山东省长清县中寒武统张夏组的微相组分、微相类型及沉积相分析

山东省长清县中寒武统的张夏-崮山剖面为华北地区张夏组的正层型剖面,其岩石地层、生物地层研究都较为成熟.从碳酸盐岩微相的角度,对其微相组分、微相类型和沉积环境作了进一步研究.在张夏-崮山地区的张夏组碳酸盐岩中识别出了6种微相类型:异地生物碎屑泥粒灰岩、附枝藻黏结灰岩、具再搬运鲕粒的粒泥-泥粒灰岩、含介壳及完整底栖化石的泥粒-粒泥灰岩、放射状鲕粒泥粒-粒泥灰岩和同心圆状鲕粒颗粒灰岩.微相类型的垂向叠覆及野外露头观察指示了5种沉积相带,自下而上分别为:局限台地鲕粒滩相、开阔台地海相、台地边缘鲕粒滩相、台地边缘藻礁相及台地边缘滩前斜坡相,表明山东省长清县张夏组为典型的镶边型碳酸盐岩台地沉积.     

西藏改则地区上三叠统日干配错组鲕粒滩相灰岩沉积特征及其环境意义

西藏改则地区上三叠统日干配错组发育了一套台地相碳酸盐岩沉积,在该套碳酸盐岩沉积中以存在大量鲕粒滩为特色。鲕粒滩可以进一步划分为开阔台地浅滩和台地边缘滩。鲕粒滩岩石类型分析表明,该套碳酸盐岩为镶边台地型沉积,开阔台地内浅滩为异地鲕和原地鲕混杂堆积,台缘浅滩鲕粒主要为原地鲕。台缘鲕粒滩为一个三级海侵体系域内部的次一级进积序列,具有潮下型米级旋回的特点,每层鲕粒滩相鲕粒灰岩的类型较为单一,大小均匀,各层鲕粒灰岩间鲕粒类型不同,具有从微晶鲕→放射鲕→同心鲕过渡的趋势,向上鲕粒粒径变大,沉积厚度明显增加。     

贵州凯里黄飘地区下奥陶统红花园组碳酸盐岩微相及沉积环境

通过对贵州省凯里黄飘地区红花园组进行地层剖面实测和岩矿样品镜下观察鉴定与分析,共识别出6种碳酸盐岩微相,即:MF-1包壳生物碎屑亮晶灰岩; MF-2生物碎屑泥晶灰岩; MF-3鲕粒亮晶灰岩; MF-4具窗格孔泥晶灰岩; MF-5叠层灰岩; MF-6集合颗粒亮晶灰岩。通过与Flügel(2010)的镶边碳酸盐岩台地标准微相类型进行对比,认为黄飘地区红花园组碳酸盐岩形成于台地边缘滩与滩后(局限台地与开阔台地)沉积相带。综合分析表明黄飘地区下奥陶统红花园组经历了3期相对连续完整的次级海进-海退旋回。     

北京西山下苇甸中寒武统碳酸盐岩微相及沉积相研究

采用微相分析的方法,对北京西山下苇甸剖面中寒武统碳酸盐岩的生物组合、颗粒成分、基质类型及其结构等微相特征做了深入研究,区分出8种碳酸盐岩微相类型,即微角砾状生屑-岩屑泥粒灰岩,异地生屑泥粒—粒泥灰岩,含包壳鲕粒和磨圆生屑的泥粒—粒泥灰岩,含包壳鲕粒的颗粒灰岩,海百合茎泥粒灰岩,同心圆鲕粒颗粒灰岩,泥晶鲕粒颗粒—泥粒灰岩,放射鲕粒颗粒—泥粒灰岩。8种微相类型在中寒武统剖面上不等同出现构成了代表两次海平面下降—上升的演化过程,即由徐庄组下部的开阔台地相开始,向上至徐庄组上部变化为滩前斜坡相,张夏组下部又返回至开阔台地相,最后在张夏组上部又以滩前斜坡相告终。     

内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗阿木山组上段碳酸盐岩微相与沉积环境分析

内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗晚石炭世-早二叠世阿木山组上段主要为发育在碳酸盐岩台地边缘内的一套深灰色-灰色的块状生物碎屑碳酸盐岩.根据微相组分、微相类型和沉积环境总结出8种碳酸盐岩微相类型,分别为叶状藻粒泥灰岩-泥粒灰岩、含鲕粒团块颗粒灰岩、含少量生物碎屑的泥状灰岩、球粒生屑泥粒灰岩、Antheria po-lygonalis珊...     

东秦岭陕西聂家沟剖面二叠纪—三叠纪之交沉积特征及其古环境意义*

东秦岭陕西镇安聂家沟地区二叠纪—三叠纪之交发育一套海相碳酸盐岩沉积序列,较完整地记录了二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件前后浅海碳酸盐岩台地相生物群落演替及环境变化等信息,是研究二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件前后生态环境变化与沉积响应的理想区域。通过碳酸盐岩微相分析方法,对陕西镇安聂家沟剖面二叠系—三叠系界线附近的碳酸盐岩生物组合和微相类型进行了详细分析,共识别出11个微相类型: 斑点状凝块石、叠层石灰岩、鲕粒—纹层状叠层石灰岩、有孔虫颗粒灰岩、藻—海百合泥粒灰岩、含有被包壳和被磨蚀骨屑颗粒的粒泥灰岩、鲕粒颗粒灰岩、集合颗粒灰岩、含鲕粒的粒泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩和泥岩。根据碳酸盐岩微相特征及沉积相标志,在二叠系—三叠系界限附近划分出台地边缘、开阔台地和局限台地3种沉积相,其反映了二叠纪—三叠纪之交频繁的沉积相带变更的特点。该剖面碳酸盐岩微相反映的古生态和生物群落演替特征与中国华南同时期其他剖面具有较好的一致性,即二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件之后,早三叠世正常浅水碳酸盐岩台地生物类型和丰度极低,仅含有少量的双壳类、海百合等,灭绝事件界线附近以微生物碳酸盐岩等特殊微生物沉积构造占主导,之后微生物岩等消失,又出现了以双壳类为首的生物碎屑石灰岩。研究结果为了解二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件中生物和环境的协同演化提供了新的材料和认识。     

塔中地区晚奥陶世碳酸盐台缘与台内沉积差异--定性和定量的碳酸盐岩微相综合分析

为揭示塔中地区东部的晚奥陶世镶边型碳酸盐台地边缘与台地内部的沉积差异,利用钻井岩芯及薄片资料,对良里塔格组开展了定性的和定量的碳酸盐岩微相分析研究。研究表明,台缘-台内沉积区发育9种微相类型（MF1~MF9）,不同颗粒岩类微相所代表的几种颗粒滩具有典型差别的粒度累积频率曲线样式。台地边缘主要发育各种高能颗粒滩的微相组合（MF1~MF4）,与台缘生物礁构成礁滩复合体;台地内部主要发育代表中-低能的潮坪-潟湖沉积的微相组合（MF5~MF9）。结合定量的粒度分析分析认为生屑砂屑颗粒灰岩微相（MF1）、生屑砾屑灰岩微相（MF2）和鲕粒颗粒灰岩微相（MF3）是冲流带（前滨）环境的产物,分别代表着台地边缘生屑滩、鲕粒滩和礁前砾屑滩沉积;球粒颗粒灰岩微相（MF5）为位于受障壁的台地内部、中等能量波浪控制的球粒滩;棘屑泥粒灰岩-漂浮岩微相（MF4）发育于台缘礁后的中-高能生屑滩。     

东秦岭陕西聂家沟剖面二叠纪—三叠纪之交沉积特征及其古环境意义*

东秦岭陕西镇安聂家沟地区二叠纪—三叠纪之交发育一套海相碳酸盐岩沉积序列,较完整地记录了二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件前后浅海碳酸盐岩台地相生物群落演替及环境变化等信息,是研究二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件前后生态环境变化与沉积响应的理想区域。通过碳酸盐岩微相分析方法,对陕西镇安聂家沟剖面二叠系—三叠系界线附近的碳酸盐岩生物组合和微相类型进行了详细分析,共识别出11个微相类型: 斑点状凝块石、叠层石灰岩、鲕粒—纹层状叠层石灰岩、有孔虫颗粒灰岩、藻—海百合泥粒灰岩、含有被包壳和被磨蚀骨屑颗粒的粒泥灰岩、鲕粒颗粒灰岩、集合颗粒灰岩、含鲕粒的粒泥灰岩、泥晶灰岩和泥岩。根据碳酸盐岩微相特征及沉积相标志,在二叠系—三叠系界限附近划分出台地边缘、开阔台地和局限台地3种沉积相,其反映了二叠纪—三叠纪之交频繁的沉积相带变更的特点。该剖面碳酸盐岩微相反映的古生态和生物群落演替特征与中国华南同时期其他剖面具有较好的一致性,即二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件之后,早三叠世正常浅水碳酸盐岩台地生物类型和丰度极低,仅含有少量的双壳类、海百合等,灭绝事件界线附近以微生物碳酸盐岩等特殊微生物沉积构造占主导,之后微生物岩等消失,又出现了以双壳类为首的生物碎屑石灰岩。研究结果为了解二叠纪末生物大灭绝事件中生物和环境的协同演化提供了新的材料和认识。     

西藏改则热那错上三叠统日干配错组碳酸盐岩岩石学特征与沉积环境*

西藏改则县热那错东沟剖面上三叠统卡尼阶至瑞替阶日干配错组沉积了厚度较大的碳酸盐岩地层,其中化石丰富。在碳酸盐岩中识别出11种主要的岩石类型：灰泥灰岩﹑含生物碎屑灰泥灰岩、生物碎屑粒泥灰岩、生物碎屑泥粒灰岩、内碎屑泥粒灰岩、内碎屑颗粒灰岩、藻颗粒灰岩、多种类型鲕粒灰岩、单一类型鲕粒灰岩、球粒泥粒灰岩和生物礁灰岩。根据岩石特征及组合类型可划分为5种沉积相：陆源碎屑滨岸相、局限台地相、开阔台地相、台地边缘浅滩相和台地边缘礁相,它们共同构成了日干配错组4个有序的海侵—海退旋回,整体显现出海侵的相序结构。     

贵州南部紫页1井威宁组沉积微相特征及其沉积演化

贵州南部紫云地区的威宁组以台地边缘藻丘沉积为主要特征。紫页1井钻孔岩芯显示:威宁组总体由台地边缘礁（丘）向局限台地、开阔台地过渡的海退进积层序,其间包括台地边缘藻（丘）、局限台地、开阔台地三个亚相,发育生物粘结岩(SMF7)、有骨屑颗粒的生屑灰泥质颗粒石灰岩/颗粒质灰泥石灰岩(SMF10)、核形石砾屑碳酸盐岩/颗粒灰岩(SMF13)、集合颗粒灰岩微相(SMF17)、均质无生物泥晶灰岩微相(SMF23)、岩屑漂浮岩/砾屑碳酸盐岩/角砾岩微相(SMF24)六个微相;威宁组的沉积充填序列由六个岩性组合基本相同、沉积环境、沉积微相特征大致相似的沉积旋回构成。每一个沉积旋回均以台地边缘礁（丘）相的藻凝块灰岩为主体,向上则渐变为局限台地、开阔台地相的生物碎屑灰岩,表明威宁组至少经历了六次海平面升降变化过程;威宁组的出现代表了罗甸—水城北西向槽盆边缘斜坡相的打屋坝组富有机质泥页岩的终结。      

Lithostratigraphy and standard microfacies types of the Neogene carbonates of Rabigh and Ubhur areas, Red Sea coastal plain of Saudi Arabia

The Neogene carbonate rocks have relatively small exposure relative to the siliciclastic and evaporite rocks in Rabigh and Ubhur areas, north Jeddah, Red Sea coastal plain of Saudi Arabia. The Miocene carbonates form small hills in both areas, which conformably overlie the siliciclastics, whereas the Pleistocene coral reefs form terraces facing the Red Sea in Rabigh area. The Neogene carbonates are represented by the following microfacies types: (1) dolomitic, oolitic, foraminiferal packstone; (2) sandy, dolomitic, intraclastic, foraminiferal packstone; (3) dolomitic and oolitic wackestone; (4) dolomitic, foraminiferal, intraclastic wackestone; (5) dolomitic mudstone; (6) coral boundstone; and (7) grainstone. The diagenetic processes affecting these carbonates are compaction, dissolution, aggrading neomorphism, and replacement that took place during deposition, shallow burial, and uplift. Pervasive dolomitization by the seepage reflux mechanism is responsible for the mimic replacement of the calcite of the original component of the limestone with dolomite. Sediments, biota, and lithofacies characteristics of the studied carbonate rocks of Rabigh and Ubhur areas indicate the presence of three facies zones; these are (1) FZ 5 platform margin reefs, (2) FZ 6 (platform margin sand shoals), and (3) FZ 7 platform interior-normal marine. The standard microfacies types are represented by (1) SMF 12, limestone with shell concentration; (2) SMF 15, oolitic wackestone and packstone; and (3) SMF 18, bioclastic grainstone and packstone with abundant benthic foraminifera.     

黄骅坳陷古近系沙河街组一段下部湖泊碳酸盐沉积相及其对油气分布的控制作用?

黄骅坳陷王徐庄油田古近系沙河街组一段下部厚40-50m，由碳酸盐岩与泥页岩互层组成，为湖泊中的碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩混积台地沉积。碳酸盐岩主要为石灰岩，其中包括亮晶颗粒石灰岩、泥晶颗粒石灰岩和泥晶石灰岩。颗粒主要为腹足类，也有鲕粒和内碎屑。根据沉积特征，混积台地可进一步划分为亮晶颗粒石灰岩滩、泥晶颗粒石灰岩滩和滩间等三种相。亮晶颗粒石灰岩滩为高能持续动荡环境，水深在正常浪基面之上，以亮晶颗粒石灰岩沉积为主；泥晶颗粒石灰岩滩为间歇动荡环境，水深在正常浪基面附近，以泥晶颗粒石灰岩沉积为主；滩间为安静低能环境，水深在正常浪基面之下，以泥晶石灰岩和页岩沉积为主。滩主要分布在台地边缘。同生断层的活动控制了台地的形成及滩的展布。亮晶颗粒滩是最好的储集相带，泥晶颗粒滩次之，滩间最差。油气分布主要受沉积相控制，高产井并不是位于构造高部位的滩间，而是位于低部位的亮晶颗粒石灰岩滩。     

贵州水城地区早二叠世包磨山组碳酸盐岩微相特征及沉积环境

水城地区包磨山组地层比较发育,岩性主要由一套碳酸盐岩夹细碎屑岩组成,碳酸盐岩横向结构变化较大。文章对水城地区自西向东实测7条相关剖面,通过系统采样300余件,室内制作岩石薄片鉴定,碳酸盐岩归纳为6个微相:有丰富有孔虫或藻类的颗粒灰岩/灰泥质颗粒石灰岩（SMF18）、有骨骼颗粒的生屑灰泥质颗粒石灰岩/颗粒质灰泥石灰岩（SMF10）、核形石砾屑碳酸盐岩/颗粒灰岩（SMF13）、海百合富集的石灰岩（SMF12-CRIN）、包壳的生屑颗粒（SMF11）、藻粘结灰岩（SMF7）。通过对比不同剖面碳酸盐岩结构特征、生物组合特征及水动力能量特征,总体反映了水城地区包磨山组时期沉积环境横向上自南西向北东由开阔台地→局限台地过渡,垂向上经历了至少3次向上变浅的海平面变化。与水城西北向槽盆萎缩期的沉积效应一致。      

Carbonate platform dominated by peloidal sands: Lower Ordovician La Silla Formation of the eastern Precordillera,San Juan,Argentina

The Lower Ordovician La Silla Formation of the Precordillera of west‐central Argentina is part of the west‐facing early Palaeozoic, tropical carbonate platform succession that comprises the core of the Cuyania terrane. Up to 360 m thick, it is exposed in several thrust sheets over a distance of some 250 km along and across depositional strike over a palinspastically unrestored distance of about 35 km. La Silla Formation is a strikingly pure limestone with subordinate finely crystalline dolomite and rare chert. It accumulated on a more or less uniformly subsiding passive margin. Copious precipitation of microcrystalline calcite, probably influenced by microbial activity to varying degrees, led to the generation of peloids, ooids and aggregates of these grains, as well as small amounts of lime mud, intraclasts, stromatolites and thrombolites. Rare bioclasts are limited mostly to scattered gastropods and trilobite sclerites; bioturbation is present locally. The array of carbonate rock types is grouped into eight recurring lithofacies, in order of decreasing abundance: (i) peloidal grainstone; (ii) laminated dolostone; (iii) intraclastic rudstone; (iv) microbial laminite; (v) peloidal packstone; (vi) ooidal grainstone; (vii) thrombolite boundstone; and (viii) mudstone. These facies represent sediments that formed solely in a shallow subtidal marine environment, with no evidence of restricted conditions, hypersalinity or subaerial exposure. No events of eustatic sea‐level change are recorded. By far the dominant facies is grainstone composed of well‐sorted, fine sand‐sized peloids and peloidal aggregates in homogeneous, tabular to gently undulating, medium to thick beds; cross‐lamination is scarce. Clusters of sub‐metre‐sized microbial patch reefs developed sporadically. The shallow platform is envisaged to have been covered by extensive peloidal sand flats and low‐relief banks, and little lime mud was generated. The setting was probably microtidal and may not have been affected by strong trade winds. It was washed by frequent, relatively gentle wave action but without experiencing powerful storms. In the middle member, anomalous lenses of intraclastic rudstone and laminated dolostone occur as graded beds overlying sharply downcut scoured surfaces up to 20 cm deep; these are interpreted to indicate a phase when accretion was punctuated occasionally by tsunamis generated from rift‐faulting seaward of the platform margin. The remarkably uniform peloidal grainstone composition over a broad area shows that, given the appropriate combination of climate, environmental and ecological factors, large portions of some early Palaeozoic platforms were dominated by grainy sediment and remained under well‐agitated conditions within fair‐weather wave‐base, without distinct lateral facies differentiation or tidal‐flat aggradation.     

标准微相类型在碳酸盐岩微相及沉积环境研究中的应用--以塔西南玉北地区奥陶系为例

标准微相类型是一种虚拟分类,是对具有相同标志的微相的概括。按照从盆地到地表暴露区的顺序,Flügel将镶边台地不同相带的碳酸盐岩分为26种标准微相类型,即SMF 1~SMF 26,并建立了标准微相类型图版及其分布相带的台地模式。以此为依据,对塔西南玉北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩的标准微相类型进行了研究。共识别出九种标准微相类型,不同层段均以特定的微相类型组合为特征:蓬莱坝组-鹰山组下段（O₁p-O_1-2y下）为SMF 15-C、SMF 16-非纹层和SMF 17;鹰山组上段-一间房组（O_1-2y上-O₂yj）为SMF 16-非纹层、SMF 17和SMF 23;恰尔巴克组（O₃q）为SMF 6和SMF12-海百合,以及SMF 1-掘穴;良里塔格组（O₃l）为SMF 9和SMF11,以及SMF 15-C、SMF 16-非纹层和SMF 17。同时,分析了不同微相类型的测井响应特征,从而通过测井连井剖面对比来揭示不同微相类型组合的空间分布。根据标准微相类型组合及其空间分布,对不同层段的原始沉积环境进行了恢复。研究表明,玉北地区奥陶系先后经历了开阔台地（O₁p-O_1-2y下）、局限台地（O_1-2y上-O₂yj）、斜坡-陆棚（O₃q）及台缘-开阔台地（O₃l）四种沉积环境的演化。     

重庆万盛中二叠统碳酸盐岩微相研究

重庆市万盛区中二叠统碳酸盐岩分布广泛，露头发育良好，发育有10种微相类型，即灰泥石灰岩、筵粒泥灰岩、球粒生物碎屑粒泥灰岩、生物碎屑内碎屑泥粒灰岩、荷叶藻泥粒灰岩、鲕粒内碎屑泥粒岩/颗粒岩、小有孔虫泥粒灰岩、生物碎屑泥粒灰岩、绿藻颗粒灰岩和生物碎屑颗粒灰岩。综合分析表明，研究区中二叠统形成于滨岸、局限台地和开阔台地环境，据此建立了沉积相模式。     

Ooidal ironstones and ferruginous microbialites: origin and relation to sequence stratigraphy (Aalenian and Bajocian, Swiss Jura mountains)

Aalenian and lower Bajocian rocks in the central and northern Swiss Jura mountains comprise a series of parasequences that mainly reflect a shallowing-upward trend in a shallow, mixed carbonate/siliciclastic depositional environment. Within a parasequence, ooidal ironstones may occur at three specific types of horizons. These are: regressional discontinuities and transgressional discontinuities formed by sediment bypassing, and omissional discontinuities formed by starvation. Ooidal ironstones, which principally are autochthonous, accumulated during both sea-level rises and falls in a relatively broad bathymetric and hydrodynamic spectrum. The key physical factor for ferruginous ooid genesis is non-deposition. Ferruginous ooids and microbialites consist of goethite, chamosite and mixtures thereof, with subordinate amounts of apatite and silica. Ferruginous ooids grew stepwise on the sediment surface in an oxygenated marine environment. Ferruginous microbialites, being the product of benthic microbial communities, grew ? partly in cavities ? in aerated moderate- to high-energy environments. Thus, chamosite evolved from a precursor substance stable under oxidizing conditions. The close mineralogical and micromorphological resemblance of ferruginous microbialites and ooids suggests a common biogenic origin. Structural rearrangement of a biologically accreted gel-like precursor substance consisting of various amorphous hydroxides is considered a probable mode of mineral genesis in both ferruginous ooids and microbialites.     

龙门山区北川甘溪剖面泥盆系养马坝组铁质鲕粒成因及其古环境讨论

龙门山区中泥盆统养马坝组底部发育丰富的铁质鲕粒。为分析该铁质鲕粒成因,本文以甘溪石沟里剖面精细实测为基础,通过详细的薄片和扫描电镜等分析,对铁质鲕粒的特征进行了研究,分析结果表明:龙门山区北川甘溪泥盆系养马坝组鲕粒类型多样,鲕粒核心包括石英碎屑颗粒、海百合碎片、黑色赤铁矿和方解石等4种类型,鲕粒圈层可分为明暗相间圈层、颜色均匀圈层和绿泥石圈层等3种类型。根据鲕粒核心和外部圈层的组合,可将甘溪泥盆系养马坝组的铁质鲕粒划分为粉砂质鲕粒、铁化鲕粒和绿泥石薄皮鲕粒等3种类型。龙门山区北川甘溪泥盆系养马坝组铁质鲕粒对古环境具有重要的指示意义,粉砂质鲕粒形成于开放近岸浅海氧化环境,而铁化鲕粒和绿泥石薄皮鲕粒则指示浅海滨岸中相对封闭的泻湖与残积鲕粒滩环境。