貌发展阶段进行了研究.通过DEM的水文分析、河网提取、河间地制图,得到了每条河流、每种累积流量取值下河网中的河间地,从而提出了快速提取河间地的一种新方法.区域空间上,河间地比率自西向东存在弱的增大变化.流域侵蚀综合分析表明:3条河流曾明显下切,即西部的弥河以单河道截切式下切;中部的白浪河以拓展式下切;东部的潍河呈嵌入式下切.表明西部侵蚀下切幅度大于东部(西部河流侵蚀速度快于东部),从而印证了河间地比率西小、东大的空间变化.对古河型(/河网)分析表明,全新世以来有网状河、扇状分汉河、汇聚型河、顺直河和曲流河5种河型.河型转换受控于气候变化、基准面下降和不均衡的构造抬升.将研究区全新世的河流地貌演化分为全新世早阶段、全新世中期早阶段、全新世中期晚阶段、全新世晚期早阶段和全新世晚期晚阶段5个阶段.     

松拉河间地块第四纪地层划分

松拉河间地块位于松嫩东部高平原中段,面积约1600km~2。该区第四纪堆积物厚度较大,一般70~100 m,地下水资源丰富,具有较高的工农业供水价值。因此,对松拉河间地块第四纪地层的研究,不仅对认识古地理、古气候环境的演变具有理论意义,而且对地下水含水层(组)的划分、水资源评价及工农业发展均有重要的生产实践意义。根据区内200余个钻孔资料,可将松拉河间地块高平原部分的第四系松散沉积物大致划分四套地层,自上而下为:(1)黄土状亚粘土下伏粉细砂岩,厚15~40m; (2)黄——     

基于GMS的岩溶山区三维地下水流模式识别

以高岚河东部多条支沟切割形成的连排型河间地块为研究区,基于1∶5万岩溶水文地质调查成果,利用GIS技术和径流分割,量化岩溶含水系统顶底板高程、获取入渗补给系数及地下水径流量等数据,运用三维地下水流数值模拟及粒子追踪地下水流线的方法,得出了研究区的地下水流模式。其结果表明:研究区地下水流模式主要受区域尺度的势源和势汇控制,局部的地形起伏对地下水位的影响不明显;支沟切割较深的凉伞沟、滩淤河流域,水流驱动力大,有利于局部水流系统的发育;随着东部补给高程的增加,流程逐渐增长,多发育局部水流系统,至山脊附近多发育排泄至高岚河的中间水流系统。当研究区年降雨量由中等的1 021.1 mm降为多年最低的725.5 mm时,由东部补给区排泄至高岚河的中间水流系统增加;在此降雨强度区间,不具备发育越过河间地块的中间或区域地下水流系统。      

洞坪水库岩溶发育规律及水库渗漏条件分析

洞坪水电站左岸河间地块是由一套滨— 浅海相的碳酸盐岩地层组成。岩溶水文地质条件复杂,发育有呈串珠状、平行于忠建河展布的岩溶洼地,并直抵清江,其下是否存在贯通的地下岩溶管道? 水库蓄水后会不会形成自库尾向清江的岩溶管道式渗漏? 这是该工程急待解决的主要工程地质问题。本文在该区岩溶发育规律研究的基础上,分析了其岩溶水系统的特征及岩溶水流动子系统的空间展布规律,为水库渗漏问题的勘察和评价提供了方向和依据。      

左江中游岩溶峰林区河流交互带水化学特征与控制因素

岩溶交互带是连接岩溶含水层与地表河流的重要通道,对河流和地下水水质具有重要的保护作用。本研究选取左江中游岩溶峰林区河流交互带为研究对象,在丰水期(8月下旬)和平水期(10月下旬)对交互带内机井的水化学进行现场测试分析,并结合地下水流动系统理论探讨左江两侧岩溶交互带空间分布特征和控制因素。研究结果表明:左江水的电导率(EC)较小、Ca^2+、HCO3^-浓度较低,两岸机井中增高;pH、温度、DO的变化则相反,呈现出左江高,两岸机井中降低;交互带内形成了具有DO、pH值梯度、温度梯度、Ca^2+和HCO3^-梯度的混合区。左岸岩溶区补给径流面积大,地下水流动系统范围大,流线密集,岩溶十分发育,形成岩溶管道系统;右岸为左江包围的河间地块,地下水流动系统范围小,补给面积有限,流线稀疏,岩溶发育深度和强度受到限制。左江两岸不同规模的地下水流动系统导致两岸岩溶发育强度明显不同,造成河流交互带范围的巨大差异,左岸的范围大于1000m,而右岸的范围在200m以内,左岸是右岸的5倍以上。本研究有助于左江沿岸地下水的开发利用和水质保护。     

单斜构造岩溶含水层及其岩溶渗漏条件分析--以湖北水江坪河水电站河湾地块为例

通过对湖北水江坪河水电站河湾地块寒武系下统龙王庙组上段(∈21l)单斜岩溶含水系统的水动力、温度、水量均衡以及岩溶发育特征分析,提出在单斜岩层中存在2层岩溶结构和2层岩溶水系统,上层岩溶水系统的水位高于正常蓄水位(475m),而深层岩溶水系统的水位低于正常蓄水位(475m).在建库条件下,库水可通过深层岩溶水系统向河湾下游径流排泄,即河湾地块存在岩溶渗漏问题.该结论已得到深孔勘探以及钻孔彩色录像初步查证.     

单斜构造岩溶含水层及其岩溶渗漏条件分析——以湖北溇水江坪河水电站河湾地块为例

通过对湖北水江坪河水电站河湾地块寒武系下统龙王庙组上段(∈ 21）单斜岩溶含水系统的水动力、温度、水量均衡以及岩溶发育特征分析,提出在单斜岩层中存在2层岩溶结构和2层岩溶水系统,上层岩溶水系统的水位高于正常蓄水位( 475m) ,而深层岩溶水系统的水位低于正常蓄水位( 475m)。在建库条件下,库水可通过深层岩溶水系统向河湾下游径流排泄,即河湾地块存在岩溶渗漏问题。该结论已得到深孔勘探以及钻孔彩色录像初步查证。      

贵州六枝电厂场地工程地质条件分析

在对六枝电厂场地内有关建筑物地段展开施工图设计阶段的勘测工作的基础上,通过对厂区的地质条件、岩溶及水文地质条件和场地岩土体物理力学性质的研究与分析,揭示了场地水文地质及工程地质条件尤其是工程地质条件对电厂后续施工及设计的影响。结果表明:1)场地覆盖层内孔隙潜水含水层水量较小,但对深基坑的设计和施工会产生影响,场地为岩溶强烈发育区,但溶洞规模不大且分布在深层,对场地地基稳定性无影响; 2)考虑实际施工情况,可将场地按工程地质问题分为一般岩土体变形区、超挖深基坑区、软弱岩土地面沉降区、岩溶发育区和地下水引起基坑边坡失稳区等5个区域; 3)在分区基础上详细评价场地中的基坑边坡工程,对场地最典型的#1运煤转运站深基坑边坡工程按不同放坡比和降雨条件做稳定性分析,结合施工场地放坡条件,认为该边坡需按照1∶1. 75的放坡比放坡,同时应进行专门的基坑支护设计,开挖时需尽量避开雨季并同时进行降排水,避免在基坑顶部附近堆砌弃土和建材设施导致基坑边坡上部荷载增加而出现边坡失稳现象。     

鲁能运河电厂长沟岩溶水源地水位模拟预测

长沟水源地是鲁能运河电厂供水水源地,通过预测水源地水位变化趋势,为电厂制定用水计划、及时调整开采布局提供依据。水位模拟预测是在五年长系列动态监测资料及地下水开采量调查基础上进行的,利用数值模型演练和预测了嘉祥单斜蓄水构造单元内在现状岩溶水开采状态下及增加20%开采量条件下的区域地下水流场变化特点,所模拟的曲线与实测曲线相吻合,所推算出的水文地质参数合理,为保证水源地合理、稳定、持续的开采提供了科学支持。     

铜陵地区深埋型岩溶形成机制及分布特征

铜陵地区现代岩溶发育深度一般在２００ｍ以内，但在特殊地质块段存着埋藏深度更大的岩溶，它的存在对地下水资源的开采和深埋矿床的开采具有重要意义，该类岩溶按成因可分为岩浆侵入型，断裂构造型和古岩溶，本文就其形成机制和分布特征进行了探讨。     

湘西地质公园岩溶峡谷群成因及其地学意义

湘西地质公园岩溶峡谷分布面积约1 162 km2,岩溶峡谷200多条,密如蜘网分布,是世界上最密集的岩溶峡谷群分布区。湘西岩溶峡谷形态上分为线型峡谷、“V”字型峡谷和箱型峡谷,其间分布岩溶台地和峰丛山地,岩溶峡谷两侧岩溶洞穴、瀑布和石柱发育,景观奇特壮观。相间分布的硅质碳酸盐岩和泥质碳酸盐岩、密集分布的地质构造及高角度节理裂隙、地块掀斜式抬升和强的岩溶水动力为岩溶峡谷群的发育提供了有利条件。岩溶峡谷群的形成经历了地质构造抬升、河流峡谷形成、岩溶峡谷发育三个阶段。与世界其他岩溶区峡谷对比,湘西岩溶峡谷群是世界地质公园中分布规模最大、峡谷最密集、岩溶发育最典型的岩溶峡谷区。湘西岩溶峡谷群不但具有重要的岩溶学研究和地质历史价值,而且具有重要的地质景观和地质文化意义。      

Geology and hydrogeology of the Dammam Formation in Kuwait

 The Dammam Formation of Middle Eocene age is one of the major aquifers containing useable brackish water in Kuwait. Apart from the paleokarst zone at the top, the Dammam Formation in Kuwait consists of 150–200 m of dolomitized limestone that is subdivided into three members, on the basis of lithology and biofacies. The upper member consists of friable chalky dolomicrite and dolomite. The middle member is mainly laminated biomicrite and biodolomicrite. The lower member is nummulitic limestone with interlayered shale toward the base. Geophysical markers conform to these subdivisions. Core analyses indicate that the upper member is the most porous and permeable of the three units, as confirmed by the distribution of lost-circulation zones. The quality of water in the aquifer deteriorates toward the north and east. A potentiometric-head difference exists between the Dammam Formation and the unconformably overlying Kuwait Group; this difference is maintained by the presence of an intervening aquitard. Received, February 1997 Revised, June 1997, September 1997 Accepted, January 1998     

贵州织金县城岩溶地下水脆弱性评价

本文在全面分析织金县城地下水岩溶流域的水文地质、岩溶地质特征的基础上,参照有关评价的理论数据提出了适合该区域的地下水脆弱性评价系统与DRKST模型,并结合GIS空间分析功能对岩溶流域地下水脆弱性进行了评价,对规划织金县城的建设和发展,具有较大的参考价值。     

Ground Stabilization for foundation and excavation construction in Florida karst topography

The construction of additional facilities at the Florida Power Corporation's Crystal River Energy Complex required an extensive stabilization program to construct foundations for approximately one half mile of cooling towers. This paper presents an overview of the techniques and methods used in the construction of additional facilities at the Crystal River Generating Station. Excavations for intake and discharge structures were to be more than 20 ft below the water table. Cooling tower foundations were constructed on extensively solutioned Florida limerock located on the central Gulf Coast of Florida. Hybrid ground modification techniques were used to stabilize soft or loose soils and solution features in the underlying limerock, allowing mat and spread footing foundations to be used for most of the facility. The ground modification techniques were used to detect, collapse, densify, and fill solution features below the structure foundations. The bearing capacity after ground modification was verified by field load tests. Subsurface investigations indicated that sheet pile excavations with grouted seals were the optimal technique for cofferdam excavations in the limerock formation. Existing collapsed caverns were encountered during construction of the cofferdam for the intake structure and the adjacent discharge structure, requiring a fast-track design change, considerable field coordination, and daily modifications to accommodate the varied conditions encountered. Tied-back soldier pile cofferdam construction was combined with grouting, underwater excavation, and a massive, unreinforced, concrete tremie slab with grouted anchors, and installed off a barge to provide a dewatered excavation. This project involved the use of hybrid soil-rock anchors to anchor one of the largest continuous placement tremie seals installed in Florida. Other excavations used sheeting and grouting of the underlying limerock formation to provide a dewatered excavation. Ground modification techniques were used to treat a filled cavern discovered in the corner of one discharge structure. The entire construction of this facility was confined to a narrow work area by existing wetlands and the generating station discharge canal. Strict environmental restrictions required by the regulatory agencies to prevent impacts to the surrounding area were imposed on this project.     

Engineering Geological Study of Regional Tectonic Stability in the Area of the Longyang Gorge Power Station on the Huanghe (Yellow) River

In the stability study of the regional structures in the area of the Longyang Gorge Hydroelectrical Power Station, a model of the current stress-deformation field of the area was constructed based on analyses of available data of regional surveys and historical earthquakes and field investigations of active faults and ancient earthquakes. This model was examined and verified by physical and mathematical simulation experiments, and quantitative relations and data were obtained.     

Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical modelling of bentonite buffer material

Mechanistic model development and numerical analyses were carried out on coupled thermo-hydraulic-mechanical processes in bentonite-based buffer material for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste with small-scale laboratory experiments and a full-scale test. The mechanism of water movement in compacted bentonite was identified by applying theoretical equations to the experimental results. The application clearly explained the observed results of the temperature dependence of the hydraulic conductivity in the saturated state and the water diffusivity in the unsaturated state for the compacted bentonite and the dry density dependence of the diffusivity. The full-scale coupled test, BIG-BEN, was conducted at PNC (Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation) Tokai Works. The results of the numerical analyses for the full-scale test which are based on the present knowledge of coupled processes and our small-scale experiments were in good agreement with the measured results except for mechanical phenomena. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩溶石漠化治理问题研究

石漠化的形成与地质背景密切相关,石漠化的治理也必须在查明石漠化区地质背景的基础上,针对岩性、地球化学背景、水资源特征以及石漠化程度,并结合当地经济发展合理地制定和实施防治工程,才能达到良好的效果。本文以贵州省为例,分析了石漠化特征、近10年来的治理效果,指出了治理工作中存在的问题,从地学的角度提出了岩溶石漠化防治的建议。