"2003.6.2"十堰强对流天气雷达回波和数值模拟分析

利用714C天气雷达回波和数值模拟资料,结合其它天气资料,分析了2003年6月2日发生在十堰境内的强对流天气过程。结果表明,此次强对流天气过程是在有利的大尺度天气形势背景下,由复杂地形触发出初始单体并发展为多单体强风暴产生冰雹和大风天气,雷达回波特征明显。风暴回波强度强,回波结构紧密,顶部有旁瓣假回波,低层存在弱回波区（WER）,环境风的垂直切变较强。中β低涡的产生为强对流天气的产生和维持发挥了重要作用。     

一次冰雹过程的多普勒雷达资料分析

20022年6月16日，一次多单体强对流天气影响太原及周边地区。利用多普勒雷达回波资料分析了这次强对流天气过程，着重对冰雹云在其强度PPI、速度PPI、距离高度显示RHI上的回波特征进行了分析，并且利用垂直液态含水量分析了冰雹云增长的定量和定性的特征。通过分析总结出了冰雹云回波所具有的一般特点。2003年的汛期马上就要到来，这些分析结果，将为今后判别冰雹云和人工消雹提供依据。     

兴义"3·17"系列冰雹过程多普勒雷达回波分析

3月17日的系列冰雹天气是兴义多普勒雷达建成并投入使用以来所监测到的第一次强对流天气.通过对获得的资料进行分析、归纳和总结得出,此次强对流天气过程是由于多单体对流性风暴回波所致,如再遇上低槽并配合冷空气及辐合线等系统的活动时,要密切注意回波的生成、演变以及发展成多单体回波或合并后增强的超级单体回波.若出现强回波,强度梯度大,并表征出特殊的结构,则应该考虑有强对流天气发生的可能.分析结果对以后我州及周边地区灾害性天气的监测和预警起到了积极的作用.     

三门峡市2006年两次下击暴流天气过程诊断分析

2006年5月26日和6月25日三门峡辖区均出现了以地面大风、冰雹为主的灾害性天气.利用常规观测资料和非常规加密探测资料以及雷达、卫星云图资料对这两次灾害性天气过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:这两次灾害性天气均是由500 hPa华北冷涡后部的下滑槽或横槽转竖带动北方冷空气急剧南下造成的下击暴流引发的强对流天气.当雷达回波顶高超过10 km、强度≥50 dBz并出现回波悬垂结构的超级对流单体或多单体超级对流风暴移来时,易产生强对流天气;强回波质心在移动过程中不断下降或回波悬垂结构、低层弱回波区出现在风暴后部时,是下击暴流发生的前兆;冰雹指数、风暴跟踪信息、中气旋3个产品叠加对强对流风暴发生、发展、移向的预报具有较好的参考作用.     

广东一次强对流天气过程分析

利用常规探测资料和雷达等非常规资料,对2007年4月17日一次大范围强对流过程的天气背景、物理量诊断、雷达回波演变特征等进行了分析,结果表明:雷达反射率图上出现的三体散射回波以及对应的径向速度图上中等强度的中气旋预示着强冰雹的出现,局地剧烈天气(大冰雹和11级强风)出现在锋前,而大范围的强对流天气则出现在锋面附近;干冷...     

“2021-3-30”江西大冰雹超级单体的回波结构与关键机制分析

为了研究江西大冰雹超级单体的结构特征和关键机制,利用江西WebGIS雷达拼图平台、江西省ADTD二维闪电监测定位系统、江西省自动气象站雨量检索平台和MICAPS系统平台资料,对江西2021年3月30—31日冰雹组合反射率CR回波强度、地面雨量、TBB云图与ADTD雷电信息等特征进行分析。(1)2021年3月30—31日大冰雹天气过程,雷暴大风和降水比江西春季历史上出现的强对流天气过程较少且小,但出现冰雹站数、影响范围、维持时间、冰雹直径和回波强度都超过历史上其它强对流天气个例。(2)最强回波和10 min雨量与冰雹大小成正比,10 min雨量变化提前于冰雹的出现;强回波面积和雷电次数成正相关。(3)超级单体回波系统是造成江西冰雹天气的重要回波系统类型：(1)回波中心强度≥60 dBZ,中心出现≥65 dBZ的强回波核;(2)60 dBZ回波面积≥10×10 km²;(3)30～60 dBZ强回波梯度(最密集区域)≤6 km;(4)超级单体具有深厚和蔓延的云砧形成的“前伸”回波结构,形成南北走向的“盾”型回波结构。(4)冰雹超级单体在TBB云图上形成MCS云系,有“...     

冷涡条件下雹云的雷达回波分析及冰雹预报

利用一次冷涡南下引起的两次强对流天气的数字化雷达回波资料，结合黄河三角洲地区的天气学资料，对比分析了两交冰雹及冰雹和暴雨回波的异同点，为强对流天气的临近预报和人工防雹提供参考。     

太行山东麓一次强对流冰雹云结构的观测分析

利用“太行山东麓人工增雨防雹作业技术试验示范”项目在冰雹发生区获取的综合观测资料,从强对流单体出现的天气背景、降雹特征、雷达回波演变、大冰雹的形成机制及动力结构等方面对2018年5月12日下午发生于太行山东麓的一次强对流单体降雹天气过程进行了分析。结果显示,午后不稳定能量的增大形成了有利的热力条件,低层风场的辐合扰动以及中层的冷空气侵入是产生本次强冰雹过程的触发因素。通过对雹云降雹时段雷达回波具有超长“悬挂回波”和对应大雹形成特征分析表明,云中存在着上、中、下相互衔接的0线（域）,主上升气流2次逆时针转弯增加了雹胚再入主上升气流区继续长成大雹的机会,据此勾画出了云体主上升气流框架及大冰雹的形成机制,表明冰雹在雹云中的生长有多种模式。      

甘南高原一次超级单体强冰雹天气过程分析

利用CINRAD/CC新一代天气雷达资料、MICAPS常规气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和自动站加密降水量资料，对2020年5月6日午后出现在甘南高原东部地区的一次局地大冰雹天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明：午后增温引起的不稳定层结、高原地形的动力抬升作用和有利于对流发展的高低空环流形势配置，是触发这次强对流天气的主要原因。在雹云发展演变中，雷达探测到回波中心强度持续≥55 dBZ、钩状回波、弱回波区、悬垂回波和中气旋等典型的雹云特征，对甘南高原大冰雹天气临近预报具有较好的指示意义。此次冰雹过程和超级单体紧密相连，雹体形成并降落在中气旋周围的强回波区域中，主要呈现钩状回波特征。     

一次超级单体冰雹云雷达回波特征分析

1994年7月17日04时至05时左右，产生在成都市新都县及青白江区的大风、冰雹雷达回波特征图为依据，分析得出：这次局地强对流天气过程是一次典型的超级单体冰雹云活动所致。     

Continental vegetation as a dynamic component of a global climate model: a preliminary assessment

A simplified vegetation distribution prediction scheme is used in combination with the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) and coupled to a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1) which includes a mixed-layer ocean. Employed in an off-line mode as a diagnostic tool, the scheme predicts a slightly darker and slightly rougher continental surface than when BATS' prescribed vegetation classes are used. The impact of tropical deforestation on regional climates, and hence on diagnosed vegetation, differs between South America and S.E. Asia. In the Amazon, the climatic effects of removing all the tropical forest are so marked that in only one of the 18 deforested grid elements could the new climate sustain tropical forest vegetation whereas in S.E. Asia in seven of the 9 deforested elements the climate could continue to support tropical forest. Following these off-line tests, the simple vegetation scheme has been coupled to the GCM as an interactive (or two-way) submodel for a test integration lasting 5.6 yr. It is found to be a stable component of the global climate system, producing only ~ 3% (absolute) interannual changes in the predicted percentages of continental vegetation, together with globally-averaged continental temperature increases of up to + 1.5 °C and evaporation increases of 0 to 5 W m^–2 and no discernible trends over the 67 months of integration. On the other hand, this interactive land biosphere causes regional-scale temperature differences of ± 10 °C and commensurate disturbances in other climatic parameters. Tuning, similar to the q-flux schemes used for ocean models, could improve the simulation of the present-day surface climate but, in the longer term, it will be important to focus on predicting the characteristics of the continental surface rather than simple vegetation classes. The coupling scheme will also have to allow for vegetation responses occurring over longer timescales so that the coupled system is buffered from sudden shocks.     

Numerical analysis of a thermotopographically-induced mesoscale circulation in a mountain basin using a non-hydrostatic model

Summary The boundary-layer wind field during weak synoptic conditions is largely controlled by the nature of the landscape. Mesoscale (sub-synoptic) circulations result from horizontal gradients of sensible heat flux due to variation in local topography, variation in surface-cover, and discontinuities such as land-sea contrasts. Such flows are usually referred to as thermally-driven circulations, and are diurnal in nature and often predictable. In this paper we use a state-of-the-art non-hydrostatic computer model to shed light on the physical mechanisms that drive a persistent easterly wind that develops in the afternoon in the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand. The easterly – Canterbury Plains Breeze (CPB) – is observed early in the afternoon and is often intense, with mean wind speeds reaching up to 12 m s⁻¹. Although computer modelling in mountainous terrain is extremely challenging, the model is able to simulate this circulation satisfactorily. To further investigate the mechanisms that generate the Canterbury Plains Breeze, two additional idealized model experiments are performed. With each experiment, the effects of the synoptic scale wind and the ocean around the South Island, New Zealand were successively removed. The results show that contrary to previous suggestions, the Canterbury Plains Breeze is not an intrusion of the coastal sea breeze or the Canterbury north-easterly, but can be generated by heating of the basin alone. This conclusion highlights the importance of mountain basins and saddles in controlling near-surface wind regimes in complex terrain.     

Summer dryness in a warmer climate: a process study with a regional climate model

Earlier GCM studies have expressed the concern that an enhancement of greenhouse warming might increase the occurrence of summer droughts in mid-latitudes, especially in southern Europe and central North America. This could represent a severe threat for agriculture in the regions concerned, where summer is the main growing season. These predictions must however be considered as uncertain, since most studies featuring enhanced summer dryness in mid-latitudes use very simple representations of the land-surface processes ("bucket" models), despite their key importance for the issue considered. The current study uses a regional climate model including a land-surface scheme of intermediate complexity to investigate the sensitivity of the summer climate to enhanced greenhouse warming over the American Midwest. A surrogate climate change scenario is used for the simulation of a warmer climate. The control runs are driven at the lateral boundaries and the sea surface by reanalysis data and observations, respectively. The warmer climate experiments are forced by a modified set of initial and lateral boundary conditions. The modifications consist of a uniform 3 K temperature increase and an attendant increase of specific humidity (unchanged relative humidity). This strategy maintains a similar dynamical forcing in the warmer climate experiments, thus allowing to investigate thermodynamical impacts of climate change in comparative isolation. The atmospheric CO ₂ concentration of the sensitivity experiments is set to four times its pre-industrial value. The simulations are conducted from March 15 to October 1st, for 4 years corresponding to drought (1988), normal (1986, 1990) and flood (1993) conditions. The numerical experiments do not present any great enhancement of summer drying under warmer climatic conditions. First, the overall changes in the hydrological cycle (especially evapotranspiration) are of small magnitude despite the strong forcing applied. Second, precipitation increases in spring lead to higher soil water recharge during this season, compensating for the enhanced soil moisture depletion occurring later in the year. Additional simulations replacing the plant control on transpiration with a bucket-type formulation presented increased soil drying in 1988, the drought year. This suggests that vegetation control on transpiration might play an important part in counteracting an enhancement of summer drying when soil water gets limited. Though further aspects of this issue would need investigating, our results underline the importance of land-surface processes in climate integrations and suggest that the risk of enhanced summer dryness in the region studied might be less acute than previously assumed, provided the North American general circulation does not change markedly with global warming.     

Effects of a Fence on Pollutant Dispersion in a Boundary Layer Exposed to a Rural-to-Urban Transition

Simultaneous particle-image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence combined with large-eddy simulations are used to investigate the flow and pollutant dispersion behaviour in a rural-to-urban roughness transition. The urban roughness is characterized by an array of cubical obstacles in an aligned arrangement. A plane fence is added one obstacle height h upstream of the urban roughness elements, with three different fence heights considered. A smooth-wall turbulent boundary layer with a depth of 10h is used as the approaching flow, and a passive tracer is released from a uniform line source 1h upstream of the fence. A shear layer is formed at the top of the fence, which increases in strength for the higher fence cases, resulting in a deeper internal boundary layer (IBL). It is found that the mean flow for the rural-to-urban transition can be described by means of a mixing-length model provided that the transitional effects are accounted for. The mixing-length formulation for sparse urban canopies, as found in the literature, is extended to take into account the blockage effect in dense canopies. Additionally, the average mean concentration field is found to scale with the IBL depth and the bulk velocity in the IBL.     

A cold air lake formation in a basin — a simulation with a mesoscale numerical model

Summary A formation of a cold air lake in a basin is studied with a mesometeorological model.A dynamic Boussinesq hydrostatic mesoscale numerical model is developed in a staggered orthogonal grid with a horizontal resolution of 1 km and with a varying vertical grid. The topography is presented in a block shape so that computation levels are horizontal.The mesometeorological model is tested in three idealized topography cases (a valley, a single mountain, a basin) and test results are discussed.In an alpine basin surrounded by mountains and plateaus the air is supposed to be stagnant at the beginning of the night. Due to differences in radiation cooling an inversion layer is formed in the basin and local wind circulation is studied by model simulations.With 14 Figures     

一次台风前部龙卷的多普勒天气雷达分析

通过分析2004年8月25日发生在浙江省宁波市的一次台风前部龙卷发生发展的环境特征, 发现该龙卷发生在台风前部风切变区里, 尽管当时涡度、散度等物理量对于深对流发展不是非常有利, 但下湿中干、强的垂直风切变及地形条件等还是有利于局地弱龙卷的产生; 在宁波新一代天气雷达产品上表现为强的钩状回波, 速度场上有相邻的正负速度中心及强的组合切变值等。通过多个反射率产品、剖面产品等综合分析了该风暴的三维结构, 初步了解此类弱龙卷的发生机理, 为以后的预报提供一些经验。     

Evaporation from a blanket bog in a foggy coastal environment

Frequent fog severely restricts evaporation from blanket bogs in Newfoundland because it more than halves the radiant energy input, and it eliminates the vapor pressure deficit, resulting in evaporation at the equilibrium rate (average = 0.99 during fog). During these periods, there is no surface resistance to evaporation because the bog has been wetted by fog drip, and although the latent heat flux dominates over sensible heat (average = 0.8), both are small. In contrast, the surface dries during clear periods, increasing the surface resistance to evaporation so that sensible heat becomes more important ( = 1.05). When the mosses are dry, evaporation is below the equilibrium rate ( = 0.87), although the higher available energy ensures that actual evaporation is higher. During clear periods, daily evaporation averaged 2.5 mm, compared to 1.1 and 0.7 mm for fog and rain, respectively. The suppressed evaporation at this site is important in maintaining appropriate hydrological conditions for blanket bog development.     

Parameterization of a momentum source in a tropical cumulus ensemble

Summary An eddy effect of tropical deep convection on the large-scale momentum, resp vorticity budget is investigated. The process is specified by a simple parameterization approach which is based on a concept of rotating clouds exerting a momentum on the large-scale flow. The cloud rotation is associated with the thermal properties of a cloud ensemble by the principle of conservation of potential vorticity. A decomposition of cloud classes is applied in consistency with the thermodynamical parameterization scheme of Arakawa and Schubert (1974).The parameterization is tested with observations of GATE74, Phase III. The data are processed on a B/C-scale grid (55km) in a region within 9N and 16N, and between 21W and 27W, and with a vertical resolution of 41 levels. The parameterization results correspond to the observed patterns, especially in situations with strong large-scale wind shear. The findings suggest that certain large-scalle flow regimes provoke convective scale momentum generation rather than redistributing large-scale momentum by convective circulations.With 10 Figures     

Spatial structure of a jet flow at a river mouth

The present work concentrates on the latest data measured in the Jordan river flow in lake Kinneret. Spectral characteristics of fluctuating velocity components have been obtained and processed. The three-dimensional structure of turbulence along the flow has been described. The main features of the jet flow turbulence in the river mouth are: a) The supply of turbulent energy changes due to different mechanisms along the flow. b) The structure of turbulence formed in the river decays rapidly along the flow, and c) In the sand area and beyond it, a significant generation of turbulent energy occurs. Quantitative estimations of the above effects were carried out.