The accumulation of Zn, Se, Cd, and Pb and physiological condition of Anadara trapezia transplanted to a contamination gradient in Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia

The benthic bivalve, Anadara trapezia, was collected from a 'clean' reference site and transplanted along a suspected trace metal contamination gradient in Lake Macquarie, NSW. At monthly intervals, Zn, Se, Cd and Pb concentrations were measured in the surficial sediments and whole tissues of the cockle as well as their physiological condition (Scope for Growth). Zinc, Cd and Pb concentrations in sediments decreased together, southward, with the highest concentrations in the Cockle Bay area, suggesting that this is the main source of contamination. Zinc, Cd and Pb concentrations were near or above [ANZECC/ARMCANZ, 2000. National water quality management strategy paper 4. Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality, Australian and New Zealand Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand. pp. 3.5.-1-3.5-10] sediment quality guidelines at Cockle Creek, Warners Bay and Koorooa Bay. Significant differences in trace metal concentrations could not be attributed to grain size or Fe concentration differences. Se concentrations were highest in fine grain Fe rich sediments of Whiteheads Lagoon, and likely to be associated with power generation operations. Trace metal concentrations did not vary significantly over time. Zinc, Cd and Pb concentrations in the tissues of A. trapezia followed a similar pattern to that of sediments. Zinc and Pb concentrations in cockles and sediments were highly correlated, indicating significant exposure-dose relationships. Selenium concentrations in the tissues of A. trapezia were higher after transplantation to the lake, however, Se concentrations were similar in all transplanted cockles, indicating that Se in contaminated sediments is not the major source of Se to organisms. There was a decline in the physiological condition of A. trapezia transplanted to Lake Macquarie after a 90-day-period with marked differences in clearance rates and respiration rates at some locations and absorption efficiencies at all locations. The mean Scope for Growth value at the most contaminated location, Cockle Bay, was markedly lower than at other locations. A significant Zn exposure-dose response relationship indicates that Zn bioaccumulation is occurring in response to sediment contamination. A significant Cd exposure-response relationship indicates that Cd may be influencing the health of cockles. Significant Pb exposure-dose, exposure-response and dose-response relationships indicate that Pb probably is affecting the health of cockles in Lake Macquarie. Therefore, Zn, Cd and Pb concentrations in sediments are likely to be affecting the health of cockles in Lake Macquarie.     

Selenium in sediments, pore waters and benthic infauna of Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia

Measurements of selenium in sediments and benthic infauna of Lake Macquarie, an estuary on the east coast of Australia, indicate that sediments are a significant source of selenium in the lake's food web. Analysis of surficial sediment samples indicated higher selenium concentrations near what are believed to be the main industrial sources of selenium to the lake: a smelter and a power station. Sediment cores taken from sediments in Mannering Bay, near a power station at Vales Point, contained an average of 12 times more selenium in surficial sections than sediment cores from Nord's Wharf, a part of the lake remote from direct inputs of selenium. The highest selenium concentration found in Mannering Bay sediments (17.2 μg/g) was 69 times the apparent background concentration at Nord's Wharf (0.25 μg/g). Pore water concentrations in Mannering Bay were also high, up to 5 μg/l compared to those at Nord's Wharf which were below detection limits (0.2 μg/l). Selenium concentrations in muscle tissues of three benthic-feeding fish species (Mugil cephalus, Platycephalus fuscus, Acanthopagrus australis) were significantly correlated (p<0.05) with surficial sediment selenium concentration. Selenium concentrations in polychaetes and molluscs of Mannering Bay were up to 58 times higher than those from Nord's Wharf. Two benthic organisms, the eunicid polychaete Marphysa sanguinea and the bivalve mollusc Spisula trigonella, were maintained at different densities in selenium-spiked sediments. Both animals accumulated selenium from the spiked sediment, confirming that bioaccumulation from contaminated sediments occurs. Collectively, these data suggest that benthic food webs are important sources of selenium to the fish of Lake Macquarie.     

Heavy metals in a contaminated Australian estuary—Dispersion and accumulation trend

Very high concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd occur in the muddy bottom sediments of Lake Macquarie, a saline coastal lagoon in southeastern Australia. The trace metals emanate from industrial sources, especially a lead-zinc smelter, at the northern end of the lake. Individual metal concentrations decrease progressively away from the source area but at differing rates; Zn is most mobile and Cd appears to be deposited first. They approach natural background levels in the southern part of the lake. Mn shows a reverse trend but Ni, Co, Ag and Fe rarely rise above background levels.Shallow cores in the lake bed penetrated a metal enriched surface zone 15–35 cm thick underlain by uncontaminated sediments with natural (background) metal concentrations. Sedimentation rates determined from radiocarbon ages on shells in the cores mainly range between 0·15 and 0·5 mm yr^?1. Over the 85 years since industrialization commenced, less than 5 cm of mud has accumulated on the lake bed. Bioturbation is invoked to account for the depth to which the sediment has been enriched in heavy metals.     

应用平衡分配模型评价渤海湾和莱州湾沉积物重金属潜在生物毒性

为探讨渤海沉积物中重金属的生物毒性,采集了渤海湾和莱州湾共72个站点的表层沉积物,测定了酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、同步萃取金属(SEM)、有机碳(TOC)等参数,应用平衡分配模型(EqP Model)评价了沉积物中重金属的潜在生物毒性。研究显示,有8个站点超过了EqP Model的毒性阈值,显示潜在生物毒性,而61%的站点应无生物毒性。本研究同时测定了沉积物的总含量,应用几种常用的沉积物质量基准进行了评价虽然有部分站点的Cu、Ni、Cr超过了基准值,但与渤海的背景值比较,这些基准值可能并不适用于评价渤海沉积物。研究显示,EqP Model可以更有效的评价沉积物中重金属的活性和生物毒性,尤其针对我国近岸海域的沉积物,TOC和AVS含量偏低而重金属生物毒性偏高的情况可能普遍存在,更应积极考虑应用EqP Model进行重金属生物毒性的评价。     

Assessment of pollution and ecological risk of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Ulsan Bay,Korea

Heavy metal concentrations in the surface sediments of specially managed Ulsan Bay were investigated to determine metal distribution, pollution status and its ecological risk using pollution indices (enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index), potential ecological risk index and sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). The order of mean concentration (mg/kg) of metals was Zn (361.9) > Cu (95.6) > Pb (90.7) > Cr (64.7) > Ni (32.2) > Co (16.6) > As (15.8) > Cd (0.40) > Hg (0.16) in sediments of Ulsan Bay. Spatial distribution of metals in sediments showed a significantly higher concentration near industrial complexes, indicating that metal pollution is caused by anthropogenic sources. The results of enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (I_geo) showed that sediments were significantly accumulated with Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Hg, indicating moderate to very severe enrichment (pollution) by these metals. Based on the potential ecological risk index, Hg and Cd posed a very high and a considerable potential ecological risk. Cu and As posed a moderate potential ecological risk, while, other metals (Cr, Co, Ni, Zn and Pb) rarely posed any potential ecological risk to the coastal environments. The sediments in Ulsan Bay showed a very high level of ecological risk, dominated by Hg and Cd. Metal concentrations in sediments were 80% for Cu, 96.7% for Zn, 50% for As, 70% for Pb and 50% for Hg above the threshold effects level (TEL), respectively.     

Ecotoxicological approach for assessing the contamination of a Hawaiian coral reef ecosystem (Honolua Bay, Maui) by metals and a metalloid

The goal of this study was to assess the contamination of Honolua Bay using an ecotoxicological approach. First, the concentrations of 9 contaminants (metals and metalloid) were assessed in sediments and tropical marine organisms (alga Halimeda kanaloana, goatfish Parupeneus multifasciatus and urchin Tripneustes gratilla) sampled from Honolua and surrounding Bays. Then, the ecological parameters characterizing coral health (e.g. coral cover) were evaluated in Honolua Bay in the context of these contaminants. High concentrations of Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, and V in sediments from Honolua and Honokohau Bay were measured, but these concentrations were not mirrored in the organisms examined, except for Mn, suggesting that the metals are generally bound in chemically inert forms in these sediments. Moreover, few anthropogenic activities impact these bays and so the elevated Co, Cr, Mn, Ni and V concentrations in sediments appear to stem from their high natural background in Honolua and Honokohau watersheds. An analysis of the relationship between the ecological parameters and metal concentrations in Honolua Bay revealed a significant correlation between coral cover and Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, V, Zn concentrations in sediments, with coral cover decreasing with increasing metal concentration. Collectively, however, the data suggest that a complex mixture of land-based stressors (e.g. sediment, metals, nutrients) affect the coral health in Honolua Bay, rather than metal stress alone.     

Biotransference and biomagnification of selenium copper,cadmium, zinc,arsenic and lead in a temperate seagrass ecosystem from Lake Macquarie Estuary,NSW, Australia

In this study the biotransference of selenium copper, cadmium, zinc, arsenic and lead was measured in a contaminated seagrass ecosystem in Lake Macquarie, NSW, Australia, to determine if biomagnification of these trace metals is occurring and if they reach concentrations that pose a threat to the resident organisms or human consumers. Selenium was found to biomagnify, exceeding maximum permitted concentrations for human consumption within carnivorous fish tissue, the highest trophic level examined. Selenium concentrations measured within carnivorous fish were also above those shown to elicit sub-lethal effects in freshwater fish. As comparisons are made to selenium concentrations known to effect freshwater fish, inferences must be made with caution. There was no evidence of copper, cadmium, zinc or lead biomagnification within the food web examined. Copper, cadmium, zinc and lead concentrations were below concentrations shown to elicit adverse responses in biota. Copper concentrations within crustaceans M. bennettae and P. palagicus were found to exceed maximum permitted concentrations for human consumption. It is likely that copper concentrations within these species were accumulated due to the essential nature of this trace metal for many species of molluscs and crustaceans. Arsenic showed some evidence of biomagnification. Total arsenic concentrations are similar to those found in other uncontaminated marine ecosystems, thus arsenic concentrations are unlikely to cause adverse effects to aquatic organisms. Inorganic arsenic concentrations are below maximum permitted concentrations for human consumption.     

渤海沉积物重金属环境质量评价及其影响因素

基于渤海404个站位的沉积物重金属元素含量与分布特征,通过潜在生态风险、地累积指数等指标定量评价了沉积物中重金属的环境质量,利用富集因子和主成分分析法,对影响渤海表层沉积物中重金属元素分布特征的影响因素进行了分析。研究结果显示,渤海湾重金属元素平均含量最高,渤海海峡最低;渤海Cd具有强潜在生态风险,Hg具有中等?强潜在生态风险,总潜在生态风险程度为中等;Cr和Ni的少量站位超过毒性阈值上限,其余重金属污染物含量均低于毒性阈值下限,表明渤海发生沉积物重金属的毒性污染的概率很低。沉积物中粒度效应控制的重金属元素含量对渤海表层沉积物中的重金属元素的分布具有主要影响,人类活动所造成的污染主要是Cd,主要分布于辽东湾的锦州湾和复州湾,其次通过河流进入海洋的Hg对黄河三角洲及莱州湾有重要影响,亟需引起注意。     

南四湖表层沉积物营养元素分布特征

对南四湖不同湖区的20个表层底泥样品的营养盐浓度做了实验分析,结果表明:南阳湖的总磷最高,独日湖次之;独山湖的总有机碳和总氮含量最高,南阳湖次之;而昭阳湖的总有机碳、总氮和总磷含量为最低。显然,南阳湖和独山湖两个湖区显示出一定程度的营养盐污染。表层底泥总氮与土覆表层湖水的总氮相关程度不高,其原因是该湖水中的总氮主要是无机氮含量;而底泥中的总氮主要是有机氮。而表层底泥总磷与土覆表层湖水的总磷含量相关程序很高。这表明南四湖底泥与湖水中的总磷在其来源和迁移转化途径上是相同的,即是湖水中的总磷主要是由流域内工农业及生活污水排放带来的,并在底泥中沉积和积累。     

东昌湖水体和表层沉积物重金属元素污染评价

通过对东昌湖水体重金属元素(Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb)及表层沉积物中重金属元素(Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Ni、Cd)含量的测定,采用基于国家地表水质量标准(GB3838-2002)评价、水体综合污染评价法对东昌湖水体重金属污染状况进行评价,结果表明,水体重金属元素的含量均达到国家Ⅰ类水质标准,水质良好。同全国主要湖泊的表层沉积物重金属含量进行对比,并采用国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-95)、潜在生态风险指数法以及地累积指数法对东昌湖表层沉积物重金属元素的污染状况进行评价,结果表明:东昌湖表层沉积物主要以Cd污染为主。东昌湖水体和表层沉积物重金属污染状况主要是有关部门对东昌湖的环境治理、东昌湖现有排污情况以及重金属元素自身地球化学特征等几个方面综合作用的结果。     

Hg对锦州湾表层沉积物异养细菌代谢酶活性的影响研究

为了解重金属Hg对锦州湾海域表层沉积物中异养细菌的主要代谢酶的影响,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对锦州湾表层沉积物中重金属Hg开展潜在生态风险评价,利用平板扩散法测定了9个站位沉积物中异养细菌四种水解酶活性。结果显示:锦州湾海域表层沉积物中重金属污染严重,Hg的含量和潜在生态危害河口最为严重,向外逐步递减,表明本海域表层沉积物中的Hg主要由陆源输入;表层沉积物中异养细菌水解酶活性与抗性异养菌比例均表现为西南部河口区高于东北部外海海域,与重金属Hg的含量分布及Hakanson潜在生态危害指数基本相似,这表明长期高浓度的重金属污染,改变了锦州湾海域表层沉积物中的异养菌的生理代谢过程,在生理或遗传物质上对重金属产生了一定的抗性;磷酸酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶与沉积物中Hg的含量具有显著正相关性,说明其对重金属Hg较为敏感,在一定程度上可作为反映锦州湾海域沉积物中重金属Hg污染状况的生物学指标。     

Selected chemical contaminants in surface sediments of Commencement Bay and the Tacoma Waterways, Washington, USA

Eight metals, 21 organic priority pollutants, and 11 other contaminants and contaminant-related sediment characteristics were measured in surface sediments (upper 2 cm) at 21 locations in Commencement Bay and the Tacoma Waterways, Washington. Summary statistics were calculated and statistical approaches (analysis of variance, multiple comparisons tests, cluster analysis and principal component analysis) were applied to subsets of the data to classify sediment contamination. Overall sediment contamination was highest in the Sitcum, City and Hylebos Waterways, intermediate in Commencement Bay, at the entrances to the Tacoma Waterways and in the outer reaches of the Blair and Hylebos Waterways, and lowest at the Blair Waterway turning basin, the mouth of the Puyallup River and at a reference site near Browns Point. High concentrations of some contaminants appeared to be related to proximity to sources of contaminants. Depositional vectors, and chemical adsorption processes may also influence the spatial distribution of sediment contamination in the study area.Results of simple and partial correlation analyses indicate that arsenic, iron and manganese may be more closely associated with the clay fraction, while cadmium, copper and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons may be more closely associated with the total organic carbon content of sediments. We were unable to discriminate statistically between the affinity of chromium, lead, zinc and phthalates with the % clay or the total organic carbon content of sediments.     

Distribution characteristics of heavy metals in surface sediments and core sediments of the Shenzhen Bay in Guangdong Province, China

The concentration of zinc, chromium, cadmium, nickel, lead and copper was measured on both surface sediments and core sediments in the Shenzhen Bay. The average contents of all metals have exceeded the background values in the coastal zone of Guangdong Province. Cadmium is a heavy pollution matter which indicates a strong pollution level according to the ecological risk coefficient method. The ecological risk index of the whole area is 299 which belongs to middle and strong level. The area with strong pollution level is the near shore area closing to the inside of Shenzhen Bay, Shakou area is in the middle level while the weak pollution level occurs in Shenzhenhe Estuary according to ecological risk index. The four sediment cores can be divided into two parts based on lead-210 dating, sediments size analysis and economic development period in surrounding areas since 1950 with strong human intervention. The sediment size, deposition rate and human activities have positive relationship with the contents of heavy metals which directly impact the pollution level of heavy metals in sediments in Shenzhen Bay.     

基于模糊综合评价的粤港澳大湾区海洋沉积物中重金属污染演变历史

本研究测定了粤港澳大湾区典型海域—大亚湾沉积物中主要重金属元素的含量水平与污染状况。利用我国海洋沉积物质量标准和模糊综合评价法,系统探讨了大亚湾海洋沉积物质量的历史演变过程,为我国大湾区可持续发展提供了科学理论支持。结果表明,大亚湾海域的重金属污染状况在过去近百年经历了3个主要变化阶段:(1)20世纪80年代之前,大部分重金属含量较低,沉积物质量处于一类等级,与重金属污染相关的生态风险较小,对沉积物生态风险贡献最高的元素为Cr,最低的为Cd;(2)1980?2000年间,大亚湾沉积物中的重金属含量明显高于背景值,表明该阶段出现了较为严重的重金属污染,使近岸海域的沉积物质量等级处于二类与三类,但大亚湾外部海域沉积物受污染影响较小,仍处于一类等级,在此期间,Cu取代Cr成为最主要的污染元素;(3)2000年以后,沉积物重金属的污染水平显著降低,生态风险迅速下降,沉积物质量等级恢复到了一类水平,Cr是这一阶段最主要的污染元素。     

大亚湾内、外海域重金属分布对比及其潜在生态风险评价

为促进大亚湾区的海洋生态环境保护和可持续发展,文章以铜等9种重金属为指标,根据相关规范和标准,分别调查大亚湾内、外海域的海水、表层沉积物和生物质量,并采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数,对比重金属的污染程度,具有创新性;同时,以表层沉积物为代表,采用潜在生态风险指数,评价大亚湾海域的潜在生态风险。研究结果表明:大亚湾海域海水、表层沉积物和生物中的重金属含量大部分符合相关一类或推荐的标准;海水中的主要重金属为铅,综合污染指数湾外低于湾内,可能与人类活动和海水交换有关;表层沉积物中的主要重金属为钒,综合污染指数湾内低于湾外,可能与钒的最大值超标有关;生物体内重金属的综合污染指数,甲壳类和头足类湾外低于湾内,而鱼类和贝类湾内低于湾外,但差距均不明显;大亚湾海域多种重金属的潜在生态风险等级为很高,其中汞为首要潜在生态风险因子,须引起高度关注。     

深圳湾海域表层和柱样沉积物中的重金属分布特征

分析深圳湾表层沉积物中锌、铬、镉、镍、铅、铜等6种重金属元素的含量发现它们的浓度均值已全部超过广东省海岸带沉积物背景值。根据潜在生态危害法,在6种重金属中镉造成的污染最严重,从潜在的生态危害指数评价看镉的含量已达到很高的污染水平。从面状分布看,重金属污染危害指数值在深圳河口区最低,在蛇口段居中等水平,在深圳湾内侧的近岸水域最大。柱样沉积物的浓度变化以1950年为界划分为两部分:1950年以来的现代沉积物中有较强的人类活动干扰痕迹,表现为重金属元素的浓度增长幅度大,且浓度很高,其均值全部大于广东省海岸带的背景值;1950年以前的近代沉积物中有稍弱的人类活动干扰痕迹。研究认为沉积物粒度特征、沉积速率、人类活动与重金属在沉积物中的浓度高低有直接相关关系,并直接影响到重金属在沉积物中的污染水平。     

大亚湾表层沉积物中重金属分布特征

为了解大亚湾沉积物中重金属分布及污染状况,于2016年8月对大亚湾海域表层沉积物中重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn和Cu）展开调查,并将获得的各元素含量与粒度、Fe、Mn和总有机碳（TOC）等相关理化要素进行相关性分析。结果表明：大亚湾沉积物中重金属受陆源输入影响较大,含量基本呈现为沿岸高、湾内低的趋势,总体质量较好,基本符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准要求;澳头湾和范和港附近海域人类活动密集,重金属含量较高。通过相关性分析结果发现,大亚湾重金属主要来源为岩石的风化和侵蚀、工业污水排放和渔业养殖等;Cu与铁锰氧化物结合性弱于其他元素,在还原性环境中被沉积物吸附形成金属Cu硫化物可能是喜洲岛附近海域Cu元素含量异常高值的原因;作为湾内有机质主要来源的水生浮游生物的生长状态对Cr、Zn和Pb含量影响较大;Cr、As和Pb与粉砂结合为主,Zn与粘土结合为主。     

渤海中部表层沉积物中重金属赋存相态及来源

近年来由于环渤海经济圈的快速发展,渤海接受了来自周边河流、沿岸排污及海上油气开采所产生的大量的重金属等污染物质,使得渤海的生态环境系统面临前所未有的压力。本文采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）对采自渤海中部的25个表层沉积物样品中的Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd等重金属元素的含量和赋存相态进行了分析,探讨了重金属分布规律、污染状况及来源。研究结果表明,Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、Cr在渤海湾的近岸区域和渤海中部泥质区有较高的含量,而Pb和Cd则在整个研究区的含量都较高;表层沉积物中Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、Cr主要以残渣态形式存在,而Pb和Cd则具有较高的非残渣态含量;生态风险评价结果表明该区表层沉积物未受到Co、Ni、Cr的污染,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd则为未污染-中等程度污染。重金属元素Co、Ni、Cr以自然来源为主,在沉积物中的分布主要受沉积物物质组成的影响,而Cu、Zn、Pb,尤其是Cd,则受到了人类活动的显著影响。黄河沉积物是研究区表层沉积物中重金属的主要来源,影响范围涵盖了本区大部分区域,但在研究区的北端受到滦河来源物质的影响,渤海湾和研究区中部则受到海河物质和大气沉降来源重金属的一定影响。     

辽东湾表层沉积物的重金属污染特征与质量评价

本文研究了辽东湾表层沉积物中重金属的分布及污染特征,评价其生态风险及环境质量。对辽东湾表层沉积物8种重金属（As、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn）的空间分布进行了研究,采用Hankanson法和I_geo（地累积指数）分析了该海域重金属潜在生态风险,并评价了该海域的环境质量。在辽东湾葫芦岛附近海域、西南部六股河口东南部海域以及西部近岸海域表层沉积物中As、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn含量偏高。地累积指数法及生态风险指数法对重金属污染程度评价结果一致,辽东湾生态环境具有潜在危害的重金属主要是Cd、Hg和As,8种重金属潜在生态风险系数由高到低依次为Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb、As、Zn、Ni和Cr,各站位重金属综合潜在生态风险指数均大于150,生态风险总体上处于中等生态风险等级。Cd和Hg是该海域沉积物重金属中主要污染物,局部区域达到中、中-强污染程度。环境质量评价表明,辽东湾表层沉积物重金属引发有害生物效应的可能性不大,但Cd和Hg显著富集,应予以重视。     

渤海莱州湾表层沉积物中金属元素分布及环境质量

利用X-射线荧光光谱仪、等离子质谱仪或原子荧光光度计测定了莱州湾表层沉积物中金属元素的含量,探讨了它们的分布特征、来源及污染程度,结果表明,沉积物中铜、锌、铅、镉、砷、镍、铬、钴、钒、钪、铁、锰的含量由近岸向湾内递减,莱州湾北部海域的含量大于南部的。银含量高的沉积物主要分布在莱州湾中部偏西南的环流中心区。沉积物中砷和镍含量超过ERL值,潜在生态风险较高。富集系数和主成分分析显示,沉积物中铁、铜、锌、镉、砷、铬、镍、钴、锰、钒和钪为无富集,砷为轻度富集,铅和银为中度富集。铁、铜、锌、镉、铬、镍、钴、锰、钒、砷和钪主要来源于自然源,铅既有岩石和土壤风化产物硅酸盐矿物等自然源的贡献,又受到了人为活动的影响,银主要受人为活动的影响。聚类分析表明,可把莱州湾沉积物分为4类,其中黄河口西北缘沉积物中砷和镍污染生态风险最高,其次是莱州湾中部和北部。